Introduction

| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |
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University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

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Introduction Outline
Definition
Introduction to
Telecommunication Networks
Needs and Applications

Network Structure
Introduction
Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications

Types of Networks
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 2 / 28 |
| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 1 / 28 |

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Definition

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Telecommunication
Network
Why build a network?
electronic communication
at a distance
system of interconnected
electronic components/circuits
Networks enable services
Telecommunication Network
Infrastructure consisting of equipment & facilities to transfer
information between users in different locations.
Communications networks typically provide a basic information

transfer service
Telephony: basic service is two-way exchange of voice signals
Other services enabled by this: voice messaging, fax, modem, ...
Telephone, TV broadcast, Internet, cellular, etc

Internet: basic service is transfer of information packets
The exchange of information over a telecommunication network

enables interaction at a distance nearly instantaneously.
Other services enabled by this: e-mail, web browsing, ecommerce, video

conferencing, ...

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Gathering/Concentration Distribution
Telecommunications involves
newspaper delivery
television & radio
broadcasting
mass e-mail, including
spam
bill payments / registration

polling, voting, auctions
Transporting information
Relaying information
Request/Reply
Managing the transportation service
catalogue ordering
Web browsing
Adding communications value

Adding information value
telephone (& conferencing)

video-on-demand

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Users View
Network provides a service to users via an interface that hides
details of network anatomy and functions from user.
Interface provides friendly interrogation of user for control
information required by network.
Interface presents message to user in a meaningful way.
Interface provides network connection appropriate to service
requested.
E.g. voice, video, data
Two & Multi-way

Interactive

Users View
User 3
Network
User 1
User 2
Interface provides address information which defines called-party.


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Network Structure
Providers View
Network topology
Mesh
Concerned with equipment and function that service the

users requirements.
Bus / Ring
Star
Multiple Star
Involves the details of the networks anatomy.
Physical network
Directory mechanism
Protocol
Logical connection

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Network Structure
National network consists of
Internal links
Local networks
Junction networks
Trunk network
Global hierarchy: network of international circuits
Network Structure
National Network

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Network Subsystems
Network Elements
A telecommunication network may be considered as a system

consisting of the following interacting subsystems:
Transmission links
Wire, cable, radio, satellite, fibre optics,
Nodes
Switches, routers, bridges,
Interfaces

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Network Issues
User
Subscriber loop
Trunk
Switching systems
NIC,
Transmission systems
Local exchange
Tandem exchange
Signalling systems

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Controlling Complexity
Network interface
Provides source information

User specifies service(s)
required
Offers service
Network interface
implements service using
transmission media
Information sources
Enterprise architecture
Functional architecture
Modulation and coding
Transmission
Media, multiplexing, switching and signalling
Management
Technical architecture
Quality of service

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Market pull

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Technology push
Competition

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Technology Can it be built?
Economics for Success of a Network Service
Sustained improvements in technology allow complex networks and

therefore new services
Examples
microprocessor MIPs
RAM memory
storage: hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD, ...
operating systems
image & video compression
digital signal processing
wireless transmission
transmission data rates
network protocols

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Long-Term Trends

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Regulation Is it allowed?
Telephone originally monopoly
Arose due to extremely high cost of infrastructure
Profitable, predictable, slow to innovate
Deregulation and break-up of monopolies

competition in long distance telephone
opening up of local telephone services
Spectrum allocations

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Market Will it sell?

New applications & services must have a market

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Standards Will it inter-operate?

New technologies very costly and risky
cellular telephony, fax transmission, Web browsing, e-commerce
The network effect: usefulness of a service increases

with size of community
Metcalfe's Law: usefulness is proportional to the square of the
number of users
Economies of scale: per-user cost drops with increased

volume
Cell phones, PDAs, PCs
Standards allow players to share risk and benefits of a

new market
Reduced cost of entry
Interoperability and network effect
Compete on innovation
Example
802.11 wireless LAN products

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Quality of Service
Network Standards
Required due to:
QoS: how happy the customers are:
Grade of Service
Loudness rating
Dial tone delay
Post dial delay
Availability of service tone
Correctness of billing
Reasonable cost of service to customers
Responsiveness to service request
Responsiveness and courtesy of operators
Time to install and add services
Disparate applications using networks.

Disparate user data rates / bandwidths.
Key Organisations:
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Major international study and recommending body for telecommunications.
Has several major committees. See the ITU-T (previously CCITT).
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

Voluntary organisation whose members are standards bodies of participating
nations.
Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA)

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

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Different Types of Networks
Different Types of Networks

Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
Provide network service to customers (corporate or individual)

ISPs can be international, national, regional, or local
Organized as hierarchy: Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3
Tier 1 networks form the backbone
Corporate networks connect end-points in an organization.

Provide local connectivity and provide a path to an ISP
Local-area network, dial-up through modem, ..
Small networks supporting few users.

Home networks, hot spots,
Often use wireless for ease of deployment
Telephone network
Data communication networks
Integrated services digital networks
Radio based networks
Satellite networks
Mobile communication networks
Cable TV
...

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| University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 2 / 28 |

| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 1 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Why build a network?

Networks enable services

Communications networks typically provide a basic information

Telephone, TV broadcast, Internet, cellular, etc

The exchange of information over a telecommunication network

Other services enabled by this: e-mail, web browsing, ecommerce, video

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Needs and Applications

bill payments / registration

Managing the transportation service

Adding communications value

telephone (& conferencing)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 5 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 6 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Two & Multi-way

Needs and Applications

Interface provides address information which defines called-party.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 8 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Needs and Applications

Concerned with equipment and function that service the

Involves the details of the networks anatomy.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 9 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 10 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

National network consists of

Global hierarchy: network of international circuits

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 11 / 28 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 12 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

A telecommunication network may be considered as a system

Switches, routers, bridges,

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 13 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 14 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Provides source information

Modulation and coding

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 16 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |

Players and Factors Driving Telecommunications

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| TE 413 Introduction to Telecommunication Networks | Christine Mwase | 10/10/2011 | Slide 17 / 28 |

University of Dar es Salaam | Department of Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering |