Chapter 02 Load Estimation Procedure 2.

1General Procedure for Load Estimation

Following procedure is adapted to calculate Cooling load of the building.

1. Solar Gain through Glass:

Glass, being the major cladding material of most building, provides the most direct route for entry of solar radiation. For this reason, the proper estimation of heat gain through glass is imperative. Glass may be considered opaque to radiation for sources of surface temperature less than 2000C. Of the energy that is incident upon the glass, some is reflected and lost, some is transmitted through the glass, and some is absorbed by the glass as the energy passes through it. This small amount of energy raises the temperature of the glass, and the glass eventually transmits this heat by convection partly to the room and partly to the exterior. External Shading

This is the best way of excluding the entry of direct solar radiation into a building. If the shade is completely opaque, all the direct radiation is prevented from entering through the window, although scattered radiation from the ground and the sky can still enter and must be taken into account. Internal Shading and Double-Glazing

In tropical and subtropical climates, fixed, horizontal and external shades are effective because the sun is high in the sky for most of the day but in the temperate zone the lower solar altitudes that prevail for the majority of the time make them as much less used. For this reason, internal shading is much adopted and is essential for sunlit windows if air conditioning is to be satisfactory. Internal shades are often of the Venetian blind type and for these to give most benefit; they should be of a white or aluminum color and should have polished surfaces. They should be adjusted so that they reflect the rays of the sun back to the outside and so that no direct rays pass

between the slots. The blinds absorb some radiation, warm up and convex and radiate heat into the room. Blinds are most effective when fitted between sheets of double-glazing. The effectiveness of various combinations of shades and glazing is expressed in terms of a solar heat gain coefficient

Where, SHGF is solar heat gain factor (BTU/hr) A is corresponding area ( )

F is overall factor for solar heat gain through glass [1] Correction for SHGF [1]: Steel sash or not Multiply with 1.17 Haze conditions For 10% hazy conditions

Altitude +0.7% per 1000Ft For 1914 ft

So correction factor will be

Dew point increases from 66.8F

Dew point difference

So,(

Thus correction factor for dew point Corrected solar heat gain factor:

Overall Factor for solar heat gain through glass:

Using table 16 of Carrier hand book Or Using ASHRAE table 3.22

2. Conduction through Wall, Roof and Floor:

Basically any building is composed of structures like walls, roofs, and floor. The heat transfer through wall and roof is similar as both structures are of the same nature and exposed to the same type of boundary conditions. For floors directly in contact with ground or over an underground basement that is neither ventilated nor conditioned, heat transfer may be neglected for cooling load estimates.

Where Q is conduction gain (Btu/hr) U is overall heat transfer coefficient (table33) A is area of glass TD is temperature difference )

3. Infiltration and Ventilation:

Outdoor air that flows through a building is often used to dilute and remove indoor air contaminants. However, the energy required to condition this outdoor air could be a significant portion of the total space-conditioning load. The magnitude of the outdoor airflow into the building must be known for proper sizing of the HVAC equipment and evaluation of energy

consumption. For buildings without mechanical cooling and dehumidification, proper ventilation and infiltration airflows are important for providing comfort for occupants. Air exchange of outdoor air with the air already in a building can be divided into two broad classifications: infiltration and ventilation Infiltration is uncontrolled flow of air through unintentional openings such as cracks in the walls and ceilings and through perimeter gaps of windows and doors driven by wind, temperature difference and internally induced pressures. It is caused by a greater air pressure on the outside of the building than the inside. The amount of in filtered air depends on the pressure difference, the number, size and the shape of cracks involved; the number, the length and width of the perimeter gaps of the windows and doors; and the nature of the flow in the crack or gap (laminar or turbulent).

Ventilation

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of air from the outside into a building; it is further subdivided into natural ventilation and forced ventilation. Natural ventilation is the intentional flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned building envelope penetrations, and it is driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. Forced ventilation is the intentional movement of air into and out of a building using fans and intake and exhaust vents; it is also called mechanical ventilation. Most of the time the air introduced in to the building by ventilation is expressed in terms of air exchange per hour (ACH) [2]. Where Sensible

Where

Latent

Is grains intensity difference (Grains/lb)

4. People (occupants):
Human beings give off heat at a metabolic rate, which depends on their rate of working. The sensible and latent heat proportion of the heat librated for any given activity depends on the value of the ambient dry bulb temperature; the lower the dry bulb temperature the larger the proportion of sensible heat dissipated. Typical values of sensible and latent heat librations of heat are given in Table 3.4(ASHARE) Sensible

Where Is human sensible heat gain Is number of people Is cooling load factor Latent

Where Is latent human heat gain

5. LIGHTS:
As lighting is often the major space load component, a precise account of this heat gain is required. The computation of this heat load is often very difficult due to the rate of heat gain at any given time being quite different from the heat equivalent of the power supplied instantaneously to these lights. Only part of the energy from light is in the form of convective heat that is picked up instantaneously by the air conditioning apparatus. The remaining portion is in the form of radiation which affects the conditioned space only after having been absorbed and rereleased by walls, floors, furniture, etc. This absorbed energy contributes to the space cooling load only after a time lag, with some part of energy still present and reradiating after the lights are switched off.

Where

Is light intensity

6. Ventilation bypass:
Nearly 10% air that passes from the cooling coil by passes without conditioned. This by-pass air adds load in the room for the cooling purposes. Sensible

Where

Is bypass factor usually taken as 0.1 (10%) Latent

7. Outdoor air heat gain:

This includes the amount of energy required to condition the outdoor air to the required values of temperature and humidity.

8. Total sensible heat:

9. Total latent heat:

10.Total Load

2.2 Load estimation for 2nd floor NANDO:

Length Width Height ft. ft. ft. 32.33 39.12664 7 1264.964397 8854.750781 40

Area Volume no. of people

1. Solar Gain through Glass:

Table2.1 SHGF

[1]

Direction NE SE

SHGF(Btu/hr) Latitude30 Latitude40 Latitude34(interpolation) 14 14 14 22 42 35.33

Correction for SHGF: Steel sash or not Multiply with 1.17 Haze conditions For 10% hazy conditions

Altitude +0.7% per 1000Ft For 1914 ft

So correction factor will be

Dew point increases from 66.8F

Dew point difference So,( )

Thus correction factor for dew point

Corrected solar heat gain factor:

NE SE

Overall Factor for solar heat gain through glass: Glass specifications: Size Type single glass(single glaze) Light color Inside blend Thickness 10mm

Using Table 16[1] Factor (F) =0.56

Or Using ASHRAE Table 3.22[2] Factor =0.55

Table2.2 Overall factor (F) for solar heat gain through Glass (3.22) [2]

Now, using

SOLAR GAIN GLASS(radiation) in Btu/hr NE SE 224 14.11 212.31 35.61 0.55 0.55 1738.35 4158.20

2. Conduction
Through Glass(wall)

U is overall heat transfer coefficient =0.83

Table2.3 Over all heat transfer coefficient (U) for glass in

A is the area of all glass

Conduction through Roof:

Overall heat Transfer coefficient for roof is calculated as [3]

U-Factor calculations for Roof

Sr.

THICKNESS BUILDING COMPONENTS (INCHES) outside air(moving) top side plaster RCC bottom side plaster inside air (still)

THERMAL RESISTANCE/INCH -in summer winter

THERMAL RESISTANCE summer 0.25 0.6 0.48 0.15 0.92 2.4 0.42 winter 0.17 0.3 0.48 0.075 0.61 1.635 0.61

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3 6 0.75

0.2 0.08 0.2

0.1 0.08 0.1

Total Resistance (Rt) Overall U- factor (U) =1/Rt

Higher value of U =0.61 Now,

Total conduction,

3. Infiltration:
Sensible

Where

This gives

Latent

4. People:

Table 2.4 Heat gain by occupants w.r.t activity [2]

Sensible

Latent

5. LIGHTS:

6. Ventilation bypass:
Sensible

Where

And

Is bypass factor usually taken as 0.1 (10%)

Latent

7. Outdoor air heat gain:

8. TOTAL ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT:

Leakage losses =1%

Now, Effective Room Sensible heat:

Total sensible heat:

9. ROOM LATENT HEAT

Leak losses = 1%

Effective room latent heat:

Total latent heat:

10.Total Load

Safety factor= 10%

Hence Total Load:

2.3 Load Calculation for Basement Floor

Length 20.6 Width 18.83 Height 8.25 Area 387.89 Volume 3200.16 No of people 22 sensible latent BTU/hr Infiltration people lights ventilation bypass outdoor air heat gain Total room sensible Total room latent Total room cooling load Tons of Refrigeration 950.45 6050 3306.84 1176.12 10585.8 1667.292 15005.63 1347.37 2310

23212.59 23040.408 46252.998 3.8544165

2.4 Load Calculation for Ground Floor

Length 21.4 ft Width 33.97 ft Height 8.25 ft Area 726.96 ft2 Volume 5997.40 ft3 No of people 22

sensible latent BTU/hr solar radiation(glass) conduction (glass) Infiltration people lights appliances ventilation bypass outdoor air heat gain Total room sensible Total room latent Total room cooling load Tons of Refrigeration 6389.302 13867.83 4292.22 6050 14933.65 12000 1176.12 10585.8 1667.292 15005.63 6084.74 2310

75680.37 25907.14 101587.51 8.465625833

2.5 Load Calculation for 1st. Floor

Length 31.66 ft Width 55.33 ft Height 8.25 ft Area 1751.75 ft2 Volume 14451.92 ft3 No of people 22

sensible latent BTU/hr solar radiation(glass) conduction (glass) Infiltration people lights ventilation bypass outdoor air heat gain Total room sensible Total room latent Total room cooling load Tons of Refrigeration 2739.328 6826.5 1781.229 6050 6197.317 1176.12 10585.8 1667.292 15005.63 2525.107 2310

37974.05 21991.54 59965.59 4.9971325

2.6 Heating Load calculations:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Solar Gain through Glass: Conduction through Wall, Roof and Floor: Infiltration and Ventilation: People (occupants): LIGHTS: Ventilation bypass: Outdoor air heat gain: Total Load

Heat gain:
Solar Gain through Glass: Conduction through Wall, Roof and Floor: People (occupants): LIGHTS: Appliances

Heat loss:
Infiltration and Ventilation: Ventilation bypass: Outdoor air heat gain:

Total Heating Load:

Design conditions for heating load calculations: Month Date Winter design DB Winter design WB Relative humidity humidity ration Dew point December 15th 35.6 F 32.18 67.40% 20.6grains/lb 26.6 F

References: [1]-Handbook of Air Conditioning System Design by Carrier Air Conditioning Company [2]-ASHRAE Fundamentals 1985 [3]-Building Energy Code of Pakistan (ENERCON February 2008) [4]-Transient Analysis of Cooling Load of A Single Zone Building By Korbaga Fantu (Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies)