Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clinical Microbiology
Dr.T.V.Rao. MD Professor of Microbiology Travancore Medical College, Kollam. Kerala
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Department of Microbiology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry
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pneumonia.
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Making a Smear
First prepare your slide. You do this by placing bacteria on a slide in a drop of water, allowing them to dry and then heat fixing them. Heating
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Correct preparation
Smear preparation: Proper smear preparation should produce a monolayer of organisms sufficiently dense for easy visualization but thin enough to reveal characteristic morphological characteristics. Use clean, new glass slides. NOTE: When using the same pipette or swab,
always inoculate culture media first
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conserve resources
Making multiple smears make the optimal use of the slide. Reduces the economic costs and saves the technical time.
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a rack, flood with filtered crystal violet ( Methyl violet ) 10 sec 2 Wash briefly in water to remove excess crystal violet 3. Flood with Grams iodine 10 sec 4. Wash briefly in water, do not let the section dry out. 5. Decolourise with acetone for few seconds <6 seconds until the moving dye front has passed the lower edge of the section 6. Wash immediately in tap water 7. Counterstain with safranin for 15 seconds..
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Step 1
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Step 2
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Step 3
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Step 4
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Step 5
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The Grams Iodine we make in the laboratory from basic chemicals How long we can use it ?
Why we have to make frequently ?
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Step 6
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Step 7
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contrast microscopy does not allow the recognition of true colours. Gram-positive
bacteria may be seen under phase-contrast as red cells. Using bright-field optics, Gram-positive cells are purple or blue and Gramnegative pink due to counter stain with Safranin..
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Report as follows
1 If no microorganisms are seen in a smear of a clinical specimen, report No microorganisms seen. 2. If microorganisms are seen, report relative numbers and Describe morphology.
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Identify
A young patient presented with foul smelling purulent discharge since 2 days on observation by Gram staining
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during different parts of the growth cycle or under different environmental conditions.
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Streptococcus pneumonia
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It is necessary that it is stained at two or three different ages (very young cultures should be used). In case a Gram-variable reaction is observed it is also good to check the purity of the culture.
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QUALITY CONTROL
Check appearance of reagents daily If crystal violet has precipitate or crystal sediment, refilter before use even when purchased commercially. NOTE: Some stains, especially basic fuchsin and safranin, can become contaminated. Start with fresh material in a clean bottle. Evaporation may alter reagent effectiveness; working solutions should be changed regularly
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QUALITY CONTROL
Daily and when a new lot is used, prepare a smear of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Fix and stain as described.
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Modification in Gram staining methods ? Since the original procedure of Gram, many variations of the Gram staining technique have been published. Some of them have improved the method, others include some minor technical variants of no value.
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Bartholomew (1962) has pointed out that each variation in the Gram staining procedure has a definite limit to its acceptability
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Best of References
You can read on line.
A monograph of gram-stained preparations of clinical Specimens By Linda M. Marler, Jean A. Siders, Stephen D. Allen (MD.)
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Grams Staining
A Mystery
The exact mechanism of the staining reaction is not fully understood, however, this does not detract from its usefulness.
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