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TITLE: Drag force on a golf ball OBJECTIVE: To obtain the drag coefficient with variety of velocity in the test

est section (wind tunnel) for golf ball To make comparison between the drag force produces by golf ball with smooth surface and rough surface To study the type of boundary layer that occurred when approaching a golf ball with the difference surfaces

INTRODUCTION:

Adapted from www.grc.nasa.gov

Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion through the air. Drag is generated by every part of the airplane (even the engines!). How is drag generated? For drag to be generated, the solid body must be in contact with the fluid. If there is no fluid, there is no drag. Drag is generated by the difference in velocity between the solid object and the fluid. There must be motion between the object and the fluid. If there is no motion, there is no drag. It makes no difference whether the object moves through a static fluid or whether the fluid moves past a static solid object. In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a solid object through a fluid (a liquid or gas). The most familiar form of drag is made up of friction forces, which act parallel to the object's surface, plus pressure forces, which act in a direction perpendicular to the object's surface. For a solid object moving through a fluid, the drag is the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting in the direction

of the movement. The component perpendicular to this direction is considered lift. Therefore drag acts to oppose the motion of the object, and in a powered vehicle it is overcome by thrust.Drag is a force and is therefore a vector quantity having both a magnitude and a direction. Drag acts in a direction that is opposite to the motion of the aircraft.

An object moving through a gas or liquid experiences a force in direction opposite to its motion. Terminal velocity is achieved when the drag force is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force propelling the object. Shown is a sphere (like a golf ball) in Stokes flow, at very low Reynolds number. Adapted from www.wikipedia.org

In astro dynamics, depending on the situation, atmospheric drag can be regarded as inefficiency requiring expense of additional energy during launch of the space object or as a bonus simplifying return from orbit. Types of drag are generally divided into three categories: Parasitic drag Lift-induced drag Wave drag

Parasitic drag includes form drag, skin friction, and interference drag. Liftinduced drag is only relevant when wings or a lifting body are present, and is therefore usually discussed either in the aviation perspective of drag, or in the design of either semi-planning or planning hulls. Wave drag occurs when a solid object is moving through a fluid at or near the speed of sound in that fluid. The overall drag of an object is characterized by a dimensionless number called the drag coefficient, and is calculated using the drag equation. Assuming a constant drag coefficient, drag will vary as the square of velocity. Thus, the resultant power needed to overcome this drag will vary as the cube of velocity. The standard equation for drag is one half the coefficient of drag multiplied by the fluid mass density, the cross sectional area of the specified item, and the square of the velocity. Wind resistance is a layman's term used to describe drag. Its use is often vague, and is usually used in a relative sense (e.g., A badminton shuttlecock has more wind resistance than a squash ball).

THEORY: Drag is the component of force on a body acting parallel to the direction of relative motion. The drag force, FD, was written in the functional form FD = f1 (d, V, , ). Application of the Buckingham Pi theorem resulted in two dimensionless parameters that written in function form as

FD 1 V 2 d 2 2

Vd = f2

(1.0)

Note that d2 is proportional to the cross-sectional area (A = d2/4) and therefore we could write

Vd = f3 = f 3 (Re) 1 2 V A 2 FD

(1.1)

Although Eq. 1.1 was obtained for sphere, the form of equation is valid for incompressible flow over anybody; the characteristic length used in the Reynolds Number depends on body shape.

The drag coefficient, CD, anybody defined as: (1.2)

APPARATUS: Subsonic wind tunnel Golf balls (rough and smooth surface)

Subsonic wind tunnel

Golf ball at testing area

PROCEDURE: 1. The apparatus has been setup and the rigid rod has been put in the wind tunnel. 2. The wind tunnel was made sure to be sealed by using duct tape. 3. The wind tunnel was switched on, and the velocity was increased to 8 m/s. 4. The weight on the stabilizer was balanced. 5. The force due the impact of the moving air was measured. 6. Step 4 was repeated by using increments of 2 m/s until the velocity reaches 20 m/s. 7. The above steps were repeated by using a low dimple and high dimple golf ball by attaching the golf ball to the rigid rod. Then, each data has been taken.

RESULTS:

Diameter of golf ball = 0.04265m

Rough Surface (400 dimple)

No

Velocity (m/s)

Reynolds Number

Rigid Rod Drag Force, FD (N)

Drag Force, FD (N)

Net Drag Force, FD (N)

Drag Coefficient, CD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

22996 28745 34494 40243 45992 51741 57489

0.03 0.045 0.055 0.07 0.085 0.11 0.14

0.045 0.08 0.095 0.12 0.145 0.175 0.21

0.015 0.035 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.065 0.07

0.2095 0.3129 0.2483 0.2280 0.2095 0.1793 0.1564

Smooth Surface (200 dimple)

No

Velocity (m/s)

Reynolds Number

Rigid Rod Drag Force, FD (N)

Drag Force, FD (N)

Net Drag Force, FD (N)

Drag Coefficient, CD

1 2 3 4 5 6

8 10 12 14 16 18

22996 28745 34494 40243 45992 51741

0.03 0.045 0.055 0.07 0.085 0.11

0.06 0.09 0.105 0.125 0.15 0.185

0.03 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.065 0.075

0.419 0.4023 0.3104 0.2508 0.227 0.2069

20

57489

0.14

0.22

0.08

0.1788

SAMPLE CALCULATION

air air Diameter of Ball

= 1.23 kg/m3 = 1.825 x 10-5 Pa.s = 0.04265m

1. To calculate Reynold Number, Re

Re

28745

2. To calculate Drag Coefficient, CD

CD

0.4023

DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES

Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications 4th Edition; Yunus A. engel and John M. Cimbala Published by Mc Graw Hill International Edition 2006

http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~johnc/teaching/fluidmechanics4/200304/fluids10/integral.html

Advances In Fluid Mechanics Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer M. Rahman - Computational Mechanics Publications.

Engineering Fluid Mechanics Sixth Edition John A. Roberson, Clayton T. Crowe John Wiley & Sons. inc. Mechanical Engineering Series Laminar Viscous Flow V. N. Constantinescu Springer. Introduction To fluid Mechanics And Fluid Machines Second Edition S K Som & G Biswas Tata McGraw Hill. www.aerospaceweb.org www.nasa.org

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