cartesian plane a plane in which all points can be described in Cartesian coordinates A Cartesian coordinate system specifies each

point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as a signed distances from the origin. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin. The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as a signed distances from the origin. The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by Ren Descartes revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2 may be described as the set of all 2 2 points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x + y = 4.

the two axes divide the plane into four sections called "quadrants". The quadrants are labelled with Roman numerals (not Arabic numerals), starting at the positive x-axis and going around anti-clockwise:

In which quadrant is the point (4, y)? Since they don't tell me what the value of "y" is, then y can be anything. This means that (4, y)is not just one point! Since y can be 5, then (4, 5) is a valid answer. So is (4, 3), (4, 0), (4, 2), and (4, 4). So is any point that has x = 4:

Cartesian formulas for the plane Distance between two points The Euclidean distance between two points of the plane with Cartesian coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is

This is the Cartesian version of Pythagoras' theorem. In three-dimensional space, the distance between points (x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2) is

which can be obtained by two consecutive applications of Pythagoras' theorem. Euclidean transformations [edit]Translation Translating a set of points of the plane, preserving the distances and directions between them, is equivalent to adding a fixed pair of numbers (X,Y) to the Cartesian coordinates of every point in the set. That is, if the original coordinates of a point are (x,y), after the translation they will be

[edit]Scaling To make a figure larger or smaller is equivalent to multiplying the Cartesian coordinates of every point by the same positive number m. If (x,y) are the coordinates of a point on the original figure, the corresponding point on the scaled figure has coordinates

If m is greater than 1, the figure becomes larger; if m is between 0 and 1, it becomes smaller. [edit]Rotation To rotate a figure counterclockwise around the origin by some angle is equivalent to replacing every point with coordinates (x,y) by the point with coordinates (x',y'), where

Thus: Reflection If (x, y) are the Cartesian coordinates of a point, then (x, y) are the coordinates of its reflection across the second coordinate axis (the Y axis), as if that line were a mirror. Likewise, (x, y) are the coordinates of its reflection across the first coordinate axis (the X axis). General transformations The Euclidean transformations of the plane are the translations, rotations, scalings, reflections, and arbitrary compositions thereof. The result (x',y') of applying a Euclidean transformation to a point (x,y) is given by the formula

where A is a 22 matrix and b is a pair of numbers, that depend on the transformation; that is,

The matrix A must have orthogonal rows with same Euclidean length, that is,

and

This is equivalent to saying that A times its transpose must be a diagonal matrix. If these conditions do not hold, the formula describes a more general affine transformation of the plane. The formulas define a translation if and only if A is the identity matrix. The transformation is a rotation around some point if and only if A is a rotation matrix, meaning that

Cartesian Coordinate System

A straight line with an associated direction, a selected point and a unit length is known as thenumber line, especially when the numbers of interest are integers. Otherwise, it may be called anumber or real axis. The selected point is called the origin. Points on the real axis relate to real numbers such that the origin is associated with 0 and the point at the unit distance from it in the chosen direction with 1. All other points are assigned real numbers which are their distances to the origin measured with the given unit length and taken with the sign plus or minus depending whether they are on the same side from the origin as the number 1. (It is assumed that any point on a line divides the line into two rays so that the division point separates the points on the rays. In case of a real axis and its origin, the rays are known as the positive and negative half-axes). The number associated with a point is called its coordinate.

Two perpendicular real axes in the plane define a (rectangular planar) Cartesian coordinate system. Their common point is taken to be the origin (for both of them) and the two unit lengths are commonly equal. Usually, but not always, one of the two axes is horizontal, the other vertical; their positive directions are to the right and upwards. Usually, but again not always, the horizontal axis is called x-axis, the vertical one is called y-axis. With a Cartesian system in place, any point in the plane is associated with an ordered pair of real numbers. To obtain these number, we draw to lines through the point parallel (and hence perpendicular) to the axes. We are interested in the coordinates of the points of intersection of the two lines with the axes. Assuming the given point does not lie on either of the axes, there are two cooridnates: x-coordinate on the x-axis and y-coordinate on the yaxis. The x-coordinate is called the absissa and the y-coordinate is called the ordinate of the point at hand. These are the two numbers associated with the point. They are usually written as (x, y), the absissa coming first, the ordinate second. Complex numbers are points in the plane endowed with additional structure. The y-unit is then denoted i and the points on the y-axis are written as yi. The points on the x-axis are denoted by the single real number x, as if it was the only number axis. Instead of (x, y), we then write x + yi and call the expression the complex coordinate of a point. Thus

x + yi = (x, y).

The sign "+" really signifies an operation of addition defined for complex numbers. In fact, yi actually means the product of y and i. The two claims imply yi = 0 + yi and x + 0i = x.

harley maliwat