Terminology list 1) morphology vormipetus,morfoloogia - study of the forms of words: parts of speech 2) parts of speech snaliigid notional parts

ts of speech thenduslikud snaliigid (tegusna, nimisna, omadussna, arvsna jne) structural parts of speech strukuraalsed snaliigid (eessna, sidesna, artikkel, partikkel) Parts of speech - words that have an independent meaning (thenduslikud snaliigid) Notional - an idea, meaning of something; Structural - structurally important to form sentences 3) syntax lausepetus - the study of sentences: parts of the sentence. 4) parts of the sentence lause osad 5) affirmative sentences jaatavad laused a statement which gives the reader or the listener some information about various events, activities or attitudes, thoughts and feelings. interrogative sentences ksivad laused contain questions. negative sentences eitavad laused 6) simple words - lihtsnad derived words tuletatud snad compound words liitsnad composite (phrasal) words komposiit- vi fraassnad 7) affix liide prefix eesliide suffix jrelliide 8) the hyphen sidekriips the dash mttekriips 9) the apostrophe lakoma 10) the preposition eessna - a structural part of speech that shows in what relation a noun or its equivalent is to some other word in the sentence, usually to another noun, an adjective or occasionally an adverb. 11) the conjunction sidesna - a structural part of speech that joins together sentences and parts of sentences 12) coordinationg conjunctions - to work on equal terms - rinnastavad sidesnad - parts work equally, same type of importance. Mother and father are watching TV. But, nor, either, etc. subordinating conjunctions - to work in a hierarchy - alistavad sidesnad - one part of the sentence is the main part, other parts are subordinate. When, why, since, because. He called me because he wanted to call me. 13) the numeral arvsna cardinals phiarvsnad ordinals jrgarvsnad a notional part of speech which indicates the number or the order of persons and things in succession. 14) fractional numerals murdarvsnad vulgar fractions lihtmurrud decimal fractions kmnendmurrud

15) the comma koma the decimal point point used when writing decimal fractions (= not the comma) 16) the stative seisundisna - a notional part of speech denoting the temporary state or condition of persons or things. 17) the modal word modaalsna - an unidentified notional word that expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reality, possibility or probability of the action he speaks about. 18) the interjection hdsna - a notional part of speech used to express emotions (it occurs in exclamations) 19) the particle partikkel, abisna - a structural part of speech emphasizing or limiting the meaning of another word, phrase or clause 20) the determiner nimisna teisendaja/tiend (?) 21) the noun nimisna - a notional part of speech for naming sb or sth 22) common nouns ldnimed proper nouns prisnimed common-countable/uncountable, can be classified into nouns denoting objects that can be counted and those that cannot; proper - real names, 23) countable nouns loendatavad nimisnad uncountable nouns loendamatud nimisnad Countable nouns are inflected for number; uncountable nouns are not inflected for number. 24) the category of gender soo kategooria - the distinction of male, female and neuter may correspond to the lexical meaning of the noun. masculine meessugu feminine naissugu neuter kesksugu 25) case kne - a grammatical category which shows relation of the noun with other words in a sentence. It is expressed by the form of the noun. 26) the nominative (common) case nimetav kne the genitive (possessive) case omastav kne The nominative (common) case vs the genitive (possessive case) Common unmarked, it has no inflexion (zero inflection); Genitive marked by the apostrophe s. 27) the pronoun asesna - a notional part of speech used instead of a noun or a noun equivalent. 28) personal pronouns isikulised asesnd - noun-pronouns, indicating persons (I, you, he, we) or non-persons (it, they) from the point of view of their relations to the speaker. 29) possessive pronouns omastavad asesnad - indicate possession by persons or non-persons (my, your, his) 30) reflexive & emphatic pronouns enesekohased ja rhutavad asesnad - indicate identity between the person or non-person they denote and that denoted by the subject of the sentence. (myself, yourself, herself etc) 31) demonstrative pronouns nitavad asesnad - point to persons or non-persons or their properties this, that, such . 32) indefinite & universal pronouns umbmrased asesnad - indicate persons or non-persons or else their properties in a general way without defining the class of objects they belong to, class or properties they possess. some-, any-, every-, each

33) reciprocal pronouns vastastikused asesnad - indicate a mutual relationship between two or more than two persons, or occasionallt non-persons who are at the same time the doer and the object of the same action. (each other, one another) 34) interrogative & relative (conjunctive) pronouns ksivad ja siduvad asesnad - ksivad indicate persons or non-ersons or their properties as unknown to the speaker and requiring to be named in the answer (who, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever) & relative (conjunctive) pronouns siduvad refer to persons and non-persons and open attributive clauses which modify words denoting these persons or non-persons. (who, whose, which, that) 35) negative pronouns as the term implies render the general meaning of the sentence negative. eitavad asesnad no, none, nothing, nobody the zero article null-artikkel = artiklit pole 36) The zero article/the definite article/the indefinite article ARTICLE - a structural part of speech functioning as a noun determiner: a/an, the. ZERO the absence of any article, which is sometimes referred to as the zero article. DEFINITE implies that the speaker or the writer presents a person, a thing or an abstract notion as known to the listener or the reader, his general knowledge, or from the situation, or from the context. It has a specifying and generic meaning mrav artikkel. INDEFINITE has a classifying, generic and numeral meaning. Umbmrane 37) A descriptive attribute- kirjeldav - is modified by an indefinite article - simply more general information on the object described is given. Jane was wearing a black (descr) coat. A restrictive attribute- piiratud - is modified by the definite article - the qualities which make the particular object different from all other similar objects are given Jane put the coat she was holding(restr) back on the hanger 38) the adjective omadussna - a notional part of speech used to describe or determine the noun or a noun equivalent. 39) substantivised adjectives nimisnastatud omadussna (the elected as a noun) 40) non-gradable adjectives vaegomadussnad (neid ei saa vrrelda) 41) degrees of comparison vrdlusastmed - the only pattern of morphological change. It is possible only for descriptive qualitative adjectives the meaning of wich is compatible with the idea of gradation of quality. the positive degree algvrre the comparative degree keskvrre the superlative degree livrre 42) the adverb mrsna - a notional part of speech that may modidy a verb, an adjective or an adverb 43) adverbs of time and frequency aja- ja sagedusmrsnad - include those denoting duration (long, continually), interval (all day, timing (yesterday, today..), frequency (often, now and then, occasionally) 44) adverbs of place and direction koha- ja suunamrsnad here, there, outside, inside 45) adverbs of manner viisimrsnad - well, carefully, intentionally, silently, clearly 46) adverbs of degree and quantity mramrsnad - nearly, almost, enough, very, too, quite.. 47) adverbs of cause (reason) phjusmrsnad - for this reason

48) interrogative & conjunctive adverbs ksivad ja siduvad mrsnad 49) the verb - tegusna - a notional part of speech expressing existence or action. phrasal (multi-word) verbs hendtegusnad - a combination of a verb and a postverbal particle (usually an adverb or a preposition), in which the direct meaning of the verb is often altered. 50) main verbs phitegusnad auxiliary verbs abitegusnad modal verbs modaaltegusnad - do not denote actions or states, but only show the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the infinitive in combination with which they form compound modal predicates. link verbs sideverbid 51) regular verbs reegliprased tegusnad irregular verbs ebareegliprased tegusnad mixed verbs (to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh) mitu thendust; (?) 52) transitive verbs sihilised tegusnad intransitive verbs sihitud tegusnad reflexive verbs enesekohased tegusnad 53) the finite forms of the verb tegusna vormid, millel on aeg, isik ja arv (?) 54) number arv the singular ainsus the plural mitmus 55) person isik 1st person 1. isik (mina, meie) 2nd person 2. isik (sina, teie) 3rd person 3. isik (tema, nemad) 56) the non-finite forms of the verb (verbals) tegusna vormid, millel puuduvad arv ja isik, kuid mned neist nitavad aega There are 4 non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive(to take), the gerund (taking), Participle I (taking), Participle II (taken). These forms possess some verbal and some non verbal features. 57) the infinitive infinitiiv, tegevusnimi a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way. Treated as the initial form of the verb. 58) the gerund kesksna a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. It is formed by adding the suffix ing to the stem of the verb. 59) the present participle (Participle I) oleviku kesksna a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. Formed by adding the suffix ing to the stem of the verb. the past particile (Participle II) mineviku kesksna a non-finite form of the verb with verbal and adjectival features. 60) the category of tense aja kategooria expresses the relationship between the time of the action an the time of speaking. present tenses oleviku ajad Tenses which refer to actions in the present. past tenses mineviku ajad Tenses which refer to actions in the past. future tenses tuleviku ajad Tenses which refer to actions in the future. future-in-the-past tenses tuleviku ajad minevikus The future is looked upon not from the point of view of the moment of speaking but from the point of view of some moment in the

past. 61) the Present Indefinite lihtolevik - The present time in a broad sense; no indication as to the duration or completion of the action. 62) the Present Continuous kestev olevik Denotes an action which is in progress at the moment of speaking. Action is temporary. 63) the Present Perfect tisminevik - Denotes action preceding the moment of speaking but being connected with it either directly or indirectly. 64) the Present Perfect Continuous kestev tisminevik - similar to the present perfect in that it denotes action preceding the moment of speaking but being connected with it either directly or indirectly, emphasising the process, not fact. 65) the Past Indefinite lihtminevik 66) the Past Continuous kestev minevik 67) the Past Perfect enneminevik 68) the Past Perfect Continuous kestev enneminevik 69) the Future Indefinite - lihttulevik 70) the Future Continuous kestev tulevik 71) the Future Perfect ennetulevik 72) the Future Perfect Continuous kestev ennetulevik 73) the Future Indefinite in the Past kaudne lihttulevik 74) the Future Continuous in the Past kaudne kestev tulevik 75) the Future Perfect in the Past kaudne ennetulevik 76) the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past kaudne kestev ennetulevik 77) the category of voice tegumood the grammatical category of the verb denoting the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the person or non-person denoted by the subject of the sentence. the Active aktiivne tegumood - indicates that the action is directed from the subject or issues from the subject, thus the subject denotes the doer of the action. We help our friends. the Passive passiivne tegumood indicates that the action is directed towards the subject. We were helped by our friends. 78) the direct passive otsene passiiv 79) the indirect passive kaudne passiiv gives greater prominence to the direct object, whereas the direct passive construction emphasizes the indirect object. 80) the prepositional passive eessnaline passiiv corresponds to the object of the active construction and denotes the receiver of the action. 81) the Complex subject (the subject with the infinitive) - (?) 82) passive with the formal it (?) 83) causatives kausatiivid, phjussnad? 84) The category of mood kneviis the attitude of the speaker or writer towards the content of the sntence, whether the speaker considers the action real, unreal, desirable, necessary, etc. It is expressed in the form of the verb. the indicative mood kindel kneviis shows that what is said must be regarded as a fact, as something which has occurred or is occurring at the moment of speaking or will occur in the future. the imperative mood kskiv kneviis - expresses a command or a request to perform an action addressed to somebody, but not the action itself. the subjunctive mood kahtlev kneviis it is used to express non-facts: unreal or

hypothetical actions or states. 85) conditional sentences tingimuslaused 86) the Complex Object (the object with the infinitive) (?) 87) indirect (reported) speech kaudne kne does not reproduce the exact words of the speaker, but only reports them. 88) the sequence of tenses aegade jrjestus 89) backshift tegusna aja muutmine kaudses knes olevikust minevikku 90) punctuation kirjavahemrkide kasutamine