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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe feature of wireless propagation Outline the advantage of CDMA principle Characterize code sequence Outline the fundamentals of RAN

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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology


Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Duplex Technology
Time division duplex (TDD)

Frequency division duplex (FDD)


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Multiple Access Technology


FDMA TDMA
power power

CDMA

power

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Duplex Technology
Power Time

USER 2

FDD
UL

USER 1

DL
Frequency

Power

Time

DL UL

USER 2
USER 1

TDD
UL

DL
DL

Frequency

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Contents
1. CDMA Principle 2. WCDMA Fundamental

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System


Transmitter
Service Signal

Source Coding

Channel Coding

Spreading

Modulation

Transmission

bit

symbol

chip

modulated signal

Radio Channel

Service Signal

Source Decoding

Channel Decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Reception

Receiver

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Process Gain
Process Gain

chip rate Pr ocess Gain 10 log( ) bit rate


Process gain differs for each service.

If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.

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WCDMA Source Coding


AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
CODEC
AMR_12.20

Bit Rate (kbps)


12.2

A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates. The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN depending on the system load and quality of the speech connections.

AMR_10.20
AMR_7.95 AMR_7.40 AMR_6.70 AMR_5.90

10.2
7.95 7.4 6.7 5.9

AMR_5.15
AMR_4.75

5.15
4.75

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WCDMA Channel Coding


Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs. Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay

Types
No Coding
No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Uncoded N bits Coded 2N+16 bits Coded 3N+24 bits Coded 3N+12 bits

Turbo Coding (1/3)


Code Block of N Bits

1/2 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding

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Correlation (1)
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1
-1

C1 C2

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 Correlation = 1 Identical signals

+1 -1 +1

C1 C2

+1

-1 1 -1 1
-1 +1

1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1

Correlation = 0 Orthogonal signals

+1
-1

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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding


UE1: UE2:

1
1

1
1

C1 : C2 : UE1c1 UE2c2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UE1c1 UE2c2

0 2

0 2

0 2

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Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding


UE1C1 UE2C2: 0

0 2

0 2

0 2

UE1 Dispreading by c1: Dispreading result: Integral judgment:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 2 0 2 0 2 0

4 (means1) 4 (means1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: Dispreading result:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

Integral judgment:

4 (means1) 4 (means1)

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WCDMA Channelization Code


OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1)


Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

SF = 8

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Purpose of Channelization Code


For uplink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one connection For downlink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different connections in a cell
Radio bearer** SF Radio bearer** SF

Speech 4.75 UL
Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL Data 2048 kbps UL Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps UL ** With 3.4 kbps Signaling

128
64 16 8 8 4 4 16

Speech 4.75 DL
Speech 12.2 DL Data 64 kbps DL Data 128 kbps DL Data 144 kbps DL Data 384 kbps DL Data 2048 kbps DL Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps DL

256
128 32 16 16 8 8 32

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WCDMA Scrambling Code Gold Sequence


Scrambling codes Properties
38 400 chip long sequences Repeated every 10 ms Coming from Pseudo Noise sequences

For uplink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different connection For downlink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different cell

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n
scrambling sequence generator

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Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal
NodeB

Channelization code 3
User 3 signal

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Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code User 1 signal Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal
NodeB

Scrambling code 3 Channelization code User 3 signal

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Spreading and Despreading


Correlation at a CDMA receiver
Symbol Data 1 -1

Chip
Spreading code Spreading signal =Datacode

Spreading 1 -1 1 -1

Correlation at a CDMA receiver


Despreading Known code at receiver Data =Spreadingcode 1 -1 1 -1

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Spreading and Despreading


Correlation at a CDMA receiver
Desired spreading signal Spreading code Data after despreading Data after integration Desired signal 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 8 -8 Other users signal

Correlation with incorrect code


Other spreading signal Other signal after despreading

Other signal after integration

1 -1 8 -8

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Principle of RAKE Receiver


Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator Calculate the time delay and signal strength

Combiner

The combined signal

s(t)

s(t)

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system

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Principle of RAKE Receiver


The RAKE receiver take advantage of multi-path diversity The RAKE receiver processes the received signal
Identify the time delay positions at which significant energy arrives Allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks Within each Rake finger, track the fast-changing phase and amplitude values Adjust the phase, remove the values originating from fast-fading Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active fingers

Present them to the decoder for further processing

This processing is called Maximal Ratio Combining

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