01 Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore
October 2005
Overview
Towards Solar Architecture In Singapore
Renewable Energies Made in Germany Symposium 24.10.2005 Singapore
Photovoltaic technology, systems, designs Building integrated applications Potential for Singapore Promoting Renewable Energies Towards Solar Architecture
October 2005
Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf
Asia Research Institute
October 2005
World PV Production in 2003

World PV production in 2003
400.00 350.00 300.00 MWp-DC 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Figure 1.5 Source : REW, 2004 100 MWp solar panel covers an area of approx. 100 ha or 1 km2 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 3
Japan Europe US ROW
PV Technology, Performance and Cost

Cell Technology Mono-crystalline Silicon Poly-crystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon CIS (Copper Indium Diselenide) Concentrator with III-V Materials Generation 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd Performance 12-18 11-16 5-7 8-13 20-30 Cost/Wp (US$) 4 3.5 1.5-2 2-3 Solar Radiation Preference More direct More direct Direct and diffuse Direct and diffuse Direct (tracking)
CIS (Copper Indium Diselenide). Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Amorphous silicon silicon silicon October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf New: Concentrator Cells Asia Research Institute 4
Wafer, Cell, Module, Array, System

Wafer
Smallest component
Standard products available in online shops Photovoltaic (PV) Collector

Solar Radiation falling on PV modules is converted to DC electricity, subsequently converted into AC by inverter Standard solutions commercially available
(Solar) Cell
Made of wafer 10cm x 10cm or 12.5cm x 12.5cm
Solar Thermal (ST) Collector

PV set ready for grid connection
Module
Ready to use panel with cells and plugs Modular cell size
Solar radiation is used to heat up water flowing in collector cavities Standards solutions commercially available
Array
Layout of modules
Hybrid (PVT) Collector

Collector comprising PV modules on the surface and water tubes inside (cooling effect for PV besides warm water generation R&D, Some solutions available
Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 6
System
All inclusive ready to produce AC power (Array, inverter, meter, cable, data logger, etc)
October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 5 ST set for water heating October 2005
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
Dr. Stephen K Wittkopf
October 2005
Colored Solar / Transparent Solar Cells
Transparent Solar Cells
www.sunways.de iF Ecology Design Award 1999 TOP 3

October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 7 October 2005 Source: RWE Schottsolar, 2005
PVs Area of Application in 2003

Photovolatic technology:
2003 Application
5% 1% 8%
versatile
11%
Grid-connected residential/commercial Consumer products World off-grid rural

54%
adopted customizable growing

11%
Communications and signalling PV-diesel, commercial US off-grid residential Centralized (>100 kW)
10%
Figure 1.7 Source : REW, 2004 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 9 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 10
IEA, PV Power Systems, Task 7: PV in the Built Environment (1997-2001)
BIPV Example in Australia

Building name Location Building type Completion PV application Type of PV Quantity POE : Olympic Village : Australia, Sidney : Residential : December 1999 : Roof integrated PV : Monocrystalline silicone : 629 kWp : 1400-1500 kWh output/year
World largest solar village October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 11 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf
Source : http://www.oja-services.nl/ieapvps/cases/aus_01.htm Asia Research Institute 12
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
BIPV Example in Barcelona

Building name : The Solar Pergola Location : Spain, Barcelona Building type : Pergola Completion : 2004 PV application : Roof integrated PV Type of PV : Monocrystalline silicone Quantity : 449 kWp Yield : 1250 kWh/kWp The 50m height PV area is close to the size of a football pitch (112x50m2)
Source : http://www.isofoton.c om/espaniol/forum.pdf http://www.earthscan. co.uk/news/article/mp s/UAN/226/v/3/sp/332 244698595342568278 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 13
BIPV Example in Germany

Building name Location Building type Completion PV application Type of PV Quantity POE : Mont Cenis Academy : Germany, Herne Sodingen : Commercial : 1999 : Roof & facade : Multicrystalline silicium : 1000 kWp : 600000-650000 kWh output/year
World largest solar village October 2005
Source : http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/cases/deu_01.htm; Schittich (2003) October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 14
Building name: Location: Building type: Completion: PV application: Type of PV: Quantity:
Source : www.solarserver.de October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf
Mont Cenis Academy Germany, Tuebingen Sport and Recreation 2005 Faade (ventilated) colored multi-crystalline 970 x 45 Wp (525 m2)
Building name: Location: Building type: Completion: PV application: Type of PV:

October 2005
Kriegerhornbahn Germany, Lech am Arlberg Sport and Recreation 2004 Faade transparent colored mono-cristaline
Source : www.solarserver.de Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 16
15

Building name Location Building type Completion PV application Type of PV Quantity Estimated : Lehrter Station : Germany, Berlin : Railway station : 2002 : Faade integration : Monocrystalline : 189 kWp : 160000 kWh /year to feed the grid

Building name : House of Fashion Zara Location : Germany, Cologne Building type : Commercial PV application : Faade integration Type of PV : Polycrystalline
Source : http://www.jxj.com/magsandj/rew/2003_ 05/lehrter.html
PVs are not connected. PVs are function only as aesthetic elements.
Due to the shape , there are no two modules are the same. Each is unique
Source : www.solon-pv.de; Solon Presentation (2004)
October 2005
17
October 2005
18
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
BIPV Example in Hong Kong

Building name : One Peking Road Location : Hong Kong, One Peking Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Hong Kong Building type : Commercial building (mix use) Completion : March 2003 PV application : Upper faade PV type : Polycrystalline Silicon Quantity : 7.2kWp (total PV area of 200m2) Estimated : 10344 kWh/year This off-grid PV is the first large scale commercial BIPV in Hong Kong and China. The building won the HKIA (Hong Kong Institute of Architect) Award due to its aesthetics and environmentally friendly design.
Besides Photovoltaic, the building implements Active Faade System : Triple glazed walling system Low-e clear glass Ventilated cavity Automated sun tracking blind in the cavity
Source : http://www.hkbeam.org.hk/fileLibrary/One%20Peking_GCPL_C1071.pd f; http://www.architecturechina.cn/en/issue1/article16.htm October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 20
October 2005
Source :http://www.architecturechina.cn/en/issue1/article16.htm; http://hkci.org/upload/bank/onepekingrd_innov.pdf; http://www.pabhk.com/blogs/2004/04/profile-building-integrated-solarpv.html Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 19
BIPV Example in Japan

Building name Location Building type Completion PV application Type of PV Quantity Estimation : Solar Ark : Japan, Ogaki city, Gifu : Commercial : December 2001 : Faade integration : Monocrystalline : 630 kWp : 530000 kWh output/year
The cavity in the glass is ventilated from the interior cooler air. South facade has some sun shade and reflective interior ceiling that function as Daylight Directing Device.
Source : http://www.hk-beam.org.hk/fileLibrary/One%20Peking_GCPL_C1071.pdf October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 21
Source : http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ap8n-tn/sun/photo/photorsa/sanyo/esanyo.html; http://www.japan-photo.de/e-mul-15.htm; http://www.solar-ark.com.datahotel.net/english2/ark/index.html October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 22
BIPV Example in Malaysia

The largest PV rooftop system in Asia Pacific in 2001, now is the 2nd largest in South East Asia.
National BIPV Program in Malaysia

Source : http://www.sebastianschmitt.de/Welt/Ma laysia/TPM/; http://www.ptm.org.my/BIPV/pdf2/web %20info/database/BIPVinstallation%20list.pdf October 2005
Building name Location Building type Completion PV application Type of PV Quantity
: Technology Park : Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur : Commercial : 2001 : Roof integration : Monocrystalline : 362 kWp
Source: http://www.nhgade3 .dk/zeroenergyoffice building/
23
October 2005
24
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
BIPV Example in Netherlands
BIPV Example in Thailand

Building name Location Building type Completion PV application Type of PV Quantity Estimation : The Tesco-Lotus Hypermarket : Thailand, Bangkok : Hypermarket : 2004 : Roof integration : Polycrystalline : 460kWp : 600000 kWh/year output. 12.5% of building annual consumption. It is the largest in South East Asia. The system will reduce peak demand on the grid with the added benefit of annually offsetting 400 tons of carbon dioxide emission from Bangkok fossilfuel power plant.

Source : http://www.ojaservices.nl/iea-pvps/cases/nld_01.htm October 2005
: Housing Area of Amsterfoot : Netherland, Amsterfoot : Residential : 1999 : Roof integration : Polycrystalline : 1323 kWp on 500 houses
Source : http://www.renewableenergyaccess. com/rea/market/business/viewstory;j sessionid=a841RoLUMN8a?id=172 03 October 2005
25
26
BIPV Example in United Kingdom
Upcoming tallest solar building in EU
Source : http://www.jxj.com/magsandj/r ew/2004_02/optic.html October 2005
: OpTIC centre : UK, North Wales : Technology Business Centre : 2003 : Facade integration : Copper indium diselenide : 85 kWp
Source : http://www.edie.net/ news/news_story.as p?id=9906&channel =0
27
October 2005
28
PV Plants - big
PV plant - bigger
Projecto Girassol: Under construction, to be completed by 2009 62 MW electricity 350.000 solar panels Collaboration between Portuguese Energy Authority, Investment Agency and Industry (Amper-Central Solar and BP Solar Spain) 250 Million EUR =
Source : Boltz, 2004
October 2005
29
October 2005
30
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
PV plant - biggest US, Los Angeles: Scheduled for 2010-2010 500 MW electricity Solar thermal Without any government incentives
Building Integrated Photovoltaics: common aesthetical affordable*
October 2005
31
October 2005
32
BIPV Example in Singapore

Building name : Savannah Park Condominium Location : 31 Simei Rise, Singapore Building type : Residential PV application : Roof integration (at club house Quantity : 5.1 kWp
Research Project Research Project Title

Potential of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in existing urban high-rise housing in Singapore
Collaboration
NUS, Department of Architecture ThyssenKrupp Asia Pacific
Source : www.interlinkpower.com.sg http://www.bouyguesasia.com/pag es/fsetc1.htm
Status
Completed 2004, research report
October 2005
33
October 2005
34
Singapore: Plenty of Daylight

8 7 6
KWh/m2
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Overview of Slab Block Design Proposals

2 1 4 3 6
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month
0 Osaka Darwin London Munich Singapore
5 8 10 9 11 October 2005 Table 3.4. Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 36
Darwin Singapore Osaka Munich London
Daily Global Solar Radiation Charts Daylight = Sunlight + Skylight
October 2005
35
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
Design 1 and Design 4
Figure 3.11. Design 1-PV on staircase core
Figure 3.15. Design 8-PV on long hip roof.
Figure 3.12 Design 4-PV along protruding elements
Figure 3.16 Design 11-PV on short butterfly roofs.
October 2005
37
October 2005
38
Overview of Point Block Design Proposal
6a
6b
Figure 3.17. Design 1 PV vertically on west/ east facade 8 9 10 Asia Research Institute
Figure 3.18. Design 2 PV horizontally on window sills.
October 2005
39
October 2005
40
Percentage of PV Supply to Total Electrical Demand

Point Block Percentage of PV supply to total electrical demand
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 30% 20% 10% 13% 13% 35% 28% 28% 25% 26% 27% 25% 65%
Figure 3.21. Design 7 PV on butterfly roof.
Figure 3.22. Design 9 PV on monopitched roof.
0% 1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 7 8 9 10
Figure 3.31 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 41 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 42
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
Percentage of PV Supply to Total Electrical Demand

Slab Block Percentage of PV supply to total electrical demand
80% 70% 60% 50% 42% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 16% 7% 19% 14% 9% 5% 15% 56% 55%
Solar Radiation Analysis - Conclusion Singapores solar radiation pattern is favorable to BIPV
The quantity is higher compares to countries that already successfully utilized PV The distribution is even due to little seasonal changes, and thus provides constant solar energy, which benefits grid-connected systems The predominately diffuse nature makes PV less dependent on direct sunlight, meaning no tracking needed, and faade can be considered as well
42%
Figure 3.32 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 43 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 44
Impact
Impact: Straits Times 2.2.2005 (H3|Home)
October 2005
45
October 2005
46
RE Prospects in Singapore
High Potential for Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Singapore: plenty and even solar radiation lots of unused roof area lots of available exposed facades
Hydro Geothermal
Source : NEA (2005)
Biomass
Non-existent
Non-existent
Local sources fully-utilized
Wind
Tidal
Solar
October 2005
47
Low wind speeds October 2005
Low tidal range Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf
High and even irradiation - Greatest potential Asia Research Institute 48
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
Renewable Energies for Singapore

Solar Energy seems to have the greatest potential of renewable
Solar Energy: Available when needed
energies in Singapore
Minister of State for Health Dr. Balaji Sadasivan on the occasion of the Seminar on Efficient Use of Fossil and Renewable Energies, 11 Nov 2002, Regent Hotel, Singapore
Source : NEA (2003)

Source: RWE Schott Solar GmbH
October 2005
49
October 2005
50
Singapore Green Plan
Promoting Renewable Energy in SE-Asia
Air and Climate Change Group
Singapore Green Plan 2012 Awards Ceremony and 'Our Environment Story' Exhibition October 28
October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 51 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 52

RE Electricity (GWH)
Promoting Renewable Energy in SE-Asia II
Overseas RE Sources and Targets

Wind capacity > 97% Wind capacity > 99%
12.5% of electricity output by 2010 20% of electricity output by 2020 RE Electricity (GWH)
Wind capacity > 99%
29.4% of electricity output by 2010
4,820 MW PV capacity by 2010 300 MW of wind capacity by 2010

RE Electricity (GW H)
RE Electricity (GW H)
Source: tjarinto@aseanenergy.org
10% of electricity output by 2010
9,500 GWh electricity output by 2010
California: 20% electricity retail sales
Source: International Energy Agency
October 2005
53
October 2005
54
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
October 2005
Projected Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources

Projected Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources
Global Energy Supply (Mtoe) 100% 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2001 0% 2040 50% 25% 75% Conventional Wind Solar thermal Photovoltaic Marine Hydro Geothermal Biomass 2010 2020 2030
Assumed Growth Rate for RES under AIP

Assumed growth rate for RES under AIP
35 30 Percentage 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996-2001 2001-2010 2010-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040 Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Photovoltaic Solar thermal Wind
Figure 1.1 Source : European Renewable Energy Council (EREC), 2004 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 55 October 2005
Figure 1.2 Source : EREC, 2004
56
The X-factor in Architecture

Promotion of Renewable Energies: common internationally common in SE-Asia considered in Singapore
Sustainable Architecture? Green Architecture? Intelligent Architecture? Bioclimatic Architecture? Energy Efficient Architecture? No|Low|Light Architecture? Is all of this specific/distinctive to Singapore?
57 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 58
October 2005
The X-factor in Architecture Singapore

Dense High-Rise Urban Architecture Singapore Green Plan 2012 Plenty of Daylight Tropical Climate Regional Hub Role Model High Energy Consumption Strive for Architectural Distinction Promoting the Arts
Solar Architecture A definition Architecture that harnesses Solar Energy by means of:
Integrated Photovoltaic to produce electricity Integrated Solar Thermal to transform energy in heat (solar cooling) Daylight re-directing devices to reduce artificial lighting and improve human well-being
Solar Architecture
Contributes to an energy efficient build sustainable environment

59 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 60
October 2005
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
10
October 2005
Daylight
Is Energy (Renewable) energy, on-hand, inexhaustibly, clean Has 3 components: IR, Visible, and UV where only IR and UV are evil (heat and sunburn)
My observation: Gap between how it is and how it could be Due to lack of knowledge:
General advantages of using daylight in buildings Singapore specific potential of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Singapore specific potential of advanced light re-directing devices
Daylight in Architecture:
Contributes to well-being Can lit up interiors and reduce artificial lighting Can produce electricity (Photovoltaic) Can produce warm water (Solar Thermal)
Towards Solar Architecture

Identifies this gap Closes this gap (research knowledge dissemination)
Daylight in Singapore:
is generally not welcomed stigmatized as an evil source of glare and heat
October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 61
October 2005
62
Towards Solar Architecture What? Basics

Climate, Daylight, visual and thermal comfort Renewable Energy, Energy supply Environmental laws, policies, and frameworks
Towards Solar Architecture Who Public

MEWR, NEA, URA, BCA, NEA, EMA HDB, JTC, CPG, LTA ... EDB, MOF, MTI Education
Products
Solar Cells, Building Integrated Photovoltaic Solar Thermal, Solar Cooling Daylight re-directing devices
Private
Architects Developers Supplier
Education
Applications
Best practice case studies (Regional, International) Design Guide Development (Planning)
People
Non profit organizations (RCs, CCCs et al.)
Society for Solar Architecture

Promote Art & Science of Solar Architecture
Focus on tropical Singapore Knowledge hub for basics, technology and application
UNSW Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering
Members
Open to all interested in the art & science of Solar Architecture Founding members are expected to donate Paying members enjoy reduced seminars fees
Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Program Bachelor of Engineering and Master of Engineering Science
Seminars
Ie. This primer on BIPV Upcoming: In depth case study: BIPV project planing Daylight Performance criterion Daylight redirecting devices Basics
October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 65 October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute
66
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
11
October 2005
University of Roma
ESES, Dalarna University Stockholm, Sweden
October 2005
67
October 2005
68
Carnegie Mellon University, US School of Architecture:

The School of Architecture has been awarded and selected in Sp'01 for their plus-energy-design proposal to compete in the U.S. Department of Energy's and National Renewable Energy Laboratory's "International Solar Decathlon". A multidisciplinary student teams designed, engineered and build a completely solar-powered two-story mixed-use house on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., in October 2002. During the event, only solar energy available within the perimeter of each house may be used to generate the power needed to fuel the facility.
Solar Architecture in Singapore: Cutting-edge distinction Model role for region Collaborations with leading Universities Towards a sustainable build environment
October 2005
69
October 2005
70
akiskw@nus.edu.sg
12

01 Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

World PV Production in 2003

PV Technology, Performance and Cost

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Wafer, Cell, Module, Array, System

Standard products available in online shops Photovoltaic (PV) Collector

Solar Thermal (ST) Collector

Hybrid (PVT) Collector

Dr. Stephen K Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Colored Solar / Transparent Solar Cells

Transparent Solar Cells

www.sunways.de iF Ecology Design Award 1999 TOP 3

Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

PVs Area of Application in 2003

Grid-connected residential/commercial Consumer products World off-grid rural

adopted customizable growing

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

IEA, PV Power Systems, Task 7: PV in the Built Environment (1997-2001)

BIPV Example in Australia

Source : http://www.oja-services.nl/ieapvps/cases/aus_01.htm Asia Research Institute 12

Dr. Stephen K Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

BIPV Example in Barcelona

BIPV Example in Germany

World largest solar village October 2005

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

BIPV Example in Germany

BIPV Example in Germany

Building name: Location: Building type: Completion: PV application: Type of PV:

Asia Research Institute

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

BIPV Example in Germany

BIPV Example in Germany

Source : http://www.jxj.com/magsandj/rew/2003_ 05/lehrter.html

Source : www.solon-pv.de; Solon Presentation (2004)

Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute

Dr. Stephen K Wittkopf

Asia Research Institute