Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3rd Edition
(v.3.00)
Dr Ian Nicholson
Moreton Institute of TAFE has the authors permission to freely copy this document without alteration
Depending on where you sourced this document, if you wish to cite it, this publication may be cited as: Nicholson I Dr, 2000, Harvard Referencing 3rd edn., Moreton Institute of TAFE, Brisbane, Qld. or Nicholson I Dr, 2000, Harvard Referencing 3rd edn., [online]. Available from: www.home/gil.com.au/~jandi/Harvard_3.00.pdf [date sourced].
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements Introduction Why use a referencing system? What is plagiarism? What must be referenced? The Harvard Referencing System Referencing: a book The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a conference paper The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a corporate publication The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry an e-mail The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry an edited publication The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a Government document The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry an Internet document The URL The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry When you dont know who the author is a journal or magazine The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a journal from an electronic database The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry unpublished minutes of a meeting a newspaper When you know who the author is The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry When you dont know who the author is The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a personal communication The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a secondary source The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a thesis The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 10 11 11
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition unpublished material The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Non-standard referencing issues A reference with two authors The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry A reference with more than 2 authors The first In-text reference The second and subsequent In-text reference The Bibliographic entry An author with multiple references The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry An author with multiple publications in one year The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Authors with double-barrelled surnames with no hyphen with hyphen Multiple references The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Two authors with the same surname The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Quotations Short quotations The In-text reference Long quotations The In-text reference Other referencing issues Abbreviations Altering direct quotations Noting of errors Page numbering The In-text reference Quotation marks Repeatedly using the same reference When you are not sure of the details Author not known Date not known Page numbers not known Publisher not known City of publication not known The Bibliographic entry An example Bibliography 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19
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Acknowledgments
To avoid confusing you, this booklet does not use referencing. However, the following sources were consulted during its development. Anderson J, Durston BH, & Poole M, 1985, Thesis and Assignment Writing, Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane. Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995, Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 5th edn., AGPS, Canberra. Bournemouth University, 1999a, Guide to Citing Internet Sources [online], Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England. Available from: www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/ html/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html [6 April 2000]. Bournemouth University, 1999b, Harvard System [online], Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England. Available from: www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/ html/harvard_system.html [6 April 2000]. Deakin University, 1997, Harvard [online], Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria. Available from: www2.deakin.edu.au/pub_manual/harvard/Harvard.htm [3 May 2000]. Division of Library Services, 1999, References, footnotes and compiling a bibliography: A guide to referencing essays, theses & dissertations, 5th edn. Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW. National Distance Education Centre, 1990, Study Skills for Distance Education: A Guide Prepared Especially for You, University College of Central Queensland, Rockhampton. Nicholson I Dr, 1998, Harvard Referencing, Business Directorate, Mt Gravatt Campus, Moreton Institute of TAFE, Brisbane. Peters P, (Ed.), 1990, The Macquarie File Writers Guide, Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane. South Bank University, 1999, Referencing Electronic Sources [online], SBU, London, England. Available from: www.sbu.ac.uk/lis/helpsheets/lrc2.html [3 May 2000]. University of New England, 1992, Style Booklet for Footnotes and Documentation - incorporating a guide to language usage, Distance Education Centre of UNE, Armidale, NSW. University of Southern Queensland, 1999, Guide to Referencing the Harvard Style [online], USQ, Toowoomba. Available from: www.usq.edu.au/library/resources/genref/harvardprint.htm [3 May 2000].
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Introduction
Examples used in this guide may not always refer to actual publications. In any written material you submit for assessment at this institute, we expect you to maintain academic conventions and to write using language and grammar acceptable within the business world. As part of this, you must use an acceptable referencing system to acknowledge concepts, ideas, quotations, facts and other materials belonging to someone else. We expect you to use the Harvard referencing system in all written material. These notes provide basic instructions on how to use the Harvard system of referencing to show that you have used someone elses ideas and words in your written material.
q q
To acknowledge other peoples ideas. To demonstrate that you are not just airing your own opinions but are also including other peoples ideas to illustrate your point, or offer support for your argument. The reader may want to obtain more information on the topic, and will want to know the source to follow it up and do further reading. The reader may question your use of a particular quotation believing you have misrepresented the views of the quoted author. To verify that you have not done so, the reader will need to find and consider the original source. Apart from lecturers assessing your written material as Not Yet Competent, you could be liable to prosecution for breaching copyright. Copying the ideas, opinions, comments and findings of other people is plagiarism (intellectual theft) and is not acceptable, neither morally nor legally.
What is plagiarism?
q
You are plagiarising if you use someone elses ideas or words and dont reference them. This means that you have let the reader make a wrong assumption that they are yours. The most common forms of plagiarism are:
q q
Copying word-for-word another persons opinions or comments without acknowledging them. Using another persons ideas and not acknowledging them. Even if you do not use the persons exact words, you are still plagiarising.
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directly importing into your work more than a single phrase from another persons work without using quotation marks and identifying the source making a copy of all or part of another persons work and presenting it as your own by failing to disclose the source making extensive use of another persons work, either by summarising or paraphrasing it merely by changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without acknowledgment using the ideas of another person without acknowledging the source, or the submission or presentation of work as your own that is substantially the ideas or intellectual material of another.
The In-text reference The In-text reference is the part you must include in your text. It must contain enough information for the reader to look it up in your Bibliography. You must include an in-text reference when using direct quotations, concepts, ideas, paraphrased comments or any information belonging to someone else. In the case of a personal communication however, such as an interview, the in-text reference must contain ALL the information, as it is NOT included in the Bibliography. With in-text referencing, your text must include, in some specified form, the authors surname, the year of publication, and the page number. The Bibliography The Bibliography is a list of the references you have used in the text, and in developing your text outline. It appears at the end of your written material. Every in-text reference, except personal communications, MUST be included in the Bibliography at the end of your material.
Referencing a book
When using in-text referencing for published texts, you must include enough information so that the reader knows the authors surname, the year of publication, and the specific page numbers where the material can be found.
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition In 1999, Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable. On the other hand, you could even present it like this: We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable. However, as these concepts are not your original material, you must reference them. There are a number of referencing methods shown below. It does not matter which of them you use, however as the most important consideration is that you be consistent throughout your material. Any of the following in-text referencing methods are acceptable.
q q q q q
Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ... In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ... We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable (Dwyer, 1999, p.195).
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Referencing an e-mail
If you wish to refer to an e-mail message, use the following format.
Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition Berwick J, (jb45@norfolk.nf), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I Nicholson (dr_nich@moreton.qld.edu.au)
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The URL
World Wide Web addresses are based on the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The generic format of a URL is: file_format:// internet_area . domain name . country_code / directory or folder / file_name . document_format Therefore the URL: http://www.moreton.qld.edu.au/library/home.htm refers to:
q q q q q q q q
A hypertext file format (http://) on the World Wide Web (www) at Moreton Institute of TAFE in Queensland (moreton.qld) which is an educational organisation (edu) and has a domain name registered in Australia (au) where the file itself is nested within a directory or folder (/library/) and is a specifically identified file (home.htm) and is written in the hypertext mark up language (htm or html).
You can reference Web pages in a similar way to that of non-Internet sourced material. You can extract and use the author, date, and title as you normally do. The URL usually replaces the publisher and city of publication. Punctuation must be exact for electronic addresses. Since punctuation is such an important part of a URL, certain conventions of citation punctuation have necessarily been changed or adapted to suit. Be particularly careful in recording the position of full stops and slashes.
q q q q
The URL must always be written EXACTLY as is shown on the site - all lower case must be shown as lower case, and all upper case must be shown as upper case. You should use minimal punctuation with URLs, as exact details are necessary to allow others to visit them. All slashes and full stops MUST be shown exactly as they appear. The normal full stop at the end of the reference is left out to avoid URL confusion.
Thus if you use material or ideas from: Making A Business Case for a New HRIS written by Al Doran and Glenn Rampton; published to the Web in 1999, in document phbus.html at http://www.hronline.com/lib/hris/
which you accessed on 12 March 2001 then you should follow the examples shown below.
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q q
The word online, in square brackets, describes the method of communication and is used for all Internet sources. The date you accessed it, in square brackets, is the date on which you viewed or downloaded the document. This allows for any subsequent modifications to the document. As online material may be continually updated and revised (or even deleted), you cannot be sure that the material has not changed since you referenced it. The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of a publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet. Note: it is now acceptable to leave out the http:// as most Web documents use that format. This is shown below. If the format is different however (as in ftp:// or gopher://) then put it in. Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].
Note: Do NOT break the URL across two lines. However, if you must, break the URL directly before or after a slash to reduce possible reading errors. This is shown below. Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/ hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].
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author (usually an organisation) year meeting occurred title of the minutes with quotation marks place of meeting date of meeting, in the form 21-24 August Management Team, 2004, Minutes of Monthly Staff Meeting, Moreton Institute of TAFE, 26 October.
Referencing a newspaper
Referencing articles from a newspaper varies depending on whether you know the name of the author.
Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition same rules as for published texts. When you know who the author is, newspaper referencing differs however, in the Bibliographic entry as shown below.
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition The current economic conditions are seen as a major factor in business today (Foley, B, 1998, Personal Interview).
Referencing a thesis
If you reference a thesis, then the example below should be followed.
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall, Melbourne.
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Murray R Willson, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
with hyphen
If the authors surname is hyphenated, use both surnames names in both your in-text reference and in your bibliographic entry. Thus if the authors name is R Willson-Murray, follow the examples below.
Multiple references
Sometimes you might have more than one reference for a part of your material. You should arrange these in chronological (or time) order, and in alphabetical order within each year. Use a semicolon to separate the references. This is shown in the example below. When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the Bibliography in chronological (or time) order, and separate the in-text reference with a semi-colon.
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Quotations
You have quoted when you use someone elses written or spoken words. A quotation can be as short as one word or phrase, or as long as one or more paragraphs. Quotations are either Short or Long quotations.
Short quotations
If the quoted material is brief (fewer than 30 words) include it in the text or sentence. The full in-text reference should immediately follow the quotation or you can include part of the reference in the text as shown below. If you are using a direct quotation, make this clear, put it in inverted commas, and give the page reference. For example:
Long quotations
If the quotation is longer than 30 words, start a new paragraph and indent the quotation about 1.25cm from both the defined left and right text margins. This is commonly called double indenting or indenting left and right. As you have indented the quotation, do not use quotation marks. You can include the reference within the sentence immediately before the quoted material or immediately following the quoted material. For example:
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Abbreviations Altering direct quotations Noting of Errors Page Numbering Quotation Marks Repeatedly using the same reference When you are not sure of the details.
Abbreviations
In the Harvard system, you should avoid abbreviations wherever possible. Dont use ibid., loc. cit., or op. cit., as these can be confusing. If you have used material from many places scattered throughout one source, use passim (scattered throughout). Note: This method can be risky as you will be in danger of plagiarising if you take too much from a single source.
Noting of errors
When using direct quotations, you must produce every detail of the original even to the extent of reproducing errors. Write [sic] (sic surrounded by square brackets) immediately after each error if you wish to draw attention. The childs story began, My father lived in Darwin now [sic], but he once lived in Adalaide [sic] where we live.
Page numbering
Unless the in-text reference is to a complete publication, you must always include page numbers. There are alternate methods for presenting page numbers as shown below. However, if you use p, then follow these rules.
q q q
Use p. if the reference is to a single page and pp. if the reference is to more than one page. Do NOT leave a space between the full-stop and the page number. Do NOT use pg.
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Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ... In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ... We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable (Dwyer, 1999, p.195).
Quotation marks
Use double quotation marks around your in-text quotation, but use single quotation marks if you are quoting within double quotation marks. Thus: It was Richard Branson, entrepreneurial owner of the Virgin Group, that is credited with the saying agents are more important than customers. My own maxim has always been happy staff make happy customers.. (Menday J, 1996, p.21).
When you do NOT know the publication date If you dont know the date of publication, use n.d. or not dated in place of the year. When the publication date is only approximate If you are sure the date of publication was about a particular year but cannot confirm this, then place c. in front of the year C. means about or approximately. An example is shown below.
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The Bibliography
The Bibliography is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, documents, e-mail, videos, online material and any other references you have consulted in preparing your assignment. It is placed on a separate page at the back of your written work.
q q q q
Do not list books, journal, Internet entries, and newspaper articles separately. Do not use bullet points or numbers Sort the Bibliography in alphabetical order of author, then year. For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.
References Cited
References Cited is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, documents, e-mail, videos, online material and any other references you have REFFERED TO in your assignment. It is placed on a separate page at the back of your written work.
q q q q
Do not list books, journal, Internet entries, and newspaper articles separately. Do not use bullet points or numbers Sort the References Cited in alphabetical order of author, then year. For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.
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An example Bibliography
This example bibliography is included to show HOW you should do it. Attorney-Generals Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo, Canberra. Aurion Corporation , 1999, Taking the Journey with you, Aurion Corporation, Brisbane. Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and Statistics, Institute of Personnel Management, London. Berwick J, (jb45@norfolk.nf), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I Nicholson (dr_nich@moreton.qld.edu.au) Boudreau J, 1990, Cost-benefit analysis applied to personnel/human resource management decisions, Paper presented to IPM NZ Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 12-14 September, pp.1-11. Cameron M, 2000, Firms pay high price for e-mail overload, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.17 Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent, Boston. Castio WX, 1998, Reducing Human Resource Costs, Kent, Boston. Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney. Dattner F, 1999, Formidable, Reflective Capacity, Management Today, September, p.12. Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall, Melbourne. Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000]. Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook, 4th edn., Prentice Hall, Sydney. Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business Strategies and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Gordon C, 1999, Forced outside. (external hiring), Human Resource Planning, March, v22 i1 p18(2) [electronic]. Available from: Moreton TAFE Libraries, Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577 [9 August 2000]. HROnline, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000]. Menday J, 1996, Call Centre Management - A Practical Guide, CallCraft, Newdigate, UK. Nankervis AR, Compton RL & McCarthy TE, 1996, Strategic Human Resource Management, 2nd edn., Thomson Publishing Nelson, Melbourne. Nicholson IJ, 1996, The First 100 Years - The development of technical education in Queensland to 1977, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW. Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, Risk Management, unpublished notes.
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition Resmanag.com, nd, Estimating your manpower needs [online]. Available from: www.resmanag.com/lib/hris/estmanpwr.html [1 October 2004]. Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn., Wiley, Brisbane. Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management, Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane. The Courier Mail, 2000, Firms pay high price for e-mail overload, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.19. Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
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