AE 335 Introduction to Propulsion Theory and Applications Home Workset #7 Sample Solution 1.

Enthalpy of Combustion for Fuel-Oxidizer Combinations In this problem, you will use the Bond Energies.pdf table that you were given in Lecture #2 to determine the enthalpy of combustion for some common fuels, and then compare your results with values given in the recent Thermo Charts.pdf handout. a) Use the bond energies listed in the table to show that the lower and higher enthalpies of combustion for gaseous H2, per mole of H2, are:

& ~# = 58.3 kcal/mol $ ' hc ! % " LHV

& ~# = 68.8 kcal/mol $ ' hc ! % " HHV

The enthalpy of combustion is the difference between the total bond energy of the products and the total bond energy of the reactants: H2O = 1 mole * 2 bonds * (111 kcal/mol per O-H bond) = 222 kcal/mol H2 = 1 mole * 1 bond * (104.2 kcal/mol per H-H bond) = 104.2 kcal/mol O2 = 0.5 mole * 1 bond * (119 kcal/mol per O=O bond) = 59.5 kcal/mol Note that the bond energies in the table refer to bonds in the gaseous state, therefore the values above will yield the LHV for H2 :

& ~# = 222 (104.2 + 59.5) = 58.3 kcal/mol $ ' hc ! % " LHV

To find the HHV, simply subtract off the heat of vaporization:

& ~# & ~ # & ~# ( $ ' h v ! = 58.3 (-10.5) = 68.8 kcal/mol ' hc ! = $ ' hc ! $ " LHV % " % " HHV %
b) Compare this with the value reported in Thermo Charts.pdf from direct measurements. Note that Thermo Charts.pdf tabulates values with liquid water in the products, therefore lists the higher heating value. For hydrogen,

& ~# = 68,315 cal/mol $ ' hc ! % " HHV

We can find the lower heating value by once again using the heat of vaporization, giving

& ~# = 57,795 cal/mol $ ' hc ! % " LHV

This gives a difference of 0.87% for LHV and 0.71% for HHV, showing that they are in excellent agreement. c) Find the corresponding values of ( !hc )HHV and ( !hc )LHV , namely per unit mass of H2. To convert to mass-specific enthalpy, divide the molar-specific enthalpy by the molecular weight of H2, namely 2.016 g/mol, or 2.016(10-3) kg/mol, which gives

(!hc )HHV (!hc )LHV

68,800 cal / mol = 3.41(10 7 ) cal / kg 2.016(10 "3 ) kg / mol 58,300 cal / mol = 2.89(10 7 ) cal / kg "3 2.016(10 ) kg / mol

d) Use the result from part (c) and the curve fit for ! c p (T ) # "! $ H 2O in the combustion products to obtain a value for the adiabatic flame temperature for stoichiometric combustion of gaseous hydrogen in oxygen when both reactants are initially at 300 K. The curve fit table gives, for water:
! ! ! ! c p (T ) = a + bT + cT 2 cal / (mol ! K )

! ! ! where a = 7.256, b = 2.298(10-3), and c = 0.283(10-6). Using the molecular weight of water, -3 18(10 ) kg/mol, we convert this to the mass-specific heat for water:
c p (T ) = ! c p (T ) MWH 2O = ! ! ! a + bT + cT 2 = a + bT + cT 2 cal / (kg ! K ) !3 18(10 ) kg / mol

where a = 403.11, b = 0.128, and c = 1.57(10-5). We can now set the enthalpy increase in the products as the temperature rises from Ti = 300 K to the adiabatic flame temperature Tf, to be equal to the enthalpy of combustion produced by the reaction. However the lower heating value computed above is per kg H2, and the c p (T ) above is per kg H2O. Since we know that 1 mole of H2 forms 1 mole of H2O, we can say that 2.016 kg H2 will form 18 kg H2O, and multiply each side by the appropriate values

2.016 ! ( "hc )LHV = 18 ! # dh = 18 ! # c p (T ) dT

Ti Tf

= 18 ! # a + bT + cT 2 dT
Ti

Tf

b c % ( = 18 ! ' a(T f $ Ti ) + (T f 2 $ Ti 2 ) + (T f 3 $ Ti 3 ) * 2 3 & )

which now allows us to solve for Tf. We can use an iterative guess-and-check method, a simple spreadsheet, or a tool like Matlab to do this, and we find that
T f = 4328 K

Notice that, strictly speaking, this temperature is out of the range of valid temperatures for the curve fit that we used, which the table says is valid only for T < 1500 K. Thus we should really do this with a curve fit that applies even at these high temperatures, though the procedure is exactly the same as we did here. The difference is likely not to be tremendous, and our main point in this problem is to see the method used to compute this adiabatic flame temperature. e) Use the results above to obtain a value for the adiabatic flame temperature for stoichiometric combustion of gaseous hydrogen in air when both reactants are initially at 300K. Keep in mind that air is composed of 21% O2 and 79% N2, and that N2 is essentially inert due to the high bond energy in the triple bond required by its valence state. This problem is very similar to part (d), but now our product composition has changed:
H2 + 1 (O2 + 3.76 N 2 ) ! H 2 O + 3.76 N 2 2 2

Since we are burning the same fuel, and the nitrogen is inert, we have the same enthalpy of combustion as in part (d). But we must now calculate the specific heat for the products. From the curve fit table:
! c p (T ) # ! ! ! 2 "! $ H 2 O = a1 + b1T + c1T ! ! c p (T ) # = a2 + b2T + c2T 2 ! "! $ N2 !

! ! ! ! ! ! where a1 = 7.256, b1 = 2.298(103), c1 = 0.283(106), a2 = 6.524, b2 = 1.250(103), and c2 = 6 0.001(10 ). Using what we learned earlier for the thermodynamics of mixtures

! c p (T ) # "! $ products = X H 2 O ! c p (T ) # H 2 O + X N2 ! c p (T ) # N2 "! $ "! $

! ! ! ! ! ! = X H 2 O a1 + X N2 a2 + X H 2 O b1 + X N2 b2 T + X H 2 O c1 + X N2 c2 T 2 ! ! ! % a0 + b0T + c0T 2

) (

) (

! ! Since X H 2 O = 1/(1+ 3.76/2) = 0.347 and X N2 = 1 X H 2 O = 0.653, this gives a0 = 6.778, b0 = -3 -6 ! 1.614(10 ), and c0 = 0.0975(10 ).

As in part (d) we convert to mass-specific heat by dividing by the molecular weight, namely
MW products = X H 2 O MWH 2 O + X N2 MWN2 = 24.53 g / mol

and then
! c p (T ) # " $ products = ! c p (T ) # "! $ products = a + bT + cT 2 cal / (kg-K ) MW products

where a = 276.32, b = 0.0658 and c = 3.97(10-6). As before, we now set the enthalpy increase in the products as the temperature rises (from Ti = 300 K to the adiabatic flame temperature Tf) to be equal to the enthalpy of combustion produced by the reaction. In this case, one mole of H2 will form 2.88 moles of products, therefore 2.016 kg of H2 will form 2.88* 24.53 = 70.646 kg of products, thus

2.016 ! ( "hc )LHV = 70.646 ! # dh = 70.646 ! # c p (T ) dT

Ti Tf

= 70.646 ! # a + bT + cT 2 dT
Ti

Tf

b c % ( = 70.646 ! ' a(T f $ Ti ) + (T f 2 $ Ti 2 ) + (T f 3 $ Ti 3 ) * 2 3 & )

which allows us to solve for Tf. Again using an iterative guess-and-check method, a simple spreadsheet, or a tool like Matlab, we find that
T f = 2487 K

Notice that this adiabatic flame temperature for combustion in air is significantly lower than the result we got in part (d) for combustion pure oxygen. This is due to the fact that, while the amount of enthalpy released from burning the H2 is the same, the presence of the N2 in the products means that the enthalpy is distributed over a far greater number of molecules. Since the reaction has to heat up more products, the final temperature is lower.

f) Use the results above to obtain a value for the adiabatic flame temperature when gaseous hydrogen is burned with three times the stoichiometric volume (hence moles) of air when both reactants are initially at 300 K. As in part (e), we must first find the product composition. Since we are burning with three times the number of moles of air needed to burn all of the H2, the overall reaction must be
H2 + 3 (O2 + 3.76 N 2 ) ! H 2 O + O2 + 5.64 N 2 2

Since we now have excess oxygen remaining in the product mixture, we need to include its contribution to the specific heat of the products. From the curve fit table, the specific heat for oxygen: ! ! c p (T ) # = a3 + b3T + c3T ! ! "! $
O2

! ! ! where a3 = 6.148, b3 = 3.102(103) and c3 = 0.923(106). Using the same mixture formulas as in part (e), but now with X H 2 O = 0.131, XO2 = 0.131 and X N2 = 0.738 gives ! ! c p (T ) # ! ! 2 "! $ products = a0 + b0T + c0T ! ! ! where a0 = 6.571, b0 = 1.630(103) and c0 = 0.0846(106).

As in part (d) we convert to mass-specific heat by dividing by the molecular weight:

MW products = X H 2 O MWH 2 O + X N2 MWN2 + XO2 MWO2 = 27.21 g/mol
! c p (T ) # " $ products = ! c p (T ) # "! $ products = a + bT + cT 2 cal/(kg-K) MW products

where a = 241.49, b = 0.060 and c = 3.109(106). As before, we set the enthalpy of combustion equal to the enthalpy change of the products rising from Ti = 300 K to the adiabatic flame temperature Tf, as

2.016 ! ( "hc )LHV = 207.21! # dh = 207.21! # c p (T ) dT

Ti Tf

= 207.21! # a + bT + cT 2 dT
Ti

Tf

b c % ( = 207.21! ' a(T f $ Ti ) + (T f 2 $ Ti 2 ) + (T f 3 $ Ti 3 ) * 2 3 & )

which allows us to solve for Tf using an iterative guess-and-check method, or a simple spreadsheet, or a tool like Matlab. We find that
T f = 1279 K

Note that since we are burning fuel lean (i.e., with significantly more air needed to burn all of the fuel), we are heating up excess products and thus the adiabatic flame temperature has decreased substantially. Gas turbine combustors routinely operate with substantial amounts of such excess air to keep the combustion product temperature (T3 in our Brayton cycle analysis) at values that the turbine blades can survive.

2. Using CEA for Constant-Pressure Combustion Processes In this problem, you will use CEA to examine constant-pressure combustion processes using four different fuels. Consider the following four fuels: hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), propane (C3H8) and n-butane (C4H10), each in the gaseous state. a) Begin with gaseous hydrogen (H2) fuel. Lets first examine a simple case, where the pressure in 1 atm and both the fuel and air are initially at 300 k. We will use CEA to determine the temperature that results when the fuel is burned with air at constant pressure and without heat loss. Hydrogen

Overall methane-air combustion balance is:

H2 +

1 3.76 N2 (O2 + 3.76N 2 ) ! H 2O + 2 2

The molecular weights of the reactants are MWH2 = 2, MWO2 = 32, and MWN2 = 28 So the fuel mass is 2 and the air mass is 0.5(32 + 3.76 x 28) = 68.64, giving
fuel mass fraction = 1 1 = = 0.028 = 2.28% mair 68.46 1+ 1+ m fuel 2

Thus the stoichiometric fuel mass fraction is 2.8%, but the maximum will actually vary from this. In order to find where the maximum temperature occurs, use the following 16 values for fuel mass fraction. % f =1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0

The plot and the data below indicate that the maximum temperature occurs at a value slightly higher than stoichiometric. The maximum temperature can be seen to occur at a fuel mass fraction of approximately 3.0 with a temperature of 2395 K.
Problem 1 Part A 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 Fuel Mass Fraction 8 10

Temperature (k)

% Fuel Temperature (k) 1.00E+00 1.30E+03 1.50E+00 1.69E+03 2.00E+00 2.01E+03 2.50E+00 2.27E+03 2.80E+00 2.37E+03 2.90E+00 2.39E+03 3.00E+00 2.40E+03 3.10E+00 2.39E+03 3.20E+00 2.39E+03 3.50E+00 2.35E+03 4.00E+00 2.27E+03 4.50E+00 2.20E+03 5.00E+00 2.13E+03 6.00E+00 2.00E+03 8.00E+00 1.78E+03 1.00E+01 1.60E+03

Table 1: Data for Problem 1 part (a)

b) Now you will repeat this calculation for conditions that are more typical of a gas turbine combustor. Thus take the air entering the combustor to be at a pressure of 40 atm and a temperature of 700 K. Take the fuel entering the combustor to be at the same pressure but at a temperature 400 K. The plot given below shows that increasing the pressure/temperature of the fuel/air cause the maximum temperature to also increase. Notice that the fuel mass ratio that the maximum temperature occurs at approximately 3.0%, but the temperature has increased to 2676 K.
Problem 1 Part B 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 Fuel Mass Fraction 8 10 12

Temperature (k)

% Fuel Temperature (k) 1.00E+00 1.62E+03 1.50E+00 1.97E+03 2.00E+00 2.28E+03 2.50E+00 2.54E+03 2.80E+00 2.66E+03 2.90E+00 2.67E+03 3.00E+00 2.68E+03 3.10E+00 2.67E+03 3.20E+00 2.66E+03 3.50E+00 2.61E+03 4.00E+00 2.52E+03 4.50E+00 2.44E+03 5.00E+00 2.36E+03 6.00E+00 2.22E+03

8.00E+00 1.00E+01

1.98E+03 1.79E+03

Table 2: Data for Problem 1 part (b) c) Now repeat the calculation in part (b), but make a single graph that compares the combustion product temperature versus fuel mass fraction for the four fuels hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), propane (C3H8) and n-butane (C4H10), each in their gaseous state. The hydrogen calculations were already carried out in part (b), so only need to worry about the latter three fuels. First determine the stoichiometric fuel mass fraction for each fuel: Methane Overall methane-air combustion balance is:
CH 4 + 2 (O2 + 3.76N 2 ) ! CO2 + 2H 2O + 3.76N 2

The molecular weights of the reactants are MWCH4 = 16, MWO2 = 32, and MWN2 = 28 So the fuel mass is 16 and the air mass is 2(32 + 3.76 x 28) = 274.56, giving
fuel mass fraction = 1 1 = = 0.0551 = 5.51% mair 274.56 1+ 1+ m fuel 16

Propane Overall propane-air combustion balance is:

C3 H 8 + 5(O2 + 3.76N 2 ) ! 3CO2 + 4H 2O + 7.52N 2

The molecular weights of the reactants are MWC3H8 = 44, MWO2 = 32, and MWN2 = 28 So the fuel mass is 44 and the air mass is 5(32 + 3.76 x 28) = 686.4, giving
fuel mass fraction = 1 1 = = 0.0602 = 6.02% m 686.4 1 + air 1 + m fuel 44

n-Butane Overall Butane-air combustion balance is:

C4 H10 +

13 (O2 + 3.76N 2 ) ! 4CO2 + 5H 2O + 24.4N 2 2

The molecular weights of the reactants are MWC4H10 = 58, MWO2 = 32, and MWN2 = 28 So the fuel mass is 58 and the air mass is 6.5(32 + 3.76 x 28) = 892.32, giving
fuel mass fraction = 1 1 = = 0.061 = 6.1% mair 892.32 1+ 1+ m fuel 58

Now choose 16 fuel mass fraction values that range from fuel-lean to fuel-rich, with sufficiently fine increments near the stoichiometric value to allow you to find the fuel mass fraction that gives the highest temperature. The data below show the resulting fuel mass fractions for each fuel and the temperature produced at each mixture fraction. Notice that the maximum temperatures occur at higher fuel mass fractions for hydrocarbon fuels than for the hydrogen fuel, and are slightly lower than for the hydrogen fuel.
Problem 1 Part C 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 Fuel Mass Fraction 8 10 12 H2 CH4 C3H8 C4H10

H2 CH C3H8 C4H10 % Fuel Temperature (k) % Fuel Temperature (k) % Fuel Temperature (k) % Fuel Temperature (k) 1.00E+00 1.62E+03 1.00E+00 1.13E+03 1.00E+00 1.10E+03 1.00E+00 1.09E+03

Temperature (k)

1.50E+00 2.00E+00 2.50E+00 2.80E+00 2.90E+00 3.00E+00 3.10E+00 3.20E+00 3.50E+00 4.00E+00 4.50E+00 5.00E+00 6.00E+00 8.00E+00 1.00E+01

1.97E+03 2.00E+00 2.28E+03 4.00E+00 2.54E+03 4.50E+00 2.66E+03 5.00E+00 2.67E+03 5.20E+00 2.68E+03 5.30E+00 2.67E+03 5.40E+00 2.66E+03 5.50E+00 2.61E+03 5.60E+00 2.52E+03 5.70E+00 2.44E+03 5.80E+00 2.36E+03 6.00E+00 2.22E+03 6.50E+00 1.98E+03 8.00E+00 1.79E+03 1.00E+01

1.50E+03 2.00E+00 2.15E+03 4.00E+00 2.29E+03 5.00E+00 2.41E+03 5.50E+00 2.46E+03 5.70E+00 2.47E+03 5.80E+00 2.49E+03 5.90E+00 2.50E+03 6.00E+00 2.51E+03 6.10E+00 2.51E+03 6.20E+00 2.50E+03 6.30E+00 2.48E+03 6.50E+00 2.40E+03 7.00E+00 2.16E+03 8.00E+00 1.86E+03 1.00E+01

1.46E+03 4.00E+00 2.08E+03 5.00E+00 2.35E+03 5.50E+00 2.47E+03 5.70E+00 2.51E+03 5.90E+00 2.52E+03 6.00E+00 2.54E+03 6.10E+00 2.55E+03 6.20E+00 2.56E+03 6.30E+00 2.56E+03 6.40E+00 2.56E+03 6.50E+00 2.54E+03 6.80E+00 2.48E+03 7.00E+00 2.33E+03 8.00E+00 2.05E+03 1.00E+01

2.07E+03 2.34E+03 2.46E+03 2.50E+03 2.53E+03 2.54E+03 2.55E+03 2.56E+03 2.56E+03 2.56E+03 2.56E+03 2.53E+03 2.50E+03 2.36E+03 2.07E+03

Table 3: Data for Problem 1 part (c)

d) Now lets consider a more realistic model for Jet-A fuel, composed of equal molar parts of iso-octane (C8H18), naphthalene (C10H8), and biphenylene (C12H10). Take the air entering the combustor to be at 40 atm and 700 K, and the fuel to be at 40 atm and 400 K. First lets look at the stoichiometric fuel mass fraction for Jet-A fuel. For the Jet-A fuel blend problem, find the stoichiometric fuel mass fraction as:

1 C8 H 18 + 1 C10 H 8 + 1 C12 H 10 ! 1 C30 H 36

The general equation for stoichiometry is

m$ m m$ ! ! 1 Cn H m + # n + & (O2 + 3.76 N 2 ) ' n CO2 + H 2O + 3.76 # n + & N 2 " " 4% 2 4%

Thus the stoichiometric air-to-fuel mass ratio is

m$ m$ ! ! # n + & ( 32 + 3.76 ' 28 ) #n + & " ma " 4% 4% = = 137.28 mf n '12 + m '1 (12n + m )
Thus the stoichiometric fuel mass fraction is

mf m f + ma

1 12n + m = m 1 + a 149.28n + 35.32m mf

For our Jet-A surrogate blend specified above, n = 30 and m = 36, and thus the stoichiometric fuel mass fraction is 0.0689 = 6.89%. This number compares well to what was found above.

Using CEA the max temperature is found to be 2632 K and occurs at a fuel mass fraction of 7.20%.
% Fuel Temperature (k) 7.16E+00 2631.6 7.17E+00 2631.7 7.18E+00 2631.8 7.19E+00 2631.9 7.20E+00 2632 7.21E+00 2632 7.22E+00 2632 7.23E+00 2632 7.24E+00 2632 7.25E+00 2631.9 7.24E+00 2632 7.26E+00 2631.8 7.27E+00 2631.8 7.28E+00 2631.6 7.29E+00 2631.5 7.30E+00 2631.3

Table 4: Data for Problem 1 part (d) e) Now find the combustion product composition for a range of fuel mass fractions around the value that corresponds to the peak flame temperature in part (d). To do this keep the fuel and air composition, pressure, and temperature the same as in part (d). Use the following fuel mass fractions: % f = 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 6.0, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.75, 10.0, 50.0, 90.0. The graph below shows the resulting mole fractions of the major species CH4, O2, N2, CO2, H2O, CO over this range of fuel mass fractions.
Problem 1 Part E 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Mole Fractions

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 0 20 40 60

CH4 O2 N2 CO2 H2O CO

80

100

Fuel Mass Fraction

% Fuel Temperature (k) CH4 O2 1.00E+00 1.06E+03 0.00E+00 3.00E+00 1.69E+03 1.84E-27 5.00E+00 2.25E+03 6.03E-20 6.00E+00 2.48E+03 3.06E-17 6.50E+00 2.57E+03 5.63E-16 6.75E+00 2.61E+03 2.40E-15 7.00E+00 2.63E+03 1.02E-14 7.10E+00 2.63E+03 1.82E-14 7.20E+00 2.63E+03 3.21E-14 7.30E+00 2.63E+03 5.62E-14 7.40E+00 2.63E+03 9.71E-14 7.50E+00 2.62E+03 1.65E-13 7.75E+00 2.61E+03 5.76E-13 1.00E+01 2.33E+03 1.03E-09 5.00E+01 1.23E+03 4.48E-02 9.00E+01 1.06E+03 1.52E-01

1.79E-01 1.18E-01 5.39E-02 2.43E-02 1.24E-02 7.86E-03 4.49E-03 3.48E-03 2.66E-03 2.00E-03 1.49E-03 1.10E-03 5.12E-04 8.69E-07 7.35E-20 1.09E-23

N2 CO2 H2O CO 7.76E-01 2.23E-02 1.32E-02 3.23E-12 7.64E-01 6.67E-02 3.98E-02 1.95E-06 7.51E-01 1.11E-01 6.60E-02 6.28E-04 7.43E-01 1.30E-01 7.82E-02 4.42E-03 7.39E-01 1.35E-01 8.39E-02 1.03E-02 7.36E-01 1.35E-01 8.66E-02 1.51E-02 7.32E-01 1.34E-01 8.90E-02 2.18E-02 7.31E-01 1.32E-01 8.99E-02 2.50E-02 7.29E-01 1.31E-01 9.07E-02 2.85E-02 7.27E-01 1.29E-01 9.15E-02 3.22E-02 7.25E-01 1.27E-01 9.22E-02 3.62E-02 7.23E-01 1.25E-01 9.28E-02 4.05E-02 7.17E-01 1.18E-01 9.40E-02 5.16E-02 6.62E-01 6.15E-02 8.73E-02 1.45E-01 1.98E-01 5.00E-03 2.21E-02 7.44E-02 3.12E-02 3.57E-04 1.20E-02 4.22E-03

Table 5 : Data for Problem 1 part (e) f) Now you will make a similar plot for the same conditions as in part (e), but showing the minor species concentrations varies with the fuel mass fraction: OH, H2, H, O, NO.
Problem 1 Part F 0.25 0.2 0.15
Mole Fractions

H2 OH NO

0.1 0.05 0 0 -0.05 Fuel Mass Fraction 20 40 60 80 100

Problem 1 Part F 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0 0 20 40 60 Fuel Mass Fractions 80 100 H O

Mole Fractions

% Fuel Temperature (k) OH H2 NO H O 1.00E+00 1.06E+03 5.87E-08 2.18E-12 5.24E-05 2.28E-15 5.53E-11 3.00E+00 1.69E+03 8.73E-05 3.42E-07 2.09E-03 1.28E-08 2.25E-06 5.00E+00 2.25E+03 1.55E-03 6.86E-05 6.96E-03 9.63E-06 1.34E-04 6.00E+00 2.48E+03 3.11E-03 4.34E-04 7.38E-03 7.69E-05 3.28E-04 6.50E+00 2.57E+03 3.57E-03 9.98E-04 6.14E-03 1.72E-04 3.62E-04 6.75E+00 2.61E+03 3.55E-03 1.50E-03 5.14E-03 2.40E-04 3.34E-04 7.00E+00 2.63E+03 3.31E-03 2.22E-03 4.00E-03 3.16E-04 2.76E-04 7.10E+00 2.63E+03 3.15E-03 2.59E-03 3.54E-03 3.47E-04 2.47E-04 7.20E+00 2.63E+03 2.98E-03 3.01E-03 3.10E-03 3.77E-04 2.18E-04 7.30E+00 2.63E+03 2.78E-03 3.49E-03 2.69E-03 4.05E-04 1.88E-04 7.40E+00 2.63E+03 2.57E-03 4.02E-03 2.31E-03 4.30E-04 1.61E-04 7.50E+00 2.62E+03 2.36E-03 4.62E-03 1.97E-03 4.52E-04 1.35E-04 7.75E+00 2.61E+03 1.87E-03 6.34E-03 1.30E-03 4.93E-04 8.50E-05 1.00E+01 2.33E+03 1.52E-04 3.62E-02 3.11E-05 3.38E-04 8.65E-07 5.00E+01 1.23E+03 2.12E-11 2.21E-01 7.20E-14 1.87E-08 1.47E-18 9.00E+01 1.06E+03 1.25E-13 1.61E-01 8.36E-17 3.89E-10 2.73E-22

Table 6: Data for Problem 1 part (f)

3. Comparing Constant-Pressure and Constant-Volume Combustion Processes In this problem, you will use CEA to compare the adiabatic flame temperatures that result from constant-pressure and constant-volume combustion processes to gain insights into the differences between these two types of processes. Consider 1 mole of gaseous iso-octane (C8H18) fuel being burned with 21.4 moles of air. Over a range of fuel-air equivalence ratios: = 0.825, 0.850, 0.875, 0.900, 0.925, 0.950, 0.975, 1.000, 1.025, 1.050, 1.100, 1.125, 1.150, 1.175, 1.200 For the constant-pressure case, take the pressure to be 8 atm and the initial temperature to be 540 K for both the fuel and the air. For the constant-volume case, set the density to be 4.4 kg/m3 and again take the initial temperatures to be 540 K. Notice in the results below that the two curves look very similar and follow the same trends, but that constant-volume combustion produces higher adiabatic flame temperatures than constant-pressure combustion.

Problem 2 2900 2700 2500

Temperature (k)

HP UV

2300 2100 1900 1700 1500 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Phi 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

HP UV Phi Temperature (k) Phi Temperature (k) 8.25E-01 2.26E+03 8.25E-01 2.62E+03 8.50E-01 2.29E+03 8.50E-01 2.66E+03 8.75E-01 2.33E+03 8.75E-01 2.69E+03 9.00E-01 2.36E+03 9.00E-01 2.71E+03 9.25E-01 2.39E+03 9.25E-01 2.74E+03 9.50E-01 2.41E+03 9.50E-01 2.76E+03 9.75E-01 2.43E+03 9.75E-01 2.78E+03 1.00E+00 2.45E+03 1.00E+00 2.79E+03 1.03E+00 2.46E+03 1.03E+00 2.80E+03 1.05E+00 2.46E+03 1.05E+00 2.81E+03 1.08E+00 2.46E+03 1.08E+00 2.82E+03 1.10E+00 2.45E+03 1.10E+00 2.82E+03 1.13E+00 2.44E+03 1.13E+00 2.82E+03 1.15E+00 2.42E+03 1.15E+00 2.81E+03 1.18E+00 2.40E+03 1.18E+00 2.80E+03 1.20E+00 2.39E+03 1.20E+00 2.79E+03

Table 7: Data for Problem 2

4. Using CEA for Chapman-Jouguet Detonation Processes In this problem, you will use CAE to determine Chapman-Jouguet detonation wave speeds. We will consider two different fuel types, methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2), mixed with varying amounts of air, and find the C-J wave speed for each as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio. a) For the first C-J detonation take pure gaseous hydrogen fuel at 300 k and the oxidizer to be air at 300 k. Set the initial state 1 temperature and pressure of the un-reacted fuelair mixture to be 300 k and 1 atm. Run CEA with the following 16 equivalence ratios: = 0.825, 0.850, 0.875, 0.900, 0.925, 0.950, 0.975, 1.000, 1.025, 1.050, 1.100, 1.125, 1.150, 1.175, 1.200

Problem 3 Part A 2040 2020

Detenation Velocity (m/sec)

2000 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1880 1860 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Phi 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Phi Velocity (m/sec) 8.25E-01 1.88E+03 8.50E-01 1.89E+03 8.75E-01 1.90E+03 9.00E-01 1.92E+03 9.25E-01 1.93E+03 9.50E-01 1.94E+03 9.75E-01 1.95E+03 1.00E+00 1.96E+03 1.03E+00 1.97E+03 1.05E+00 1.98E+03 1.08E+00 1.99E+03 1.10E+00 2.00E+03 1.13E+00 2.01E+03 1.15E+00 2.01E+03 1.18E+00 2.02E+03 1.20E+00 2.03E+03

Table 8: Data for Problem 3 part (a)

b) Now repeat the same procedure, but with methane as the fuel.
Problem 3 Part B 1840 1820
Detenation Velocity (m/sec)

1800 1780 1760 1740 1720 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Phi 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Phi Velocity (m/sec) 8.25E-01 1.73E+03 8.50E-01 1.74E+03 8.75E-01 1.75E+03 9.00E-01 1.76E+03 9.25E-01 1.77E+03 9.50E-01 1.78E+03 9.75E-01 1.79E+03 1.00E+00 1.80E+03 1.03E+00 1.81E+03 1.05E+00 1.81E+03 1.08E+00 1.82E+03 1.10E+00 1.82E+03 1.13E+00 1.83E+03 1.15E+00 1.83E+03 1.18E+00 1.83E+03 1.20E+00 1.83E+03

Table 9: Data for Problem 3 part (b)

c) Now make a single plot that compares the detonation wave speed versus equivalence ratio for these two fuels. Notice the hydrogen fuel has a higher detonation velocity, and also does not drop off as much as methane does at higher equivalence ratios.
Problem 3 Part C 2050 2000
Detenation Velocity (m/sec)

1950 1900 1850 1800 1750 1700 0 0.2

H2 CH4

0.4

0.6 Phi

0.8

1.2

1.4