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T h e w o r d d a r k d e sc e n d s f r o m t h e I n d o E u r o p e a n ( I E ) r o o t d h er -1 w h i c h m e a n s t o m a k e m u d d y , d a r k n e s s. 1 I t s o t he r d e r i v a t i v e s i n c l u d e dre g, dri ve l , drab ( a f e m a l e p r o s t i t u t e ) , a t a ra ct i c ( o f o r r e l a t i n g t o a d r u g o r o t h e r a g e n t t h a t ha s a t r a n q ui l i z i n g e f f e ct ) , t ra c he a ( t he w i n d p i p e ) , t ra c h om a ( a c o n t a g i o u s di s e a se o f t h e c o n j u n ct i v a a n d c o r n e a , ca u s e d b y t h e g r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i u m a m a j o r c a u s e o f b l i n dn e s s i n A f r i c a a n d A s i a ) , a n d t ra c h yte ( a li g h t - c o l o r e d i gn e o u s r o c k ) . T h e w o r d s h adow i s a d e r i v a t i v e o f t he I E r o o t skot me a n i n g d a r k , s h a d e . 2 O t h e r d e r i v a t i v e s i n c l u d e s hade , s h e d ( a s m a l l st r u c t u r e , e i t he r f r e e s t a n d i n g o r a t t a c h e d t o a l a r g e r st r u c t u r e , s e r v i n g fo r s t o r a g e o r s h e l t e r ) , s c o ti a ( a h o l l o w c o n c a v e m ol d i n g a t o r n e a r t he b a se o f a c o l u m n ) , a n d s c o t om a ( a p a rt i a l lo s s o f v i s i o n o r b l i n d sp o t i n a n otherwise normal visual field). T h e w o r d t h rown de s c e n d s f r o m t h e IE r o o t t er e-1 , t o ru b , t u rn . A m o n g i t s p a r o n ym s a r e t he w o r d s at re s i a ( t h e a b s e n c e o r c l o s u r e o f a n o r m a l b o d y o r i f i ce o r t u b u la r p a s s a ge ) , a tt o rn e y, at t rit io n , c on t o u r,
t ra u m a , t ri te , a n d tro u t . 3
T h e w o r d s u dde n de s c e n d s f r o m t h e IE r o o t e i -1 w h i c h m e a n s t o g o . 4 A m o n g i t s p a r o n ym s a r e t he w o r d s adi t ( a n a l m os t h o r i z o n t a l e n t r a n c e
1 2 3 4 Watkins, Watkins, Watkins, Watkins, c. c. c. c. (2000), (2000), (2000), (2000), The The The The American American American American Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Dictionary Dictionary Dictionary Dictionary of of of of Indo -European Indo -European Indo -European Indo-European 1 Roots, Roots, Roots, Roots, p. p. p. p. 18 79 91 22
s u p e ri o r, s up re m e, t h e p r e f i x , s i rl o in , s u p e rna l , s u m , s um m i t , s o p ran o , s o m e rs a u l t a n d t he p r e f i x e s s u pe r - , s up ra - , a n d s u r -. 5
T h e w o r d r i ght d e sc e n d s f r o m t h e I E ro o t r e g- w h i c h m e a n s t o m o v e i n a s t r a i g h t l i n e a n d w h o s e d o z e n s o f d e r i v a t i v e s c o n n o t e d i r e ct i n g, l e a d i n g, a n d r u l i n g . 6 A m o n g t h e m a r e fo u n d s e v e r a l a u t h or i t y f i g u r e s , e . g .
ra j , ( m a ha ) ra j a h, re c t o r, re ge n t, vi c ero y , a s w e l l a s t he a d j u n c t s a n d
i n s t r u m e n t s o f t h e i r p o w e r , e . g. a ddres s , a rro ga t e, c o rrec t i o n, di re ct i ve,
s c o t o m a a p a r t i a l l o s s o f v i si o n o r b l i n d s p ot i n a n o t he r w i s e n o r ma l
visual field.
5 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 94 6 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 70 Starling Hunter 2011 2