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1 Tensile test
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, It is a fundamental materials science test in which a sample is subjected to uniaxial tension until failure. The results from the test are commonly used to select a material for an application, for quality control, and to predict how a material will react under other types of forces. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics.
5.11 Equipment
The most common testing machine used in tensile testing is the universal testing machine. This type of machine has two crossheads; one is adjusted for the length of the specimen and the other is driven to apply tension to the test specimen. There are two types: hydraulic powered and electromagnetically powered machines
The movable carriage of the machine was brought on the loading bar and load was applied gradually in increments of 100N on the specimen under tests. The plot of load versus displacement of the crosshead is recorded, the specimen for which are prepared according to the ASTM E8 for Titanium SS316L standards.
5.12 Process
The test process involves placing the test specimen in the testing machine and applying tension to it until it fractures. During the application of tension, the elongation of the gage section is recorded against the applied force. The data is manipulated so that it is not specific to the geometry of the test sample. The elongation measurement is used to calculate the engineering strain, , using the following equation:
where L is the change in gage length, L0 is the initial gage length, and L is the final length. The force measurement is used to calculate the engineering stress, , using the following equation:
where F is the force and A is the cross-section of the gage section. The machine does these calculations as the force is increase so that the data points can be graphed into a stress-strain curve.
5.13 Tensile Specimen according to ASTM standard E8:- (ASTM 2004 Volume 03.01)
Fig 2: Tension Test Specimen Where, G=Gage length D=Gage diameter =50 mm =12.5mm
Fig 6: PEEK+30% GF
Fig 7: POLYURETHANE
Below graph shows Peak Load (KN) for SS316L, Ti-6Al-4V, PEEK 30% G F, PEEK Un-filled and POLYURETHANE.