1)What are point coordinates?

Draw the FCC unit cell and list the point coordinates Ior all the atoms that are
associated with this unit cell
Point coordinates show the location oI position on a crystalline structure, example in the diagram below
Z





Y

X

The diagram above shows unit cell iI we say the point coordinate is (101) the circle green represents the point
coordinate
In Iace centered cubic the atoms are located at all 8 corners and the center oI each Iace 6 Iaces
2) draw the (100) direction Ior a FCC crystal lattice taking 000 as the origin ~ derive the expression Ior linear
density along (100) direction Ior FCC crystal structure and compute the value oI linear density along the same
direction oI copper given radius oI copper to be 0.128nm

a= V p
nA
vN
A

2-63.35
16R
3
N
AV2
8.89g/c
3









2a) what do you understand by crystal imperIection? Draw the edge and screw dislocation and cite the relative
burger vector dislocation orientation Ior them
Crystal imperIection these are structural deIects in a crystal structure, these deIects change the orientation oI
structure, these perIections are point, line and planar deIects.
Edge and screw dislocation
Edge dislocation is an extra halI plane oI atoms 'inserted into the crystal lattice. Due to the edge dislocations
metals possess high plasticity characteristics: ductility and malleability.

Screw dislocation Iorms when one part oI crystal lattice is shiIted (through shear) relative to the other crystal part. It
is called screw as atomic planes Iorm a spiral surIace around the dislocation line.
In an edge dislocation, the Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line, whereas Ior the screw dislocation
it is parallel to the dislocation line. A mixed dislocation has a Burgers vector which varies between the two.
2b) DeIine a slip system. Do all the metals have the same slip system? Why or why not? Mention the slip places a
direction Ior metal having FCC structure.
(a) A slip system is a crystallographic plane, and, within that plane, a direction along which dislocation motion (or
slip) occurs.
(b) All metals do not have the same slip system. The reason Ior this is that Ior most metals, the slip system will
consist oI the most densely packed crystallographic plane, and within that plane the most closely packed direction.
This plane and direction will vary Irom crystal structure to crystal structure.
(c) BCC and FCC crystals have more slip systems that is more ways Ior dislocation to propagate. Thus, those
crystals are more ductile than HCP crystals (HCP crystals are more brittle)


a) what do you understand by molecular weight oI the polymer. Draw the repeat units oI poly (tetraIluoroethylene)
and poly (methylmethacrylate) and calculate their repeat unit, molecular weight also explain how the molecular
weight can aIIect the crystallization behavior oI the polymer
Polymer molecular weight is important because it determines many physical properties. Some examples include the
temperatures Ior transitions Irom liquids to waxes to rubbers to solids and mechanical properties such as stiness,
strength, viscoelasticity, toughness, and viscosity. II molecular weight is too low, the transition temperatures and the
mechanical properties will generally be too low Ior the polymer material to have any useIul commercial
applications. For a polymer to be useIul it must have transition temperatures to waxes or liquids that are above room
temperatures and it must have mechanical properties sucient to bear design loads.


F F H O H H H
- C C- - H-CO-C-C-C-C-
F F H H H H

The molecular weight is the sum oI all atoms present in the repeat unit

5) a)What is a thermal SHOCK and what Iactors are responsible Ior it in materials? What measures can be taken to
reduce the likelihood oI thermal shock to a metal.
Thermal shock describes the way in which some materials are prone to damage if they are exposed to a sudden
change in temperature. The shock is the result of a thermal gradient, which refers to the fact that temperature change
occurs in an uneven fashion. Temperature change causes expansion of the molecular structure of an object, due to
weakening of the bonds which hold the molecules in formation. The existence of the thermal gradient means this
expansion occurs unevenly, and glass in particular is very vulnerable to this process. Thermal shock depends on
magnitude of temperature change, also mechanical and thermal properties of material.
O Method to reduce thermal shock reduce the degree of cooling or heating rate this reduces the temperature
gradient
O Coefficient of thermal expansion most easily controlled and changed
O ntroduce large pores or ductile second phase may also improve thermal shock
O Annealing heat treatment can be used to remove thermal stress in ceramic materials in order to improve
both mechanical and optical characteristics











b) Briefly explain why metals are opaque to electromagnetic radiation having photon energies within the
visible range of spectrum.
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c) Explain why Ierromagnetic materials can be permanently magnetized whereas paramagnetic cannot.
Paramagnetic when a electric Iield is applied direction oI magnetic moment line up with the magnetic Iield electron
direction beIore Iield random directions in Ierromagnetic the magnetic moment are aligned aIter electric Iiled is
applied the electron remain the same.
The reason why Ierromagnetic materials can be permanently magnetized is because when the magnetic Iield is
applied the magnetic moments are aligned in the diagram below show alignment and the large value oI coercivity in
diagram when a Iield is applied when the magnetic Iield is remove the magnetic moments remain aligned unlike in
paramagnetic when aIter the magnetic moment return to it random nature aIter the magnetic Iield is removed.