Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms
Foundation Engineering
by Prof. Bengt B. Broms
April, 2007
http://www.geoforum.com/knowledge/texts/broms/index.asp
ii
Foundation Engineering
by Prof. Bengt B. Broms
April, 2007 The textbook can be read by chapers or searched by keywords.
Table of contents: 1. Aspects of foundation engineering 2. Soil mechanics 3. Geotechnical field investigations 4. Bearing capacity of foundations 5. Foundation settlements 6. Factors to consider in foundation design 7. Spread footing design 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations 9. Mat foundations 10. Lateral earth pressure 11. Soil retaining structures 12. Pile foundations - Single piles 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups
http://www.geoforum.com/knowledge/texts/broms/index.asp
Pages 1 13 39 55 69 93 101 107 113 121 143 173 213 221
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Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering

1. Foundations of buildings and structures
Keywords: pile, raft, footing
Page 2 2 3 3 4
2. Effects of underground installations on foundations

Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line
3. Soil deposit
Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water
4. Interactions between buildings

Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line
5. Requirements of a foundation
Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,
6. Development of geotechnical analysis

Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers
4 5
7. Soil investigation methods

Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone
8. Bearing capacity of footing

Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave
9. Pressure bulb below footing

Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility
6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10
10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level

Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water
11. Differential settlement below structure

Keywords: differential settlement, cracks
12. Mat foundation

Keywords: elastic springs
13. Lateral earth pressure

Keywords: active earth pressure
14. Design of retaining walls

Keywords: retaining wall
15. Anchored sheet pile walls

Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component
16. Braced excavations

Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave
17. Reinforced earth

Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip
18. Pile foundations

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile
iv

19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles
Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance
11 11
20. Pile groups

Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction
Chapter 2. Soil mechanics

21. Concepts in foundation engineering
Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience
Page
15
22. Description of soil properties

Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength
15
23. Definition of geotechnical terms

Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid
16
24. Determination of grain size distribution

Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel
16
25. Plasticity of soils

Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content
17 17
26. Plasticity chart

Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index
27. Distinction between clay and silt

Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension
18 18 19
28. Structure of clay

Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge
29. Standard Proctor compaction test

Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content
30. Proctors compaction tests

Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer
19 20 20
31. Compaction curves

Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density
32. Unified soil classification system

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit
33. Tripartite soil classification chart

Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size
21 21
34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001)
Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation

35. Rock description (CP 2001)
Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,
22
36. Darcy's law

Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,
22 23 23 24
37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability

Keywords: standpipe, Darcys law
38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability

Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test
39. Permeability of soils

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10
40. Flow net determination

Keywords: flow line, equipotential line
24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29
41. Effective stress concept

Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress
42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure)

Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress
43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure)

Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition
44. Stress-strain relationship of soil

Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress
45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship

Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve
46. Modulus of elasticity

Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity
47. Shear modulus

Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation
48. Compression modulus

Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest
49. Stability of footing on soil

Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave
50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion

Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr,Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress
51. Mohr's stress circle

Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion
30 30

Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B
53. Mohr's circle for clay soil

Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress
31 31
54. Stress path concept
vi

Keywords: p-q curve
55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line

Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf
32 32 33 33 34 34 35
56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size
57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils

Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level
58. c/p-ratio of clays

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index
59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength

Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio
60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index

Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index
61. Short term stability of an excavation

Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength
62. Long term stability of an excavation

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines
35 36 36 37 37
63. Effective stress analysis

Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test
64. Total stress analysis

Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,
65. Determination of shear strength

Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,
66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils

Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test
67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength

Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test
38
68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength

Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test
38
Chapter 3. Geotechnical field investigations

69. Geotechnical soil exploration methods
Keywords: geophysical, sampling, penetrometer, plate load test, pressuremeter test, piezometer
Page
41
70. Objectives of soil investigation

Keywords: stability, settlements sand, silt, clay, rock, ground water, safety factor, structure, construction
41
vii

71. Depth of investigation for structures
Keywords: footing, raft, pier
42 42
72. Site investigation

Keywords: map, site visit, authorities, contractor, topography, buried services, geological condition, previous use of site
73. Site investigation (cont.)

Keywords: climatic condition, material, hydrological condition
43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47
74. Planning of site investigation

Keywords: water main, pond, road, building
75. Seismic refraction method

Keywords: geophone, distance, travel time, time, detonation, chart
76. Surface investigation

Keywords: trial trench, trial pit, casing, ground water
77. Soil sampler

Keywords: slot sampler, rotation, sand, silt, peat
78. Soil sampler

Keywords: split spoon sampler, SPT, Shelby tube sampler
79. Swedish foil sampler

Keywords: steel foil, piston sampler, steel foil, casing, piston
80. Undisturbed samples

Keywords: piston, friction, gas, sample, friction, stress release, disturbance
81. Rock drilling

Keywords: double tube core barrel, diamonds, coring bit, outer tube, inner tube, ball bearing
82. Rock quality designation (RQD)

Keywords: description, RDQ, very poor, poor, fair, good excellent
47 48
83. Field vane test

Keywords: Sgi, undrained shear strength, casing, rod, sheath, vane, clay, measuring head, torque
84. Field vane test

Keywords: Geotech, slip coupling, undrained shear strength, friction, torque,
48 49
85. Pore pressure probe

Keywords: piezocone, jacking, cable, clay, pore pressure, excess pore pressure, layer, undrained shear strength
86. Pressuremeter
Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas
87. Evaluation of Pressuremeter test

Keywords: cell pressure, volume, expansion of cell, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, Pressuremeter modulus, limit pressure, shear modulus
49
88. Plate load test

Keywords: beam, anchor, plate, jack, dial indicators load, displacement, load
50 50
89. Screw plate test

Keywords: displacement, pressure, strength, sand, jack, field compressometer
viii

90. Evaluation of plate load test
Keywords: settlement, load, ultimate large plate, small plate, diameter
51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54
91. Plate load test, clay

Keywords: large plate, small plate, settlement
92. Total stress cell

Keywords: Gltzl cell, coefficient of lateral earth pressure, at rest, clay
93. Piezometer
Keywords: pore water pressure, crack, hydraulic fracturing, pressure, volume,
94. Triaxial test

Keywords: lateral earth pressure, water saturation
95. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, sand, clay

Keywords: sand, clay, normally consolidated, plasticity index
96. Determination of ground water level

Keywords: pumping, well
Chapter 4. Bearing capacity of foundations

97. Bearing capacity of surface foundation
Keywords: load, settlement, ultimate load
Page
57 57
98. Failure mechanism of surface foundation

Keywords: general shear failure, local shear failure, punching, failure surface, compaction
99. Failure zones below surface foundation

Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtle zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil
58
100. Determination of bearing capacity of surface foundation

Keywords: shape factor, bearing capacity factor, unit weight, inclination, base factor, ground factor, width, cohesion, friction angle
58
101. Bearing capacity factors

Keywords: angle of internal friction, N-factor, cohesion, weight, bearing capacity
59 59
102. Effective stress analysis of foundation on sand

Keywords: drained triaxial test, shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, friction angle, width
103. Plain strain friction angle

Keywords: plain strain, triaxial test
60 60 60 61 61
104. Punching failure

Keywords: loose sand, loose silt, friction angle, cohesion
105. Bearing capacity of footing in sand

Keywords: effective overburden pressure, ground water, N-factor
106. Bearing capacity of footing in sand (layered soil)

Keywords: footing, soil layer, density, depth, width
107. Footing in excavation
ix

Keywords: depth, boundary
108. Effect of hydraulic gradient on bearing capacity

62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65
109. Effect of adjacent footing in slope

Keywords: failure surface, log spiral failure surface, slope
110. Log spiral

Keywords: friction angle
111. Bearing capacity of footing (log spiral)

Keywords: log spiral, shear strength
112. Effect of horizontal load on bearing capacity

Keywords: vertical load, horizontal load, failure surface
113. Equivalent area of surface footing

Keywords: length, width, round, triangular, eccentricity
114. Total stress analysis of foundation in clay

Keywords: undrained shear strength, vertical load, horizontal surface, bearing capacity
115. Effect of soil layer on bearing capacity of footing in clay

Keywords: vertical plane, horizontal plane, isotropic, circular failure surface, depth, width
116. Effect of overburden pressure on bearing capacity in clay

Keywords: total overburden pressure, allowable load, ultimate load, depth
66 66 67 67 68
117. Pressure distribution below footing in clay and sand

Keywords: ultimate bearing capacity, elastic theory, design load,
118. Pull out resistance of shallow footing

Keywords: depth, friction angle, shape factor, density, weight
119. Pull out resistance of footing at depth

Keywords: shape factor, friction angle, depth, weight
120. Bearing capacity on rock

Keywords: unconfined compressive strength, steel point, pile, allowable load, ultimate load
Chapter 5. Foundation settlements

121. Settlements of foundations
Keywords: cracks, tower of Pisa
Page
72 72 73 73
122. Stress distribution below point load

Keywords: stress increase, Boussinesq, pressure bulb, equal stress increase
123. Stress below strip load

Keywords: distance, depth, diameter, stress increase, load
124. Influence chart

Keywords: Influence value, squares, load

125. 2:1 - method
Keywords: surface load, stress distribution, width, depth
74 74 75
126. 2:1 - method at corner of footing

Keywords: depth, stress increase, loaded area, length, width
127. Settlement below footing

Keywords: clay, silt, sand, immediate settlement, primary settlement, secondary settlement, first loading, cyclic loading
128. Settlements in clay and silt

Keywords: normally consolidated, overconsolidated, primary settlement, secondary settlement, total settlement, modulus, pressuremeter, oedometer, elastic method, undrained shear strength
75
129. Settlements in sand

Keywords: first loading, cyclic loading, compression modulus, coefficient of subgrade reaction, SPT, CPT, WST, triaxial test, plate load test
76
130. Immediate settlements in clay

Keywords: theory of elasticity, correction factor for depth, Poisson's ratio, influence factor, modulus of elasticity
76
131. Correction factor for foundation depth

Keywords: Poisson's ratio, width, depth,
77 77 78
132. Determination of compression index

Keywords: void ratio, effective stress, compression index, liquid limit, stress increase
133. Determination of settlements from compression test

Keywords: preconsolidation pressure, effective stress, corrected curve, applied pressure, void ratio, settlement, load scale
134. Principle of settlement calculation

Keywords: primary settlement, void ratio, water content
78 79 79 80

Keywords: effective stress, applied stress, ground water, void ratio
136. Determination of precosolidation pressure

Keywords: preconsolidation stress, effective stress, void ratio
137. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (logarithmic)

Keywords: consolidation curve, time, logarithmic, primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, coefficient of consolidation, dial reading
138. Coefficient of consolidation (square root)

Keywords: time, settlement, coefficient of consolidation
80 81 81
139. Secondary consolidation

Keywords: time, void ratio,
140. Effect of surface fill on stress distribution

Keywords: compression modulus, pore water pressure, total stress, effective stress, stress increase, time, ground water, fill, compression modulus, sand, clay, settlement
141. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay

Keywords: clay, undrained shear strength, normally consolidated, overconsolidated
82 82
142. Soil modulus from cone penetration test (CPT)

Keywords: sand, clay, Bowles
xi

143. Determination of modulus from plate load test
Keywords: settlement, elastic range, coefficient of subgrade reaction, load
82 83 83 84 84 85 85
144. Estimate of settlements below footing on sand

Keywords: pressure bulb, modulus of elasticity, sand, clay, load
145. Settlements of footing on clay

Keywords: width, settlement
146. Effect of plate diameter on bearing capacity of plate on sand

Keywords: width, settlements, sand
147. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from Standard penetration test (SPT)

Keywords: sand, clay, SPT, N-value
148. Estimate of modulus of elasticity from cone penetration test (CPT

Keywords: sand,
149. Estimate of modulus of elasticity in clay from Standard penetration test (SPT) and undrained shear strength
Keywords: clay, modulus of elasticity, N-value
150. Allowable footing pressure based on SPT N-values

Keywords: bearing capacity, settlements, blow count, N-value
86 86 877 87
151. Settlements of footing on sand from cone penetration test, CPT

Keywords: footing, raft, allowable pressure, cone resistance
152. Allowable settlement below building

Keywords: crack, differential settlement, sewer line
153. Damage due to foundation settlements

Keywords: clay, sand, ground water, flexural cracks, shear cracks, total settlements, differential settlements
154. Floating foundation

Keywords: compensated foundation, building weight, fill, settlement
88 88 89 89 90 90
155. Effect of ground water lowering from tunnel on building settlements

Keywords: ground water level, clay, sand, tunnel
156. Effect of trees on ground water near building

Keywords: settlements, distance to building, tree height
157. Differential settlements between adjacent buildings

Keywords: settlement, soft clay, crack
158. Negative skin friction due to ground water lowering

Keywords: pile, cracks, settlements, ground water level
159. Swelling potential of soil below building

Keywords: heave, swelling potential, seasonal variation, ground water, sewer line, leaks, watering, plasticity index, liquid limit, shrinkage limit
160. Effect of pile installation on adjacent building

Keywords: clay, sand, pile, area of influence, heave, settlement
91 91
161. Allowable differential settlements below structure

Keywords: rotation, differential settlements, USSR code, structure type, distance between footings
xii
Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design

162. Examples of foundation design
Keywords: footings, raft, piles
Page
94 94
163. Design considerations

Keywords: seasonal change, frost heave, change of ground water level, internal erosion, piping, adjacent excavation, soil creep, sink holes, vibrations, deterioration of concrete
164. Factor of safety of foundation

Keywords: increase of safety factor, time, ultimate pressure, minimum
95 95
165. Determination of factor of safety for different structures

Keywords: forces preventing failure, forces initiating failure, moment, dams, fill, retaining wall, sheet pile, braced excavation, footing, mat, raft, uplift, heave, piping
166. Factor of safety of slope

Keywords: centre of rotation, length of failure surface, resisting moment, initiating moment, resisting force
96
167. Stability of slope in clay

Keywords: weight of soil, sliding, slip circle, undrained shear strength
96 97 97 98 98 99
168. Factor of safety of slope in clay

Keywords: weight of soil, slip circle,
169. Probability of failure

Keywords: coefficient of variation, mean value, standard deviation, load, strength
170. Load combinations

Keywords: dead loads, live load, wind load, earthquake load, load factor
171. Characteristic load

Keywords: load factor, partial factor of safety, shear strength, friction angle, cohesion,
172. Coefficient of variability

Keywords: loads, soil properties, analysis, construction, safety factor, reliability, low, very low, medium, high, very high
173. Factor of safety

Keywords: coefficient of variability, stability, settlement, stability safety, settlement factor, low, medium, high, very high
99
174. Minimum load factors and partial safety factors

Keywords: loads, soil strength, dead load, live load, static water pressure, environmental load, cohesion, friction,
100
175. Effect of adjacent structures

Keywords: stress increase, settlement, new, old, lateral earth pressure
100 100
176. Effect of excavation

Keywords: stability, excavation
xiii
Chapter 7. Spread footing design

177. Spread footing
Keywords: reinforcement, floor slab, soil reaction
Page
102 102 103
178. Footing types

Keywords: trapezoidal, column, strap, wall, combined, footing with moment

Keywords: compression in concrete, pedestal, punching, cover, tension reinforcement, reinforcement
180. Critical section

Keywords: reinforcement, masonry, steel, base plate,
103 104 104 105 105 106 106
181. Critical section of footing

Keywords: shear force, shear stress,
182. Bond stress in footing

Keywords: bond stress, reinforcement
183. Eccentric force on footings

Keywords: eccentricity, footing, moment
184. Design of eccentrically loaded footing

Keywords: allowable pressure, eccentricity, width,, moment
185. Eccentrically loaded footing

Keywords: stress, allowable pressure
186. Drainage of footings

Keywords: drain
Chapter 8. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations

187. Special footings and beams on elastic foundations
Keywords: beam, strap, moment, eccentricity
Page 108 108 109 109
188. Combined footing

Keywords: elevation, plan
189. Load distribution on footing

Keywords: concentrated load, moment distribution, shear stress distribution, pressure
190. Winkler foundation

Keywords: spring, elastic, soil reaction, coefficient of subgrade reaction, actual, load, deflection, settlement
191. Coefficient of subgrade reaction

Keywords: elastic spring, elastic range, settlement, unloading, load
110 110 111
192. Classical design solution

Keywords: deflection, moment, shear force
193. Elastic deflection of beam

Keywords: solutions, shear force, moment, slope, deflection
xiv

194. Effect of foundation width on footing settlement
Keywords: solutions, clay, sand, deformation,
111
Chapter 9. Mat foundations

195. Mat foundations
Keywords: examples, loads
Page
114 114 115
196. Waffle structure

Keywords: ribs
197. Finite difference method

Keywords: computer programme, uncertainties, coefficient of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity,
198. Design of building foundation

Keywords: span, wall, strip, span length, exterior spans, interior spans
115 116 116 117 117 118 118 119 119
199. Grain elevator foundation

Keywords: clay, allowable pressure, factor of safety, total overburden pressure

Keywords: building weight, soil weight, depth of excavation, story,
201. Floating building foundation

Keywords: excavation, net pressure
202. Differential settlements due to ground water lowering

Keywords: clay, ground water lowering
203. Stability of deep excavations

Keywords: heave, anchor, sheet pile
204. Effect of pile installation adjacent to excavation

Keywords: excavation, embankment piles
205. Support of excavation against heave

Keywords: fill
206. Anchor pile in excavation

Keywords: water-filled excavation
Chapter 10. Lateral earth pressure

Keywords: retaining wall, sheet pile wall
Page
123 123
208. Influence of displacement on lateral earth pressure

Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, lateral earth pressure at rest, away from fill, against fill
xv

209. Active earth pressure (Rankine)
Keywords: coefficient of active earth pressure, shear stress, normal pressure, depth of excavation, Mohr circle
124
210. Distribution of active earth pressure

Keywords: Rankine, Mohr circle, cohesion, depth
124 125 125 126 126 127 127 128 128
211. Active earth pressure (Coulomb)

Keywords: wedge
212. Influence of two point loads on soil pressure

Keywords: displacement, Boussinesq, rigid smooth wall
213. Stress distribution below surface load

Keywords: Influence value, 0.005, number of squares, Poisson's ratio
214. Effect of compaction on earth pressure

Keywords: bridge abutment, deep basement, lateral earth pressure
215. Effect of vibratory roller

Keywords: passive pressure, at rest pressure, active pressure, dynamic soil pressure
216. Distribution of soil pressure after compaction

Keywords: initial, compaction, stress increase, active at rest, passive at rest
217. Compaction of soil layers

Keywords: compactor, first layer, second layer, depth, passive at rest
218. Earth pressure distribution at rigid wall due to compaction

Keywords: depth, lateral earth pressure, increase, compaction, without compaction, rigid wall
219. Examples of retaining structures

Keywords: gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall
129 129 130 130
220. Crib wall

Keywords: stretcher, header, cells, soil
221. Gravity wall and Cantilever wall

Keywords: height
222. Failure modes

Keywords: mechanisms, bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, general failure, centre of rotation
223. Design of retaining structure for bearing capacity

Keywords: eccentric load, inclined load, design
131 131 132 132 133 133
224. Bearing capacity of retaining wall

Keywords: wall, inclined
225. Design of retaining wall for inclined load

Keywords: eccentricity
226. Inclined wall

Keywords: force
227. Overturning of retaining wall

Keywords: point of overturning, resisting moment, driving moment
228. Design of wall against sliding

Keywords: resisting force, driving force, sand, clay
xvi

229. Shear keys in sliding wall
Keywords: shear key, alternative location
134 134 135 135 136 136 137 137 137 138 138
230. General stability of retaining wall

Keywords: driving moment, resisting moment, failure surface
231. Reinforcement in retaining wall

Keywords: moment, reinforcement
232. Location of reinforcement

Keywords: moment distribution
233. Tilting of retaining structure

Keywords: bridge abutment, design, actual pressure, yielding
234. Counterfort walls

Keywords: elevation
235. Drainage of wall

Keywords: drain, pore water pressure, slip surface
236. Drainage of retaining structure

Keywords: drain, slip surface, pore pressure distribution

Keywords: failure surface, drainage layer, pore water pressure
238. Reinforced earth, type Vidal

Keywords: metal strip
239. Reinforce earth wall

Keywords: metal strip, spacing, star-shaped element, stress distribution, actual failure surface
240. Required length of earth reinforcement

Keywords: earth pressure, length, failure surface
139 139 140 140 141 141
241. Bearing capacity failure of retaining structure

Keywords: base failure
242. Fabric reinforced wall

Keywords: precast concrete element, fabric, soil

Keywords: reinforcement
244. Examples of fabric reinforced wall

Keywords: failure surface, fabric
245. Design of fabric reinforced wall

Keywords: failure surface, length
Chapter 11. Soil retaining structures

246. Support systems
Keywords: anchored wall, strutted wall, cantilever wall, sheet pile, strut, wale beam, ground anchor
Page
146
xvii

247. Wood elements
Keywords: groove, spline, tongue, driving sequence
146 147 147 148 148
248. Concrete elements

Keywords: heavy, difficult, grouted, driving
249. Steel sheet piles

Keywords: light, difficult to drive
250. Sheet piles details

Keywords: anchor rod, lagging, wedge, wale beam, soldier beam
251. Details of wall construction

Keywords: poling boards, soldier beams (King post), strap, clip, welded studs, washers, soldier beam placed in predrilled borehole
252. Bored pile wall

Keywords: wale beam, ground anchor
149 149 150
253. Berliner wall

Keywords: soldier pile, precast element, ground anchor, shotcrete, rail, wire mesh
254. Factor of safety of retaining wall

Keywords: active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, factor of safety, water pressure, friction angle,
255. Cantilever sheet pile wall

Keywords: flow line, equipotential line, water pressure, net water pressure
150 151 151
256. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, friction soil

Keywords: uplift, dragdown, gradient, water pressure, Rankine
257. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, cohesive soil

Keywords: undrained shear strength, cohesion, net pressure, active earth pressure, Rankine, actual, assumed, water pressure
258. Earth pressure distribution of cantilever wall, factor of safety

Keywords: clay, depth, factor of safety, cohesion, depth
152 152 153 153
259. Design of sheet pile walls

Keywords: wale beam, anchor rod, sheet pile
260. Failure mechanisms

Keywords: plastic hinge, rotation
261. Anchored sheet pile wall (Free earth support)

Keywords: center of rotation, surface load, resisting moment, driving moment, depth, earth pressure, net pressure, overburden pressure
262. Earth pressure distribution in cohesive soil with wall friction

Keywords: adhesion, wall friction, depth, cohesion, vertical pressure, surface load
154 154
263. Critical height of sheet pile wall in clay

Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,
264. Earth pressure distribution along sheet pile wall

Keywords: passive earth pressure, active earth pressure, sand, clay, surface pressure
155 155
265. Moment distribution in sheet pile wall

Keywords: distributed load, moment, distributed load, shear distribution, surface load
xviii

266. Anchored or braced sheet pile wall
Keywords: flexible, stiff, assumed, deflection, earth pressure distribution, moment distribution, anchor
156
267. Moment reduction in sheet pile wall

Keywords: anchor, moment, reduced load
156 157 157 158 158 159
268. Deflection of sheet pile wall

Keywords: stiffness, height
269. Moment as function of sheet pile height

Keywords: dense sand, loose sand, moment
270. Anchor systems

Keywords: soil anchor, rock anchor, concrete slab, piles, short sheet pile, inclination
271. Anchor piles

Keywords: piles, pull out resistance
272. Design aspects of anchor plate

Keywords: anchor plate, passive earth pressure, anchor force, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure, critical failure surface, anchor depth
273. Critical depth of anchor plate in sand

Keywords: friction angle, depth, passive earth pressure
159 160 160 160 161 161 161
274. Critical depth of anchor plate in clay

Keywords: undrained shear strength, critical depth
275. Pull out resistance of anchor plate in clay

Keywords: depth,
276. Settlement behind sheet pile wall

Keywords: anchor force, settlement, inclination
277. Strutted wall

Keywords: soil anchor, passive resistance, wedge, horizontal anchor
278. Anchored wall

Keywords: soil anchor, inclined anchor, failure wedge,
279. General stability of anchored wall

Keywords: failure surface, failure surface, factor of safety, active earth pressure, passive earth pressure
280. Load distribution between soil anchors

Keywords: Manfred Panel C1, Bergshamra Panel A, load, arching
162 162 163 163
281. Force redistribution in soil wedge

Keywords: failure surface

Keywords: settlement, strut, wale beam
283. Earth pressure distributions (design)

Keywords: earth pressure distribution, sand, soft clay, stiff fissured clay, depth, undrained shear strength, struts
284. Strut forces

Keywords: hinge
164
xix

285. Strut forces in adjacent excavations
Keywords: tensile crack, first strut, second strut, undrained shear strength, failure surface
164
286. Water flow into excavation in sand

Keywords: flow line, ground water, quick condition, critical gradient, depth of excavation
164
287. Bottom heave in excavation

Keywords: sand, clay, adhesion, ground water, struts critical depth
165 165 166 166
288. Bottom heave in excavation in clay

Keywords: stability factor, struts, depth, width
289. Bottom heave in excavation in clay, effect of wall adhesion

Keywords: stability factor, adhesion
290. Settlement adjacent to strutted excavation

Keywords: struts, settlements, ground water level, base heave, stability, lateral displacement, workmanship
291. Estimate of settlement adjacent to excavation

Keywords: ground loss, distance, maximum depth of excavation, sand, clay, settlement, very soft clay, stability factor, A, B, C
167
292. Bored pile wall with soil anchors

Keywords: shotcrete, soil anchor, soft clay, undrained shear strength, bored pile, ground anchor
167
293. Slurry walls or diaphragm walls

Keywords: wall panel, ground anchor
168 168
294. Slurry wall construction

Keywords: grab, bentonite slurry, reinforcement cage, steel tube, excavation, placement of steel tube, placement of reinforcement, concreting
295. Stability of slots

Keywords: soil wedge
169 169
296. Bentonite slurry

Keywords: oil well drilling, soil borings, bentonite clay, montmorillonite, barite, barium sulphate, slurry density
297. Stability of slurry excavation

Keywords: ground beams, bentonite slurry, filter skin, density of slurry, failure wedge
170 170
298. Maximum depth of slurry excavation

Keywords: layer of stones or gravel, viscosity, tixotrophy, filter skin, undrained shear strength, active earth pressure, ground water level
299. Concreting of slurry excavation

Keywords: soft clay, critical depth, undrained shear strength, density, tremmie pipe
171 171
300. Deformation of concrete wall

Keywords: active earth pressure, at rest pressure, Winkler foundation, load redistribution, deformation, soil anchor
xx
Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles
301. Piles
Keywords: pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile
Page
177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181
302. Vibrations
Keywords: tanks, silos, chimneys, machine foundations, sand, ground water
303. Examples of pile foundations

Keywords: compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, vibrations
304. Stability of bridge abutment

Keywords: soft clay, fill, bridge abutment
305. Embankment piles

Keywords: soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill
306. Anchor piles for dry docks, subway stations

Keywords: ground water, up-lift force, anchor piles
307. Offshore structures on piles

Keywords: cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension force
308. Stabilisation of slope by piles

Keywords: slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure surface
309. Design of embankment piles

Keywords: failure surface, clay, precast piles,
310. Anchor piles in swelling soil

Keywords: seasonal changes, swelling clay, montmorillonite, high liquid limit, high plasticity index, building
311. Examples of pile types

Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack
182 182 183
312. Piles foundations

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber, H pile
313. Pile types

Keywords: large displacement piles, small displacement piles, non-displacement piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased
314. Loading conditions of piles

Keywords: compression, lateral load, tension
183 184 184
315. Load transfer to piles

Keywords: friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock
316. Timber piles

Keywords: advantages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, shaft, ground water, butt
317. Pile splices

Keywords: steel sleeve, steel strap
185 185 186
318. Splices and rock points

Keywords: rock point,
319. Precast concrete piles

Keywords: point, concrete, reinforcement. pile diameter
xxi

320. Lifting of piles
Keywords: pile length, lifting hooks, moment
186 187 187
321. Prestressed concrete piles

Keywords: height strength concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced ductility
322. Concrete strength (CP 2004)

Keywords: cube strength, hard driving, normal to easy driving, high capacity, reduced weight, easy driving
323. Installation of jacked-down piles

Keywords: pump, manometer, steel insert, hydraulic jack, pile segment
188 188 189 189 190
324. Bored piles

Keywords: auger, reinforcement, tremmie pipe, concreting
325. Examples of bored piles

Keywords: bored piles, drilling of shaft, drilling of bell, concrete, stiff clay, reinforcement
326. Bored piles with bell

Keywords: bells
327. Cast-in-place piles

Keywords: casing, driving, casing filled with water, casing filled with concrete, reinforcement
328. Necking during casting of pile shaft in soft clay

Keywords: casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground water
190 191
329. Slurry trench wall construction

Keywords: ground water, surface casing, bentonite slurry, chisel, pouring of concrete, lowering of reinforcement element
330. Shapes of slurry trench pile elements

Keywords: size
191 192 192 193
331. Raymond step tapered pile

Keywords: steel shell, steel cone, light bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete
332. Franki pile

Keywords: concrete plug, bulb, internal hammer, prefabricated shaft, light casing
333. Steel H-pile

Keywords: easy to drive, easy to cut, corrosion, expensive, splicing, soil plug, driving shoe, steel plate
334. Steel pipe piles

Keywords: diameter, closed or open ended, soil plug, diameter
193 194
335. Corrosion
Keywords: steel piles, concrete piles, National Bureau of Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt water
336. Settlement around during driving in sand

Keywords: settlement, diameter, compaction within this zone
194 195
337. Effect of pile driving in clay

Keywords: soft clay, heave, volume, soft clay, remoulded zone, pore water pressure, undrained shear strength
338. Redriving of piles in clay

Keywords: risen piles, redriving, heave, soft clay, separation of splice
195
xxii

339. Load distribution along pile
Keywords: sand, clay, point resistance, shaft resistance
196 197
340. Pile load as function of pile displacement

Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell
341. Load deformation relationship of piles

Keywords: pile load, displacement, point resistance, skin resistance
197 198
342. Direction of pile loading

Keywords: compression, tension, weight of pile, factor of safety, allowable load, point resistance, shaft resistance
343. Determination of bearing capacity at pile point

Keywords: end bearing, undrained shear strength, bearing capacity factor
198 199 199
344. Pile bearing capacity according to Meyerhof

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity factor
345. Bearing capacity factor of piles

Keywords: Terzaghi, Berezantsev, Meyerhof, Vesic, Brinch Hansen, de Beer, friction angle
346. Failure mechanism at pile point

Keywords: point resistance, rigidity index, failure surface, compressibility, rigidity index
200 200 201 202
347. Comparison of cone resistance and pile point resistance

Keywords: area of pile, sand
348. Comparison of SPTN-value and pile point resistance

Keywords: SPT, sand, pile diameter
349. Lateral pressure against pile shaft

Keywords: bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile, straight shaft, tapered shaft, lateral earth pressure
350. Determination of pile capacity in sand

Keywords: loose, dense, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, small, Vesic, displacement pile, non-displacement pile, tapered pile
202
351. Pile shaft capacity in sand

Keywords: pile type, sand, critical depth,
203 203 204 204 205 205

Keywords: Mansur & Hunter, Tavenas, Ireland, lateral earth pressure
353. Critical depth of pile shaft resistance

Keywords: friction angle, bearing capacity value, diameter, length
354. Estimate of pile capacity based on Weight sounding test (WST)

Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area
355. Failure surface at pile point in clay

Keywords: failure surface, diameter, area of pile
356. Skin friction resistance along pile shaft

Keywords: cone penetration test, friction sleeve small displacement pile, large displacement pile
xxiii

357. Bearing capacity of piles in clay
Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, undrained shear strength, reduction , ground surface
206
358. Lambda-method
Keywords: offshore structures, depth, mean value, skin resistance
207 208 209 209 210 210 211
359. Estimate of pile skin resistance in clay

Keywords: effective overburden pressure, Flaate, Selnes, undrained shear strength
360. Load transfer from pile to soil as function of pile displacement

Keywords: t-z curves, q-y curve, driven pile, bored pile
361. Negative skin friction along piles

Keywords: lowering of ground water level, driven pile, bored pile
362. Failure modes of horizontally loaded piles

Keywords: soil failure, pile failure, failure mechanism
363. Lateral pile resistance in sand

Keywords: sand, horizontal load, force
364. Lateral pile resistance in clay (rotational mode)

Keywords: undrained shear strength, heave, passive earth pressure, lateral force, diameter, depth
365. Lateral pile resistance in clay (pile failure mode)

Keywords: undrained shear strength, diameter, yield, moment, lateral force
211
Chapter 13. Single piles - Dynamic analysis

366. Pile driving equipment
Keywords: drop hammer, diesel hammer, vibratory hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting
Page
214
367. Dynamic pile test

Keywords: hammer, helmet, cap block, cushion, pile, stress wave, depth, steel, concrete, wood
214
368. Stress wave analysis, rigid base

Keywords: particle velocity, wave velocity, impedance, rebound of hammer
215 215 216
369. Stress wave analysis, soft base

Keywords: particle velocity, length, impedance
370. Detection of pile defect by dynamic test

Keywords: hammer velocity, particle velocity, wave velocity, force, accelerometer, impedance, warning, strain gauge, time, wave length, fracture
371. Determination of dynamic pile bearing capacity

Keywords: hammer, force, displacement, elastic compression, drop height,
216 217
372. Pile driving formulae (definition)

Keywords: mass of hammer, penetration resistance, effective height of fall, mass of pile, coefficient of restitution elastic compression, soil, cushion, dynamic pile capacity
xxiv

373. Pile driving formulae
Keywords: Hiley, Kreuger, Janbu, elastic compression, cushion, pile, soil, load distribution factor, dynamic pile capacity
217
374. Elastic compression of pile

Keywords: cushion, pen, set, pile, hammer
218 218
375. Static pile load test

Keywords: applied load, displacement, point bearing pile, elastic compression, pile shaft, friction pile, sand, clay
376. Definition of pile failure load

Keywords: settlement, applied load, range, pile diameter
219 219
377. Types of pile loading tests

Keywords: maintained load, constant rate of penetration (CRP)
Chapter 14. Pile foundations - Pile Groups

378. Pile group in clay
Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength
Page
223 224 224
379. Examples of pile groups

Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile, footing
380. Efficiency of pile group in clay

Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured
381. Settlement of pile group in clay

Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length
225 225
382. Efficiency of pile group (model tests)

Keywords: pile load , applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center pile, corner pile, model test
383. Efficiency of pile group in sand (model test)

Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile spacing
226 226 227 228 228 229 229
384. Pile groups in sand (model tests)

Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand
385. Load distribution in pile group

Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or rotation
386. Eccentric loading in pile group (example)

Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows
387. Eccentric loading in pile group (example cont.)

388. Load distribution below piled foundation

Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san
389. Stress increase below pile group

Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution
xxv

390. Settlements below pile group in sand
Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand
230 230 231 231 232 232 233 233 234 234 235 235
391. Settlement of pile group

Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width
392. Load distribution below pile group in sand

Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle
393. Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay

Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering
394. Effect of negative skin friction on piles in clay

Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements
395. Protection piles for reduction of negative skin friction

Keywords: protection piles
396. Heave caused by pile driving

Keywords: clay, surface heave
397. Settlements caused by pile driving in sand

Keywords: settlements, cone
398. Settlements caused by pile driving in excavation

Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor
399. Effect on point resistance by pile driving

Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile
400. Order of pile driving

Keywords: settlements, damage to building, vibrations
401. Differential settlements below building due to pile driving in sand

Keywords: sand, traffic, cracking, piles, driving
xxvi
Bengt Broms Foundations Cap.1 Aspects of Foundation Engineering

1. Foundations of buildings and structures 2. Effects of underground installations on foundations 3. Soil deposit 4. Interactions between buildings 5. Requirements of a foundation 6. Development of geotechnical analysis 7. Soil investigation methods 8. Bearing capacity of footing 9. Pressure bulb below footing 10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level 11. Differential settlement below structure 12. Mat foundation 13. Lateral earth pressure 14. Design of retaining walls 15. Anchored sheet pile walls 16. Braced excavations 17. Reinforced earth 18. Pile foundations 19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles 20. Pile groups
Page 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11

1. Foundations of buildings and structures
Keywords: pile, raft, footing
Foundations of buildings and structures
2. Effects of underground installations on foundations

Keywords: tunnel, ground water, water main, sewer line

3. Soil deposit
Keywords: clay, sand, rock, ground water
4. Interactions between buildings

Keywords: settlement, clay, shale, tunnel, sewer line
5. Requirements of a foundation
Keywords: economy, safety, settlement, seasonal changes, construction problem, environment,
6. Development of geotechnical analysis

Keywords: empirical, theoretical, semi-empirical, computers

7. Soil investigation methods
Keywords: seismic, boring, penetration test, test pit, pressure meter test, plate load test, CPT, SPT, WST, geophone
8. Bearing capacity of footing

Keywords: heave, flow line, equipotential line, settlement, failure surface, flow net, heave

9. Pressure bulb below footing
Keywords: settlement, stress increase, compressibility
10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level

Keywords: sand, clay, leaking sewer line, piezometer, ground water

11. Differential settlement below structure
Keywords: differential settlement, cracks
12. Mat foundation

Keywords: elastic springs

Keywords: active earth pressure
14. Design of retaining walls

Keywords: retaining wall

15. Anchored sheet pile walls
Keywords: sheet pile, anchor, vertical component

Keywords: strut, lateral earth pressure, sheet pile, bottom heave

17. Reinforced earth
Keywords: concrete element, steel strip, aluminium strip
18. Pile foundations

Keywords: concrete pile, steel pile, timber pile
10

19. Ultimate bearing capacity of piles
Keywords: point resistance, skin resistance, ultimate resistance
20. Pile groups

Keywords: bridge abutment, fill, soft clay, negative skin friction
11
12
Bengt Broms Foundations Chapter 2 Soil Mechanics

21. Concepts in foundation engineering 22. Description of soil properties 23. Definition of geotechnical terms 24. Determination of grain size distribution 25. Plasticity of soils 26. Plasticity chart 27. Distinction between clay and silt 28. Structure of clay 29. Standard Proctor compaction test 30. Proctors compaction tests 31. Compaction curves 32. Unified soil classification system 33. Tripartite soil classification chart 34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001) 35. Rock description (CP 2001) 36. Darcy's law 37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability 38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability 39. Permeability of soils 40. Flow net determination 41. Effective stress concept 42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure) 43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure) 44. Stress-strain relationship of soil 45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship 46. Modulus of elasticity 47. Shear modulus 48. Compression modulus 49. Stability of footing on soil 50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion
Page
15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29
13

51. Mohr's stress circle 52. Effective stress concept 53. Mohr's circle for clay soil 54. Stress path concept 55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line 56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils 57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils 58. c/p-ratio of clays 59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength 60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index 61. Short term stability of an excavation 62. Long term stability of an excavation 63. Effective stress analysis 64. Total stress analysis 65. Determination of shear strength 66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils 67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength 68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38
14

21. Concepts in foundation engineering
Keywords: soil mechanics, engineering geology, foundation engineering, theory, experience
22. Description of soil properties

Keywords: index properties, soil classification, stress condition, permeability, deformation property, shear strength
15
23. Definition of geotechnical terms

Keywords: void ratio, porosity, water content, unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solid, specific gravity, degree of saturation, gas, water, solid
24. Determination of grain size distribution Keywords: grain size, percent finer, hydrometer
analysis, sieve analysis, sand, effective, grain size, coefficient of uniformity, well graded, uniformly graded, poorly sorted, poorly graded, clay, silt, sand, gravel
16
25. Plasticity of soils

Keywords: plasticity index, shrinkage limit, plastic limit, liquid limit, water content
26. Plasticity chart

Keywords: liquid limit, low plasticity, medium plasticity, high plasticity, A-line, clay, silt, plasticity index
17

27. Distinction between clay and silt
Keywords: plasticity, settlement rate, dilatancy, dry strength, settlements, suspension
28. Structure of clay

Keywords: dispersed, flocculated, positive charge, negative charge
18
29. Standard Proctor compaction test

Keywords: dry unit weight, dry density, maximum dry density, saturated, optimum water content, water content
30. Proctors compaction tests

Keywords: standard Proctor test, modified Proctor test, blows, layer
19

31. Compaction curves
Keywords: clay, silt, sand, till, standard, modified, water content, dry density
32. Unified soil classification system

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, organic, peat, well graded, poorly graded, silty, clayey, low plasticity, high plasticity, ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, OH, liquid limit
20

33. Tripartite soil classification chart
Keywords: percent, clay, sand, silt, particle size
34. British Standard Code of Practice for Soil Investigations (CP 2001)
Keywords: soil description, consistence, density, structure, colour, particle size, geological formation
21

35. Rock description (CP 2001)
Keywords: colour, grain size, texture, structure, state of weathering, rock name, strength,
36. Darcy's law

Keywords: coefficient of permeability, hydraulic gradient, flow,
22

37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability
Keywords: standpipe, Darcys law
38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability

Keywords: permeability, piezometer, infiltration test
23

39. Permeability of soils
Keywords: gravel, sand, silt clay, pumping test, permeability test, constant head, falling head, consolidation test, d10
40. Flow net determination

24

Keywords: effective stress, pore water pressure, total stress
42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure)

Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress
25

43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure)
Keywords: effective stress, seepage pressure, total stress, quick condition
44. Stress-strain relationship of soil

Keywords: stress, strain, secant modulus, ultimate stress
26

45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship
Keywords: stress, strain, hyperbolic curve
46. Modulus of elasticity

Keywords: stress-strain relationship, Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity
27

47. Shear modulus
Keywords: shear stress, shear modulus, shear deformation
48. Compression modulus

Keywords: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest
28

49. Stability of footing on soil
Keywords: shear strength, failure surface, heave
50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion

Keywords: Coulomb-Mohr, Terzaghi-Hvorslev, angle of internal friction, attraction, cohesion, shear strength, normal stress
29

51. Mohr's stress circle
Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, failure surface, friction angle, cohesion

Keywords: ambient stress, deviator stress, pore water pressure, pore pressure coefficient A, pore pressure coefficient B
30

53. Mohr's circle for clay soil
Keywords: shear stress, normal stress, compression stress
54. Stress path concept

Keywords: p-q curve
31

55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line
Keywords: cohesion, friction angle, p, q, Kf
56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils

Keywords: gravel, sand, silt, clay, relative density, angularity, gradation, particle size
32

57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils
Keywords: c/p-ratio, effective stress, undrained shear strength, ground water level
58. c/p-ratio of clays

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, plasticity index
33

59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength
Keywords: plasticity index, stability, clay, c/p ratio
60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index

Keywords: friction angle, plasticity index
34

61. Short term stability of an excavation
Keywords: excavation, normally consolidated, overconsolidated, initial ground water level, shear strength
62. Long term stability of an excavation

Keywords: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, flow lines
35

63. Effective stress analysis
Keywords: sand, shear strength, drained test
64. Total stress analysis

Keywords: saturated soil, c-analysis,
36

65. Determination of shear strength
Keywords: sand, silt, short term, long term, saturated, non-saturated, c-analysis,
66. Laboratory tests for determination of shear strength of cohesive soils

Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, vane test
37

67. Laboratory tests for determination of undrained shear strength
Keywords: direct shear test, triaxial test, unconfined compression test, fall cone test, laboratory vane test
68. Field tests for determination of undrained shear strength

Keywords: field vane test, pressuremeter test, cone penetration test, standard penetration test, weight sounding test
38
Bengt Broms Foundations Chapter 3 Geotechnical Field Investigations

Page
41

41

Keywords: footing, raft, pier
42 42


43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47



77. Soil sampler

78. Soil sampler



81. Rock drilling


47 48
83. Field vane test

84. Field vane test

48 49

39

86. Pressuremeter
Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gas51
49 50

88. Plate load test

50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54




93. Piezometer
94. Triaxial test



40


41

Keywords: footing, raft, per

42


43


44

77. Soil sampler
78. Soil sampler

45


46

81. Rock drilling

47

83. Field vane test
84. Field vane test

48

86. Pressuremeter
Keywords: guard cell, measuring cell, Menard, water, gs
49

88. Plate load test

50


51


52

93. Piezometer
94. Triaxial test

53


54
Bengt Broms Foundations Chapter 4 Bearing Capacity of Foundations

Pages
57 57


Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil
58

58

59 59


60 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65






110. Log spiral





55

65

66 66 67 67 68




56


57

Keywords: overburden pressure, active Rankine zone, Prandtl zone, Passive Rankine zone, cohesion, unit weight of soil

58


59



60


61


62

110. Log spiral

63


64


65


66


67

68
Bengt Broms Foundations Chapter 5 Foundation Settlements

Page
72 72 73 73 74 74 75



125. 2:1 - method




75

76

76

77 77 78



78 79 79 80



69

80 81 81



82 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85







Keywords: sand,

86 86 877 87




88 88 89 89



70

90 90


91 91

71


72


73

125. 2:1 - method

74


75


76


77


78


79


80


81



82


83


84

Keywords: sand,
85


86


87


88


89


90


91
92
Bengt Broms Foundations Chap. 6 Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design

Page
94 94


95 95


96

96 97 97 98 98 99






99

100

100 100

93
Chapter 6. Factors to consider in foundation design


94


95


96


97


98


99



100
Bengt Broms Foundations Chapter 7 Spread Footing Design

177. Spread footing
Page
102 102 103
178. Footing types



103 104 104 105 105 106 106






Keywords: drain
101

177. Spread footing
178. Footing types

102


103


104


105


Keywords: drain
106
B. Broms Foundations Chap. 8 Special Footings & Beams Elastic Foundations

Page
108 108 109 109




110 110 111 111



107


108


109


110


111
112
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chapter 9 Mat Foundations

Page
114 114 115

Keywords: ribs


115 116 116 117 117 118 118 119 119







Keywords: fill

113


Keywords: ribs
114


115


116


117


118

Keywords: fill

119
120
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chapter 10 Lateral Earth Pressure

Page
123 123


124

124 125 125 126 126 127 127 128 128

Keywords: wedge








129 129 130 130
220. Crib wall


Keywords: height
222. Failure modes


131 131

132
121

226. Inclined wall
Keywords: force
132 133 133 134 134 135 135 136 136 137 137 137 138 138








Keywords: elevation






139 139 140 140 141 141





122


123


124

Keywords: wedge

125


126


127


128

220. Crib wall

129

Keywords: height
222. Failure modes

130


131

226. Inclined wall

Keywords: force
132


133


134


135


Keywords: elevation
136



137


138


139


140


141
142
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chapter 11 Soil Retaining Structures

Page
146
247. Wood elements

146 147 147 148 148





149 149 150
253. Berliner wall



150 151 151



152 152 153 153




154 154

Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained
143

undrained shear strength,

155 155 156



156 157 157 158 158 159


270. Anchor systems

271. Anchor piles



159 160 160 160 161 161 161


Keywords: depth,

277. Strutted wall

278. Anchored wall



162 162 163


144

163
284. Strut forces

Keywords: hinge
164 164 164 165 165 166 166







167

167

168 168


169 169


170 170


171 171

145

247. Wood elements

146


147


148

253. Berliner wall

149


150


151


152


153


Keywords: no wall friction, with wall friction, stability factor, unstable, stable, undrained shear strength,
154


155


156


157

270. Anchor systems
271. Anchor piles

158


159


Keywords: depth,

160

277. Strutted wall
278. Anchored wall


161


162


163

284. Strut forces
Keywords: hinge


164


165


166


167


168


169


170


171
172
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Piles
Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles

301. Piles
Page
177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181
302. Vibrations









Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic jack
182 182 183

313. Pile types


183 184 184

316. Timber piles

317. Pile splices

185 185

173
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chap. 12. Pile Foundations - Single Pile
186 186 187 187




188 188 189 189 190
324. Bored piles



Keywords: bells


190 191


Keywords: size
191 192 192 193

332. Franki pile

333. Steel H-pile


193 194
335. Corrosion

194 195

174
195 196 197


Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with bell

197 198


198 199 199



200 200 201 202




202

203 203 204 204 205 205



Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin area


175
206
358. Lambda-method
207 208 209 209 210 210 211







211
176
Chapter 12. Pile foundations - Single piles

301. Piles
302. Vibrations
177

178

179

180

181
Keywords: driven piles, bored piles, jacked-down piles, screw piles, hydraulic Jack

182
313. Pile types

183
316. Timber piles

184
317. Pile splices

185

186

187
324. Bored piles

188

Keywords: bells
189

190

Keywords: size
191
332. Franki pile

192
333. Steel H-pile

193
335. Corrosion

194

195
196
Keywords: load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place pile, driven pile, with Bell

197

198

199

200
201

202

203

Keywords: half-turns, timber piles, concrete piles, Norwegian Pile Commission, skin rea
204

205
206
358. Lambda-method
207
208

209

210

211
212
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chap.13. Single Piles-Dynamic Analysis

Page
214

214

215 215 216



216 217


217

218 218


219 219

213


214


215


216


217


218


219
220
Bengt Broms Foundation Engineering Chap.14. Pile Foundations - Pile Groups

Page
223 224 224



225 225


226 226 227 228 228 229 229 230 230 231 231 232 232





Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, san







221

233 233 234 234 235 235





222

223


224


225


226

227


228

Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, sand

229


230


231


232


233


234


235
236

Bengt Broms - Foundation Engineering

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Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

Pages 1 13 39 55 69 93 101 107 113 121 143 173 213 221

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

Chapter 1. Aspects of foundation engineering

2. Effects of underground installations on foundations

4. Interactions between buildings

6. Development of geotechnical analysis

7. Soil investigation methods

8. Bearing capacity of footing

9. Pressure bulb below footing

10. Settlements caused by lowering of ground water level

11. Differential settlement below structure

12. Mat foundation

13. Lateral earth pressure

14. Design of retaining walls

15. Anchored sheet pile walls

16. Braced excavations

17. Reinforced earth

18. Pile foundations

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

20. Pile groups

Chapter 2. Soil mechanics

22. Description of soil properties

23. Definition of geotechnical terms

24. Determination of grain size distribution

25. Plasticity of soils

26. Plasticity chart

27. Distinction between clay and silt

28. Structure of clay

29. Standard Proctor compaction test

30. Proctors compaction tests

31. Compaction curves

32. Unified soil classification system

33. Tripartite soil classification chart

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

36. Darcy's law

37. Permeameter for determination of laboratory permeability

38. Pumping test for determination of field permeability

39. Permeability of soils

40. Flow net determination

41. Effective stress concept

42. Seepage pressure (negative pore water pressure)

43. Seepage pressure (positive pore water pressure)

44. Stress-strain relationship of soil

45. Hyperbolic stress-strain relationship

46. Modulus of elasticity

47. Shear modulus

48. Compression modulus

49. Stability of footing on soil

50. Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion

51. Mohr's stress circle

52. Effective stress concept

53. Mohr's circle for clay soil

54. Stress path concept

Foundation Engineering Bengt Broms

55. Stress path concept, Kf failure line

56. Typical values of angle of internal friction of soils

57. Undrained shear strength of cohesive soils

58. c/p-ratio of clays

59. Correction factor for undrained shear strength

60. Effective friction angle as function of plasticity index