CONTENTS

Topic ABSTRACT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION. HISTORY OF VENTURIMETER DESIGN &TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIFICATIONS. PARAMETERS TO CONTROL. PARAMETERS TO BE EVALUATED.

6. BRIEF EXPLANATION.
7. 8.

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

IN connexion with an article on Early Hydraulio Engineering, in which the work of Clemens Herschel (1842-1930) is referred to, Engineering in its issue for August 2 reproduces a letter from Herschel to the late Dr. Unwin describing his invention of the Venturi Meter. The letter is dated June 5, 1888, and addressed from the hydraulic engineer's office of the Holyoke Water Power Co., Mass. In his letter, Herschel says ho tested a one-inch Venturi Meter, under 210 ft. head: I am now satisfied that here is a new and pregnant principle to be applied to the art of gauging fluids, inclusive of fluids such as compressed air, illuminating or fuel gases, steam, etc. Further, that the shape of the meter should be trumpet-shaped in both directions; such a meter will measure volumes flowing in oither direction, which in certain localities becomes a useful attribute. . . . And we are but in the beginning of the art of measuring pressures, and differences of pressure. When these shall be delicately measured, the Venturi Meter will have become as delicate in its lower limits of capacity, as any other and it is on this score alone, that it is as yet inferior to some of the volumetric meters. The letter was found among the papers placed at the disposal of the Unwin Memorial Committee by Miss Unwin

1. INTRODUCTION
A venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow through a pipe. As shown in Fig.1.1, a venturimeter consists of (1) inlet section followed by a convergent cone, (2) the throat, and (3) a gradually divergent cone. Since the cross sectional area of the throat section is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the inlet section, the velocity of flow at the throat section will become greater than that at the inlet section, according to the continuity equation. The increase in the velocity of flow at the throat section results in the decrease in the pressure at this section. As such a pressure difference is developed between the inlet and the throat sections of the venturimeter. The pressure difference between these sections can be determined either by connecting a differential manometer between the pressure tappings provided at these sections or by connecting a separate pressure gauge at each of the pressure tappings.

2. HISTORY OF VENTURIMETER The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi (17461822), an Italian physicist. Background_______________________________________
The Venturi effect is a jet effect; as with a funnel the velocity of the fluid increases as the cross sectional area decreases, with the static pressure correspondingly decreasing. According to the laws governing fluid dynamics, a fluid's velocity must increase as it passes through a constriction to satisfy the principle of continuity, while its pressure must decrease to satisfy the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. Thus any gain in kinetic energy a fluid may accrue due to its increased velocity through a constriction is negated by a drop in

pressure. An equation for the drop in pressure due to the Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of Bernoulli's principle and the continuity equation.

The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state of choked flow, where the fluid velocity approaches the local speed of sound. In choked flow the mass flow rate will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment.

3.TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIFICATIONS

4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Size and Compute dimensions with the least loss of energy Compute and manufacture critical dimensions based on pressure and temperature. Minimize overall pressure loss using the Gibson method to design the recovery cone Streamline the flow through all sections to minimize overshoot and overall pressure loss Easily and timely add user inputs and requirements to module.

5. PARAMETERS TO BE TAKEN CARE OF:

In viewing a Nozzle-Venturi three distinct sections are noted The favorable pressure gradient entrance to the throat section. The cylindrical throat region. The adverse pressure gradient recovery cone region. Each of these regions was designed using technical papers and a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) program. A CFD analysis being used to determine optimum

design criteria for the inlet section, throat (or metering section), and to confirm the Gibson (1961) recovery cone derivation.

Illustrated above are the resulting CFDs for the two basic designs.

S-Design: A cylindrical radius is the inlet geometry. The entrance to the PTC-6
throat section is critical to insure boundary layer development length is in accordance with the PTC-6 theoretical extrapolation requirement (Keyser and Murdock, 1990).

Sdesign use an inlet geometry of the Standardized Torodial Throat Nozzle (ASME/ANSI MFC-7M, 1990), extensive data and CFD studies show excellent entrance to the throat results for this geometry.

T-Design: A Halmi double cone entrance with a unique cone angles and a throat
entrance developed based on test results in Holland (Miller 1989), with confirming CFD studies. Recovery cone geometry for both S and T is designed in accordance with the analysis developed

6. VENTURIMETER: Brief explanation

Basic principle:
When a venture meter is placed in apipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is to be measured, a pressure drop occurs between the entrance and throat of the venturimeter. This pressure drop is measured using a differential pressure sensor and when calibrated this pressure drop becomes a measure of flow rate.

Construction of Venturi meter

The following are the main parts and areas of venture meter:
The entry of the venture is cylindrical in shape to match the size of the pipe through which fluid flows. This enables the venture to be fitted to the pipe. After the entry, there is a converging conical section with an included angle of 19 to 23. Following the converging section, there is a cylindrical section with minimum area called as the throat. After the throat, there is a diverging conical section with an included angle of 5 to 15. Openings are provided at the entry and throat (at sections 1 and 2 in the diagram) of the venture meter for attaching a differential pressure sensor (u-tube manometer, differential pressure gauge, etc) as shown in diagram.

Operation of venturi meter:

The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry section of the venturi meter with a pressure P1. As the fluid from the entry section of venturi meter flows into the converging section, its pressure keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it enters the throat. That is, in the throat, the fluid pressure P2 will be minimum.The differential pressure sensor attached between the entry

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and throat section of theventuri meter records the pressure difference(P1-P2) which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid through the pipe when calibrated. The diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle of the diverging section, greater is the recovery.

Application: It is used where high pressure recovery is required. Can be used for measuring flow rates of water,gases,suspended solids, slurries and dirty liquids. Can be used to measure high flow rates in pipes having diameters in a few meters.

Advantages of venturi meters

Less changes of getting clogged with sediments.

Coefficient of discharge is high. Its behaviour can be predicted perfectly. Can be installed vertically, horizontally or inclinded.

Limitations: They are large in size and hence where space is limited, they cannot be used. Expensive initial cost, installation and maintenance.

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 Require long laying length. That is, the veturimeter has ti be proceeded by a straight pipe which is free from fittings and misalignments to avoid turbulence in flow, for satisfactory operation. Therefore, straightening vanes are a must

.Cannot be used in pipes below 7.5cm diameter.

7.CONCLUSION:

The mechanical energy equation (or generalized steady flow and constant-density fluids.

Bernoullis

equation) is an expression of the energy balance equation for

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The mechanical energy equation can be applied with negligible errorto almost all steady flows of liquids and for steady flows of gases at low velocities. A special case of the mechanical energy equation, the Bernoullis equation, can be derived if we assume frictionless flow and absence of shaft work.A large number of devices for the measurement of fluid velocity and flow rate are based on the conservation of energy. The Bernoulli equation can be conveniently used to make the appropriate calculations.

REFERENCES
1.

K. Openshaw, A review of Jatropha curcas:HYDRO-MECHANICS, 23 nov 2011. A. Dufey, production, trade and International Institute for FLUIDS and (IIED), London, UK, 23 nov 2011. <www.iied.org/pubs>.

2.

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3.

Y.D. Wang, T. Al-Shemmeri and P. Eames et al., An experimental investigation of the performance and Hydro-Dynamics, Applied Thermal Engineering, 24 nov 2011. K.L.KUMAR Hydraulic systems and machines 25 nov 2011. Thans to wikipepia. www.wikipedia.com

4. 5.

6. Google for Various Diagrams and Pictures.

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