Bi 2.

Cc bi ton v khai tri n Newton

BI 2. CC BI TON V

KHAI TRI N NEWTON

Bi 1. Cho n nguyn, n 2 . Ch ng minh:

a) 1 + 1 n

( ) ()
k

>2

b) 1 + 1 n

( )

<3

Gi i a. Khai tri n nh th c:

( )
1+ 1 n

k = Cn . 1 n k =0

()

0 = Cn 1 b

1 + Cn 1 n

()

i + ... = 1 + 1 + ... > 2 (V C n . 1 n

( ) >0)
3

b. Ta c 1 + 1 n

( )

k = Cn . 1 n k =0

()

=1+1+

n! 1 ( n 2 )! n 2!

()

n! 1 ( n 3) ! n 3!

()

+ ...

1 1 =2+ 1 +1 + ... < 2 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 2! n ( n 1) 3 n ( n 1) ( n 2 ) 2! 3! n! 1 < 2 + 1 + 1 + ... + = 2 + 1 1 + 1 1 + ... + 1 1 = 3 1 < 3 ( n 1) n 1.2 2.3 1 2 2 3 n 1 n n

) (

Bi 2. Cho s a, b th a mn: a + b = 1 . Ch ng minh: a n + b n 11 , n 2n Gi i t a = 1 + x, b = 1 x th a n + b n = 1 + x 2 2 2

n n

) (

+ 1x 2

2 2 1 2 1 2 x x = 1n + C n n 1 + C n x 2 + ... + 1n C n n 1 + C n x 2 ... n n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 = 2 1n + C n x 2 + C n x 4 + ... 2 1n = 11 . V y a n + b n 11 n n 2 2 2 2 2n 2n

0 1 2 3 n Bi 3. Tm n th a mn: C n + 2C n + 2 2 C n + 2 3 C n + ... + 2 n C n = 243

Gi i
0 1 2 n (1 + 2 ) n = C n + C n .2 + C n .2 2 + ... + C n .2 n = 243 3 n = 243 n = 5

Bi 4. Cho khai tri n nh th c

(2

x 1 2

+2

x 3

n 0 = Cn

(2 )

x 1 n 2

1 + Cn

( 2 ) ( 2 ) + ... + C ( 2 ) ( 2 )
x 3 n 1 n x 1 2 x 3

x 1 n 1 2

n 1 n + Cn

(2 )
x 3

3 1 Bi t r ng trong khai tri n C n = 5C n v s h ng th t b ng 20. Tm n v x.

243

Gi i
3 1 Ta c C n = 5C n (v i n 3, n )

n ( n 1) ( n 2 ) n! = 5n = 5n ( n 3) !3! 6

( n 1) ( n 2 ) = 30 n 2 3n 28 = 0 ( n 7 ) ( n + 4 ) = 0 n = 7

Khi s h ng th t l

3 C7

( 2 ) ( 2 ) = 20 35 2

x 1 4 2

x 3

2( x 1) x

= 140 x = 4

Bi 5. Tm s h ng khng ch a x trong khai tri n:

a) P ( x ) = x 2 + 1 x

15

, x 0 ; b) Q ( x ) = 1 + 4 x 3 , x 0 3 2 x

17

Gi i
k a. S h ng t ng qut: a k = C15 ( x 2 )

15 k

. 1 x

()

k k = C15 .x 2 15 k .x k = C15 .x 30 3k

10 S h ng khng ch a x tng ng v i 30 3k = 0 k = 10 l C15 = 3003 .

b. S h ng t ng qut: a k =

k C17

1 3 2 x

17 k

.( 4 x 3 )

2 3 (17 k ) k k 3 4 C17 .x x

k C17 x

17 k 136 12

8 S h ng khng ch a x tng ng v i 17 k 136 = 0 k = 8 l C17 = 24310

Bi 6. Tm h s c a s h ng ch a x 26 trong khai tri n nh th c Newton c a

1 + x 7 , bi t r ng C 1 + C 2 + ... + C n = 2 20 1 4 2 n +1 2 n +1 2 n +1 x
n

Gi i
0 1 2 2n 2 n +1 C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 + ... + C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 = (1 + 1)
2 n +1 0 2 n +1 = 2 2 n +1 . Do C 2 n +1 = C 2 n +1 = 1

1 2 n n +1 2n nn C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 + ... + C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 + ... + C 2 n +1 = 2 2 n +1 2 = 2 ( 20 20 1)

2 2 n +1 = 2 21 2n + 1 = 21 n = 10 . Xt bi u th c
1 + x 7 = ( x 4 + x 7 )10 = C k ( x 4 )10k ( x 7 ) k = C k x 4 k 40 x 7 k = C k x 11k 40 10 10 10 4 x k =0 k =0 k =0
6 Xt 11k 40 = 26 11k = 66 k = 6 . V y h s c a x 26 l C10 = 210 .
10 10

10

10

Bi 7. Trong khai tri n nh th c x + 1 x s c a s h ng th hai l 35. a. Tm n.

244

) ,h

s c a s h ng th ba l n hn h

b. Tm s h ng khng ch a x

Bi 2. Cc bi ton v khai tri n Newton

Gi i a. Ta c x + 1 x

k = C n x nk 1 x k =0

()

k = C n x n 2 k k =0

i H s c a s h ng th i ng v i k = i 1 l: a i 1 = C n1 .

2 1 Theo gi thi t: C n C n = 35; n 2 3n 70 = 0 ( n + 7 ) ( n 10 ) = 0 n = 10

5 b. S h ng khng ch a x ng v i n 2k = 0 ; 10 2k = 0 k = 5 l C10 = 252

Bi 8. Tm cc s h ng khng ch a x trong khai tri n 3 x + 1 v i x > 0 4 x

Gi i
3 x + 1 = x3 + x 4 x
7

1 7 4

=
k =0

k C7

(x ) (x )
1 3

7 k

1 k 4

k = C7 x k =0

7 k 3

k 4

k = C7 x k =0

28 7 k 12

4 Xt 28 7 k = 0 k = 4 . V y s h ng khng ch a x trong khai tri n l C 7 = 35 . 12

Bi 9. Tm s

h ng khng ch a x trong khai tri n ( x.

x+x

28 15

) , bi t r ng:

n n n C n + C n 1 + C n 2 = 79 .

Gi i
n n n Ta c: C n + C n 1 + C n 2 = 79 (n nguyn, n 2 )

1+ n +

n ( n 1) = 79 n 2 + n 156 = 0 ( n + 13) ( n 12 ) = 0 n = 12 2
k C12

V i n = 12 th a k =

(x x)
3

12 k

(x )
28 15

k C12

( ) .( x )
28 15

4 12 k x3

k C12 .x

240 48 k 15

5 S h ng khng ch a x tng ng v i 240 48k = 0 k = 5 l C12 = 792 .

Bi 10. Tm cc h ng t h u t trong khai tri n: a. Gi i a. Khi khai tri n

2 + 3 3 ) ; b. ( 3 + 3 2 )

k 2 + 3 3 ) , s h ng TQ: Tk +1 = C5 . ( 2 )

5k

k . ( 3 3 ) = C5 .2

5 k k 2 .3 3

3 Tk +1 h u t th 5 k v k nguyn v i k = 0, 5 k = 3 T4 = C 5 .2.3 = 60 2 3

b. Khi khai tri n

k 3 + 3 2 ) , s h ng TQ: Tk +1 = C 9

( 3)

9k

(3 2)

k = C 9 .3

k 9 k 2 .2 3

245

Tk +1 h u t th 9 k , k nguyn v i k = 0, 9 k = 3 ; k = 9 2 3
3 9 V y c 2 h ng t h u t l: T4 = C 9 .3 2.2 = 4536 ; T10 = C 9 .3 0 .2 3 = 8

Bi 11. Tm h s c a x 31 trong khai tri n nh th c Newton x + 12 x

40

Gi i
x+ 1 x2
40

k k 3 = C 40 .x 40k 12 = C 40 .x 403k ; 40 3k = 31 k = 3 ; C 40 = 9880 x k =0 k =0 n

40

31

Bi 12. Tm h s c a s h ng ch a x 8 trong khai tri n 13 + x 5 , x

n +1 n bi t r ng C n + 4 C n + 3 = 7 ( n + 3) .

Gi i
n +1 n n +1 C n + 4 C n + 3 = 7 ( n + 3) C n +3 = 7 ( n + 3)

( n + 2 ) ( n + 3) = 7 ( n + 3) n = 12 . 2
5 x2

1 + x 5 = x 3 + x 2 3 x

12

5 12

=
k =0

12

k C12

(x )
3

12 k

( )

k k = C12 x 3k 36 x 2 = C12 x k =0 k =0

12

5k

12

11k 72 2

8 Xt 11k 72 = 8 k = 8 . V y s h ng ch a x 8 trong khai tri n l C12 = 495 . 2

Bi 13. Tm h s c a x 9 khi khai tri n: P ( x ) = (1 + x ) + (1 + x ) Gi i

P ( x ) = (1 + x ) + (1 + x )
9 10
9 10

10

+ ... + (1 + x )
14

14

+ ... + (1 + x )

14

k k k = C 9 x k + C10 x k + ... + C14 .x k

k =0 k =0 k =0

H s theo x 9
9 C9

ng t t c k = 9 l:
9 C14 = 1 + 10 + 55 + 220 + 715 + 2002 = 3003

9 C10

9 C11 ... +

2 3 20 Bi 14. a. Tm h s c a x 15 trong (1 + x ) + 2 (1 + x ) + 3 (1 + x ) + ... + 20 (1 + x ) 4 5 6 7 b. Tm h s c a x 5 khi khai tri n: ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1)

Gi i a. V i bi u th c: k (1 + x ) ch a s h ng ax 15 khi k 15 , lc :
i k (1 + x ) = k C k .x i th h s theo x 15
k i =0 k

15 ng v i i = 15 l k .C k .

246

Bi 2. Cc bi ton v khai tri n Newton

2 20 Suy ra h s theo x 15 c a khai tri n: (1 + x ) + 2 (1 + x ) + ... + 20 (1 + x ) l: 15 15 15 15 15 a15 = 15 + 16C16 + 17C17 + 18C18 + 19C19 + 20C 20 = 400995 4 5 6 7 b. Ta c: P ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1)
4 i j k i k = (1 + 2 x ) + C 5 ( 2 x ) + C 6j . ( 2 x ) + C 7 ( 2 x ) i =0 j =0 k =0 5 6 7

H s theo x 5

5 5 5 ng v i i = j = k = 5 l: C 5 .2 5 + C 6 .2 5 + C 7 .2 5 = 896 .

2 10 Bi 15. Tm h s theo x 3 khi khai tri n P ( x ) = ( x + 1) . ( 3 x )

Gi i Ta c: P ( x ) = ( x + 1) . ( 3 x )
10 10 2 10

= x 2 (3 x )

10

+ 2x (3 x)
10

10

+ (3 x )

10

i j i j k = x 2 C10 .310 i ( x ) + 2 x C10 .310 j ( x ) + C10 .310 k .x k i =0 j =0 k =0

H s theo x 3

1 2 3 ng v i i = 1, j = 2, k = 3 l: C10 .3 9 + 2.C10 .38 C10 .3 7 = 131220 5 10

Bi 16. Tm h s c a x 5 trong khai tri n bi u th c P = x (1 2 x ) + x 2 (1 + 3x ) Gi i Theo cng th c khai tri n nh th c Newton, ta c:

5 k 10 k k k P = x C 5 ( 2 x ) + x 2 C10 ( 3 x ) (1) k =0 k =0 4 3 1 7 V y t (1) suy ra s h ng ch a x 5 l: x.C 5 ( 2 x ) + x 2 .C10 ( 3 x ) . 4 3 1 7 Do , h s c a x 5 l ( 2 ) C 5 + ( 3) C10 = 16.5 + 27.120 = 80 + 3240 = 3320 5 10

V y h s c a x 5 trong bi u th c P cho l 3320.

n m Bi 17. Tm h s theo x k c a khai tri n (1 + x ) . (1 + x ) , m, n k

Gi i
i j (1 + x ) n (1 + x ) m = C n x i C m x j . V m, n k nn x k = x 0 .x k = x.x k 1 = ... = x k .x 0 . i =0 i =0 0 k 1 k k 0 Do , h s theo x k l: a k = C n .C m + C n .C m1 + ... + C n .C m n m

Bi 18. Trong khai tri n nh th c ( x 2 + 1) tm h s theo x 12 , bi t r ng t ng cc h s b ng 1024.

247

Gi i
0 1 n t P ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1) th t ng cc h s l P (1) = C n + C n + ... + C n = 2 n = 1024
n

n = 10 . V i n = 10 th P ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1) H s theo x 12

10

k = C10 . ( x 2 )
k =0

10

10 k

k .1k = C10 .x 20 2 k .
k =0

10

4 ng 20 2k = 12 k = 4 l C10 = 210 .

Bi 19. Tm h s c a x n 1 ; x n 2 c a khai tri n: x + 1 2 Gi i a. Ta c: P ( x ) = x + 1 2

) ( x + 21 ) ... ( x + 21 )
2

) ( x + 21 ) ...( x + 21 ) = x
2 n

+ A.x n 1 + B.x n 2 + ... + Rx + S

1 1 2 =1 1 1. = 2 1 1 2n 2

H s c a x n 1 l: A = 1 _ 12 + ... + 1n = 1 1 + 1 + ... + 11 2 2 2 2 2 2n b. H s c a x n 2 l: B = 1 12 + 1 13 + ... + 11 1n . 2 2 2 2 2n 2 M A 2 = 1 + 12 + ... + 1n 2 2 2

= 1 1 + 1 + ... + 11 4 4 4n

()

= 1 + 12 + ... + 1n + 2 B 4 4 4

1 1 4 1 + 2B = 4 1 1 4

()

+ 2 B = 1 1 1n + 2 B 3 4

n n Do B = 1 A 2 1 1 1n = 4 3.2n + 2 2 3 4 3.4

Bi 20. Tm h s c a x 50 trong khai tri n c a cc a th c sau y: a. P ( x ) = (1 + x )

1000

+ x (1 + x )
2

999

+ x 2 (1 + x )

998

+ ... + x 1000

b. Q ( x ) = (1 + x ) + 2 (1 + x ) + ... + 1000 (1 + x ) Gi i a. : ( x + 1)
1000

1000

x 1001 = ( x + 1 x ) .P ( x ) = P ( x )

Do h s c a x 50 trong khai tri n P ( x ) cng l h s theo x 50 trong khai

1001 1001 i 50 tri n c a nh th c ( x + 1) = (1 + x ) = C1001 .x i l C1001 . i =0 1001

248

Bi 2. Cc bi ton v khai tri n Newton

b. Q ( x ) = (1 + x ) . i (1 + x )
i =1

1000

i 1

1000 1000 i 1 (1 + x ) = (1 + x ) . (1 + x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 1 (1 + x ) i =1

1000 (1 + x ) x

1001

(1 + x )1001 (1 + x ) 51 52 . V y h s theo x 50 l: 1000.C1001 C1001 2 x

9

Bi 21. Tm h s theo x 8 c a khai tri n: P ( x ) = (1 + x 2 x 3 ) Gi i

9

1 2 3 P ( x) = (1 + x 2 ) x 3 = (1 + x 2 ) C9 (1 + x 2 ) .x 3 + C9 (1 + x 2 ) .x 6 C9 . (1 + x 2 ) .x 9 + ...

V x 8 c m ch n nn cc s h ng theo x 8 ch xu t hi n

hai a th c sau:

(1 + x 2 ) 9 = C 9i . ( x 2 ) i
i =0 7

4 ng v i i = 4 , t c l c h s C 9
7

2 2 C 9 (1 + x 2 ) .x 6 = C 9 .x 6 . C 7j ( x 2 ) i=0

2 1 ng v i j = 1 , t c l c h s C 9 .C 7

4 2 1 V y h s theo x 8 c a khai tri n P(x) l: C 9 + C 9 .C 7 = 378 n Bi 22. a. Trong khai tri n ( x + y + z ) tm s h ng ch a x k y m ( k + m n )

b. Tm h s theo x 6 y 5 z 4 c a khai tri n ( 2 x 5 y + z ) Gi i

k a. Ta c ( x + y + z ) = C n .x k . ( y + z ) n k =0 n nk

15

n k m k = C n . x k C n k . y m .z n k m m=0

V y s h ng c n tm l
n

n ! x k . y m .z l v i l = n k m k ! m !l !

m n n! T ng qut: a i = a n1 a n 2 ...a mm v i t ng n1 ! n 2 !...n m ! 1 2 i =1 n1 + n 2 + ... + n m = n

l y theo

b. p d ng ( 2 x 5 y + z )

15

= ( ( 2 x ) + ( 5 y ) + z )

15

5 H s theo x 6 y 5 z 4 l: 2 6 ( 5 ) 15! = 126.126.10 6 6!5!4!

k m Ch : C n .C n k =

( n k )! n! n! = k ! ( n k ) ! m !( n k m ) ! k ! m ! ( n k m ) !

249

Bi 23. Cho nh th c P ( x ) = ( 3 2 x ) , n t nhin. Sau khi khai tri n, tnh: a. T ng t t c cc h s theo ly th a l . b. T ng t t c cc h s theo ly th a ch n. Gi i Ta c: P ( x ) = ( 3 2 x ) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + ... + a n x n
n 1 = ( 3 2 ) = P (1) = a 0 + a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n n

P ( 1) = a 0 a1 + a 2 a 3 + ... + ( 1) a n

a. T ng cc h s theo ly th a l : a1 + a 3 + a 5 + ... =

P (1) P ( 1) 1 5 n = 2 2 P (1) + P ( 1) 1 + 5 n = 2 2

b. T ng cc h s theo ly th a ch n: a 0 + a 2 + a 4 + ... =

n Bi 24. Tm h s l n nh t c a khai tri n t ng qut: ( a + b )

Gi i
n k k Ta c ( a + b ) = C n .a n k .b k . Cc h s l C n , 0 k n . k =0 k k Xt C n 1 < C n n

n! n! < k < n k +1 k < n +1 . ( k 1) !( n k + 1) ! k !( n k ) ! 2

n n +1

k k Do : Max C n = C n2 n u n ch n v Max C n = C n 2 n u n l .
k = 0, n k = 0, n
n Bi 25. Tm h ng t l n nh t trong khai tri n c a ( a + b ) v i a, b > 0; n

Gi i
n k k k Ta c: ( a + b ) = C n .a n k .b k . G i Tk +1 = C n .a n k b k = Max C n .a n k b k k =0
k = 0, n

( n + 1) b k k 1 n k +1 .b k 1 C n .a n k .b k k a + b Tk Tk +1 C n .a Khi k +1 n k 1 k 1 k .b C m .a n k .b k Tk + 2 Tk +1 C n .a k ( n + 1) b 1 a+b
V y, n u Cn n u

( n + 1) b ( n + 1) b ( n + 1) b 1 nguyn th c 2 s h ng ng v i k = hay a+b a+b a+b ( n + 1) b ( n + 1) b khng nguyn th ch c 1 s h ng ng v i k = . a+b a+b

250