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NANOTECHNOLOGYNANOMATERIAL

INTRODUCTION NanoTechnology NanoMaterial

WHAT IS NANOMATERIAL Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials with an average grain size less than 100 nanometers. One billion nanometers equals one meter

WHY NANOTECH
A small science with a huge potential

WHY NANOTECH?
Nanotechnology exploits benefits of ultra small size, enabling the use of particles to deliver a range of important benefits
Small particles are invisible :
Transparent Coatings/Films are attainable

Small particles are very weight efficient:


Surfaces can be modified with minimal material.

COMPONENTS

WEIGHT EFFICIENT AND UNIFORM COVERAGE


Large spherical particles do not cover much surface area Nanoparticles Equal mass of small platelet particles provides thorough coverage (1 x 106 times more)

NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology: The creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on the nanometer(1~100nm) length scale and the exploitation of novel properties and phenomena developed at that scale. Why nano length scale ? - By patterning matter on the nano scale, it is possible to vary fundamental properties of materials without changing the chemical composition

APPROACHES
Top-down Breaking down matter into more basic building blocks. Frequently uses chemical or thermal methods. Bottoms-up Building complex systems by combining simple atomic-level components.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANOMATERIAL


Nanopowder
Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures.

Nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers (microns) long. The Strongest Material

NANOPOWDERS
Advanced nanophase materials synthesized from nanopowders have improved properties. Such as increased stronger and less breakable ceramics. They may conduct electrons, ions, heat, or light more readily then conventional materials. Exhibit improved magnetic and catalytic properties.

ADVANTAGES OF NANOPOWDERS
Continuous connections between large numbers of grains make the material more stretchable and ductile so it doesn't easily crack. Made of tight clusters of very small particles, resulting in overlapping electron clouds that induce quantum effects. Possibly resulting in more efficient conduction of light or electricity.

NANOPOWDER APPLICATIONS
Useful in manufacturing inhalable drugs. Particles in the micrometer scale are deposited in the alveoli of the lung, often leading to clumping problems. Could use smaller nanoparticles to prevent clumping by forcing spacing.

NANOTUBE
Discovery of CNT (1) Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube(MWNT) (2) Single-Walled carbon Nanotube(SWNT) (3) Single Crystals of SWNT

STRUCTURE OF NANOTUBE
SWNT atom structures

- Basically,sheets of graphite rolled up into a tube as shown figure. - The hexagonal two dimensional lattice of graphite is mapped on a cylinder of radius R with various helicities characterized by the rolling vectors (n,m).

NANOTUBE APPLICATIONS
Structural elements in bridges, buildings, towers, and cables Material for making lightweight vehicles for all terrains Heavy-duty shock absorbers Open-ended straws for chemical probing and cellular injection Nanoelectronics including batteries capacitors, and diodes Microelectronic heat-sinks and insulation due to high thermal conductivity Nanoscale gears and mechanical components Electron guns for flat-panel displays Nanotube-buckyball encapsulation coupling for molecular computing with high RAM capacity

NANODEVICES IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER

BIOLOGICAL NANODEVICES
Bottom-up approach frequently used when constructing nanomaterials for use in medicine Most animal cells are 10 to 20 thousand nanometers in diameter. Nanodevices smaller than 100 nanometers would be able to enter the cells and organelles where they could interact with DNA and proteins.

QUANTUM DOTS
Tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by ultraviolet light. Color of glow dependent on size. Create latex beads designed to bind to specific DNA sequences. Quantum dots within the beads can be used to identify specific regions of DNA. Diversity allows creation of many unique dot labels for DNA sequences. Useful because cancer often results from accumulation of many different changes in cells.

CANCER TREATMENT
Nanotechnology may allow treatments that target cancer cells without harming nearby healthy cells. May allow creation of therapeutic agents that have a controlled, time-release strategy for delivering toxins.

DENDRIMERS
Man-made molecule comparable in size to average protein. Has a branching shape, allowing the attachment of therapeutic devices and biologically active molecules. May be used to detect and treat cancer while reporting on the results of its attempts.

HERBERT GLEITER
Dimensional classification of nanostructures in 1994. Director of institute of nanotechnology 0D clusters 1D nanotubes and nanowires 2D nanoplates and layers 3D

GLEITERS CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS

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