You are on page 1of 14

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Over the past two decades, the demand for wireless service has grown at an extraordinary pace. The industry has grown from pagers, and cellular phones to Personal Communication Systems (PCS) and wireless local area networks (WLANs), providing services that deliver voice, data, and video in real time. But in wireless network, the communication of network is based on signals. If every thing is alright then the user (who is wirelessly connected with the network) is using network by sitting at a far distance, he must has a network coverage problem. But how the network increases its signals and covers a long distance in a minimum cost. When the signal drops then the speed of the network access will automatically decrease. Hence the signal must be strong and covers long distance with networks original speed. The major problem in the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is its coverage. But it is possible to increase signals with the use different types of antennas. But these are much costly antenna devices. Small CPW-fed T-shaped antenna for MIMO application was presented to gain signal strength of wireless network. The size of the antenna was only 35% of that of conventional CPW-fed T-shaped antenna, which had been satisfied return loss bandwidth and omni-directional radiation characteristics (Chen et al. 2006). Additionally, Wi-Fi Access Points are being installed in almost every conceivable location from public areas such as airports, coffee bars to private homes and even on the masts of boats. A great deal of interest has been shown in the general provision of access points to enable town centers to be covered. For a network design engineer, this is a relatively problem to solve since most design criteria provided by manufacturers are based on operation of a point source in the open air. However often the installation is required within a building and this is far more challenging since the signal strength is dependent on many factors including the physical attributes of the building, the contents (furniture) of the building and the restrictions on suitable installation sites. A new quasimetallic-wall technique was investigated for improving the signals strength with single antenna. This technique allows reducing the surface wave losses of the CB-CPW Page | 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

antennas, which decreases the antenna radiation efficiency. It consists on including pins as quasi-metallic wall between the upper and lower ground planes in the CB-CPW antenna structure. This approach allows to increase signal coverage and the antenna efficiency from 70% to 95% around the operating frequency (Nedil et al., 2008) . Due to the backward compatibility of the standards many systems that were designed to measure the signal strength of access points can still be used. A planar dual-band semicircle shaped antenna was provided for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. This antenna was used to gain bandwidth and covers large distance area. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth was from 2.27 to 2.53 GHz and 5.03 to 5.58 GHz, covering all the 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN bands (Fakhr et al. 2009). A new model was provided for multiple-inputmultiple output (MIMO) outdoor wireless fading channels and their capacity performance with increasing signals of wireless network. The proposed model was more general and realistic than the usual Independent and Identically Distributed model, and allows to investigated the network coverage (Gesbert et al. 2002). This research is designed to investigate that how typical equipment designed to the IEEE 802.11n (draft) performs from the area coverage point of view compared to existing standards to see if a similar model could be applied. The finding of this research will be helpful to the researchers, who are conducting research in this field and Wi-Fi users, mobile networks and signal based companies using wi-fi network instead of cabled network for communication
1.1

Wireless Networks Types

The types of wireless networks are given as under: WPANs WLANs Page | 2

CHAPTER 1 WMANs WWANs

INTRODUCTION

Upcoming of construct Wireless networks with the aim of container coverage the globe the arrangement is toward make use of software separate access points to model the Radio Frequency environs with multicast it toward previous associated access points who promote it forward toward the wireless node. As a result of testing this fundamental thought inside a model with categorize its events. This unique assembly lump is able to result in a lot of attractive architectures along with protocol plan attempts (Yang et al., 2008). There are numerous types of wireless networks. A familiar method of categorize wireless networks is toward consider the relative variety with difficulty of every category of network. In favor of this journal the main category of wireless networking structural design are as follows:
1.1.1 (WPAN) Wireless personal area network

The small size wireless networks with the intention of require minor or else no communications with operate inside a short range. The WPAN is naturally used with only some devices in single area as a substitute of connecting the devices among cables. For illustration WPANs can be able to present print services & facilitate a wireless keyboard and mouse to correspond through a personal computer.
1.1.2 (WLAN)Wireless local area networks

Wireless networks unconventional to a computer LAN that uses two-way radio instead of wires to broadcast data back and forth among computers in a small region such like a home office and school. Wi-Fi is universally used wireless networks in computer systems in the direction of allow connection to the internet & different devices that contain Wi-Fi functionalities.

Page | 3

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.3 (WMAN)Wireless metropolitan area networks

Wireless network that connects several Wireless LANS surrounded with a few miles of each other. A lot of WMAN implementations make available for wireless access to clients in metropolitan areas networks.
1.1.4 (WWAN)Wireless wide area networks

A Wireless Wide Area Network WWAN is wireless connectivity towards the Internet achieve throughout with cellular tower equipments WWAN connectivity allow a client through a laptop and WWAN card to surf the Internet check email & connect to a Virtual Private Network (VPN) commencing from wherever surrounded by the local limitations of cellular service. Because there are lot of types of wireless networks it is not sufficient for this journal to cover every type of wireless networking technology. In this journal a sophisticated overview of some used form of wireless networking technologies. The other journals provide comprehensive information going on single of IEEE 802.11 a/b/g and single form of WPAN. Other forms are not cover deepness in this research. Below is the table indicating the range that wireless data networks can handle: Table 1.1: wireless Data networks

Network Personal Area Network Local Area Network Wide Area Network

Metres 0-TO -15 0-TO-150 0-TO-10000

Page | 4

CHAPTER 1
1.2

INTRODUCTION

WIRELESS COMPONENTS

There are no of wireless components and devices available on markets; a core set of wireless devices comprises most wireless networks. An overview of each of core components is included in the section. Client devices in wireless networks also known as (STA), serve as wireless endpoint devices. Client devices enable end users to gain access and utilize recourses provided by wireless networks. Common examples of client devices are laptops computers, personal digital assistants (PDA), cell ess connectivity. Inside organize toward plan a WLAN it can be frequently essential in the direction to achieve an amount promotion to make sure that the WLAN provide the desired exposure & capability like throughput used for the future user. Inside the adding together we examine the collision of interferences lying on the worth of video while stream over WLAN. IEEE 802.11 based Access Points contain exposure area up to 300 feet and 100 meter. Access point provide freedom to connect without wires in home, office or limited areas through their laptops, PDAs and Wi-Fi enabled cell phones. Access Points can link mutually toward provide user to wander between Access Points inside a structure or university grounds operations on Access Points.

1.2.1

Wireless Bridges

Page | 5

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Is a hardware element use to connect 2 and more then 2 network segment? This can be actually or sensibly estranged. This can do not essentially for all time require towards the hardware device because a number of OS (operating systems) like Window Linux Mac OS X & FreeBSD make available software toward bridge different types of protocols. That is seeing usually in protocol above wireless to cable. Consequently in wisdom the computer acts like a bridge by means of using bridging OS softwares. Various wireless routers & wireless Access Points present moreover a bridge type and a repeater mode. Mutually they perform a comparable ordinary function. There are differences individual the bridge mode connects toward dissimilar protocol types & a repeater mode relay the similar protocol types. Wireless routers access points & bridges can be obtainable to be acquiescent by means of the IEEE802.11a/b/g or n standard. The regularity band intended for these wireless standards is able to used license free in most countries. 1.2.3 Base Stations A base station or radio transceiver is similar to an AP, but covers a WMAN.A base station typically a two-way radio installed at a fixed location to provide wireless access. A base station covers much larger physical area then an IEEE 802.11 AP and serves significantly more clients. The specific range and client support vary by base station vendor and technology. 1.3 Wireless Modes WLANs can function in 2 main types of modes: 1. Infrastructure (BSS) 2. Ad Hoc (IBSS) This is additional conventional of these are the infrastructure modes. Infrastructure modes uses by wireless users to converse to LAN and the Internet throughout an access point. Yet as soon as the users can communicate through every one all other traffic go throughout t Page | 6

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

nal adhoc wireless network infrastructure mode networks present the benefit of centralized scalability and safety administration to enhanced accomplishment. Drawback for the transportation wireless networks is just the supplementary cost toward pay for access point hardware.

Figure 1.2: Wireless Infrastructure (BSS)

1.4

Wireless local area networks

Wireless local area networks can be the identical as the conventional LAN other than they contain a wireless interface. Among the beginning of small portable devices such the same as personal digital assistants then WLAN technology can be attractive very accepted. WLANs make available high speed data communication in small regions such the same as building and office. It also allocates users toward move around in a restricted area. Whereas they can be at a standstill connected to the networks. Wireless Local Area Networks based on IEEE802.11a/b/g standards can be increasing speedily. WLANs can be able to make available the settlement of network connectivity with no of the limitations of being together at a place and limited by wires. In spite of this expediency of mobility the presentation of a WLAN should be able to address suspiciously before it can be able to accepted or organized in any surroundings. Now we can address the collision of a range of key limitations on the genuine performance of IEEE 802.11a/b/g. The series of controlled conduct experiments can be approved out to assess the performance of

Page | 7

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

IEEE 802.11g in the occurrence of interferences or also discover the maximum throughput under reasonable circumstances (Kaleshi, 2005).
1.4.1 IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n

The genuine editions of the IEEE standards are 802.11. This was released during 1997 or can be explained in 1999 although it is today superseded. Its specific 2 net bit rates of 1 and 2 megabits per second Mbit/s and also plus forward error adjustment in the code. These precise three options on physical layer technology disseminate infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s frequency bounding in spread spectrum functioning on 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s or straight series of spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s. The later 2 radio technologies using microwave transmission above the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at (2.4 GHz). A few former WLAN technologies used inferior frequencies such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band. IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards delivering away wireless local area network computer communication in the 2.4 or 3.6 or 5 GHz frequency bands. They can be executing by the IEEE LAN & MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802).In this there can be a remarkable boost in the learning ro presentation of wireless technologies. They can consideration of wireless networks occurrence throughout the 802.11 standards they speedily develop into the established through the wireless LAN called Wi-Fi. Then enhancing the habit of Wi- Fi make possible laptops PDAs or other devices can clearly sign of Wi-Fi ordinary agreement. Wi Fi can be a compilation of standards open to the elements of which the three main standards are 802.11a & 802.11b & 802.11g. Then two of the standards 802.11b & 802.11g contain interoperable characteristics even as the other 802.11a work on a fully changed stability or therefore not have such interoperability (Clincy, 2006).
1.4.2 IEEE 802.11 Standards IEEE 802.11 also known as the Wi-Fi standard denotes a set of standards for wireless LAN. The original IEEE 802.11 standard released in 1997, defines a common media access control (MAC) layer that control the operations on

Page | 8

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

all802.11-based WLANs by performing core functions such as managing communications between radio network card and access points. Subsequent amendments to802.11 defines specific physical (PHY) layers such as 802.11b, 802.11a or 802.11g.The physical layers define the data transmission for the WLAN, using various modulation schemes much of the impetus for standardization has come from the Wi-Fi Alliance, an organization of technology and service companies dedicated to the adoption of a single worldwide-accepted Standard for high-speed wireless local area networking. In common usage, the term Wi-Fi comes to embrace the 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11 a physical layers standards, and the products based on those standards.

Table 1.2: summary of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Technologies throughp ut (Mbit/s) 00.9 23.00 4.30 Max net bitrate (Mbit/s) 002 54.00 11.00 DSSS OFDM DSSS Modulation

802.11 Protocol

Release

Freq. (GHz)

rin. (m)

rout. (m)

a B g

Jun 1997 Sep 1999 1999 Sep

2.40 5.00 2.40 2.40 2.40 5.00

~20 ~100 ~35 ~120 ~140 ~38

Jun 2003

19

54.00

OFDM

~38 ~140

Nov 2009

130

150.00

OFDM

~70 ~250

1.4.2.1 802.11b Page | 9

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

IEEE 802.11b is an modification to the IEEE 802.11 measurement that extended throughput up to 11 Mb/s using the same 2.4 GHz band. This specification below the market name of Wi-Fi has been implemented over the entire world. The alteration has been included into the published IEEE 802.1 standard. IEEE802.11b has a highest raw data rate of 11 Mb/s and uses the same (CSMA/CA) media access technique define in the original standard. Due to the (CSMA/CA) protocol overhead, in practice the maximum IEEE802.11b throughput that an application can realize is about 5.9 Mb/s using TCP & 7.1 Mb/s using UDP.IEEE802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000 since IEEE802.11b is a direct extension of the Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation technique defined in the original standard. Technically, the IEEE802.11b standard uses CCK (Complementary code keying) as its modulation technique. The dramatic rise in throughput of IEEE802.11b along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of IEEE802.11b as the definitive wireless local area network technology (Stallings, 2004). The different channels differ through country according toward confined regulatory limitations. Then FCC describes 11 channels for USA 12 channels are used within the majority of Europe or 14 are available used for Japan. Then limited number of existing channels in the 2.4 GHz band places an inherent constraint on the capacity of an 802.11b network. 802.11b standard describes a maximum number of 11 Mbps channels which makes available of sensible throughput of 4-6 mbps under ordinary circumstances.

1.5.2.2 802.11a The IEEE 802.11a is the modification towards the IEEE 802.11 measurement that added further a privileged throughput of up in the direction of 54 Mbit/s & uses the 5 GHz band width. Then it can observe extensive worldwide accomplishment mainly surrounded by the community workstation. Then modification can be incorporated keen on the available for IEEE 802.11-2007 standard. Then 802.11 are a set of IEEE standards through the reason of handle wireless networking communication techniques. The most regularly used nowadays in their 802.11n & 802.11a & 802.11b & P a g e | 10

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

802.11g editions to make available for wireless connectivity in the home and office or several commercial organizations. When network by means of the 5 GHz band provides 802.11a important benefit because the 2.4 GHz band is greatly used toward the position of individuals jam-packed. Dreadful conditions origin through the differences can be the cause of regular dropped connections or dreadful conditions of service. But this is high transporter frequency furthermore carries an insignificant drawback. Then the useful on the whole range of 802.11a is somewhat less than so as to 802.11b/g & 802.11a signals cannot break through since far those used for 802.11b as they are engrossed additional willingly by walls or extra solid substance in their passageway. Lying on the further offer OFDM have essential broadcast advantages as a high multipath surroundings such like as an inside the office or the privileged frequencies allow the building of smaller antennas among advanced radio frequency system increase which frustrate the shortcoming of a higher band of functions. Then amplified the number in working condition channels 4 to 8 times as many in FCC countries or also near the deficiency of additional nosy systems like microwave ovens and cordless phones and also baby monitors provide 802.11a major comprehensive bandwidth and consistency compensation over the IEEE802.11b/g. There are some regularity issues with 802.11a. Many states contain different authoritarian carries even though a 2003 World Radio telecommunications Conference enhanced international standards synchronization. The 802.11a is currently accepted by the system in the United States & Japan however in further areas such like the European Union and it have to wait for longer endorsement. European standards were allowing for the use of the European HIPERLAN standard other than in the mid of 2002 vacant the 802.11a for make use of in Europe. Within U.S in a mid 2003 FCC decision might be open for additional spectrums toward the 802.11a channels. 1.5.2.3 802.11g The wireless networks IEEE 802.11g 2003 and 802.11g is an adjustment toward the IEEE 802.11 requirement to unlimited the throughput up to the 54 Mbit s using the P a g e | 11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

equal frequency 2.4 GHz band the same as 802.11b. These specifications below the promotion given name of Wi Fi have been executing all over the world. Now the 802.11g protocol is on Clause 19 of the available IEEE 802.11 2007 standards. The 802.11g is the third modulation standard used for Wireless LAN. It can works in the 2.4 GHz band like 802.11b other than the functions on a highest unrefined data rate of 54 Mbits and concerning with the 19 Mbits network throughputs like to 802.11a central part and apart from used for several extra inheritance transparency for toward the back compatibility. The 802.11g hardware is completely backwards wellmatched through the 802.11b hardware. Detail information for making of b & g work glowing mutually engaged a large amount of the remaining technical process. In the 11g networks on the other hands the occurrence of an inheritance 802.11b contributor will be considerably decrease the speed of the in general 802.11g networks. Then modulation system used in 802.11g is orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM derivative commencing after the 802.11a through data rates of 6 9 12 18 24 36 48 54 Mbit with reverts toward CCK similar to the 802.11b standard used for 5.5 and 11 Mbit. However although 802.11g work in the similar frequency band like the 802.11b now it can be able to accomplish higher data rates for the reason that of its inheritance to 802.11a standard. 1.5.2.3 802.11n The emerging IEEE802.11n specification differs from its predecessor in that it provides for a selection of optional modes & configurations that order dissimilar maximum raw data rates. This enables the standard to offer baseline performance parameters for all IEEE802.11n devices, while allowing manufacturers to improve or tune capabilities to contain different applications and price points. With each possible choice enabled, IEEE802.11n could suggest raw data rates up to 600 Mb/s. But wireless LAN hardware does not require supporting every alternative to be compliant with the standard. for example the most draft in wireless LAN hardware available is expected to carry raw data rates up to 300 Mb/s.

P a g e | 12

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In comparison, every IEEE802.11b compliant product necessity support data rates up to 11 Mb/s and all IEEE802.11a and IEEE802.11g hardware must support data rates up to 54 Mb/s. Better OFDM In the IEEE802.11n draft the 1st requirement is to support an OFDM execution that improves upon the single employed in the IEEE802.11a/g standards, using a upper maximum code rate and slightly wider bandwidth. This change improves the highest possible raw data rate to 65 Mb/s from 54 Mb/s in the existing standards. MIMO Improves Performance one of the nearly all widely known components of the draft requirement is known as Multiple Input Multiple Output, or MIMO. MIMO exploits a radio wave phenomenon called multipath transmitted information bounces off doors, walls and other objects reaching the receiving antenna various times via different routes & at slightly different times. unrestrained multipath distorts the original indicator making it more tricky to decipher and degrading Wi-Fi performance. MIMO harnesses multipath with a method known as space division multiplexing method. The transmitting of wireless LAN device actually splits a data stream into several parts called spatial streams and transmits each spatial stream through separate antennas to matching antennas on the receiving side. The current IEEE802.11n draft provides for up to 4 spatial streams even though compliant hardware is not required to support that many. repetition the number of spatial streams from one to two effectively doubles the raw data rate (Jiang, 2009). 1.5.2.5 Benefits of wireless local area network The reputation of wireless LANs is the evidence first and foremost toward their expediency cost or efficiency & ease of combination by means of other networks or network mechanism. Then mainstream of computers advertise to the clients today move toward prepared through all essential wireless LAN technology. Now the payback of wireless LANs includes.
Client Mobility

Among the appearance of public wireless network client can access the internet yet external their standard work surroundings. The majority sequences of coffee shops used

P a g e | 13

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

for example present their clients a wireless connection to the internet at little and no charge.
Efficiency

The clients connected with a wireless network can be able to continue a nearly steady association by means of their preferred network because they move from place to place. Intended for a business this means that an employee is able to potentially be more creative as his & her work can be talented from any suitable location. Intended for the example a hospital and store may put into practice. Voice over WLAN applications that enable mobility and cost savings.
Deployment

In the preliminary setup of an infrastructure supported wireless network wants little more than single APs wired networks lying on the additional hand over contain the additional cost or difficulty of actual physical cables being run to several locations which can even be not possible for hard to arrive at locations inside the buildings.
Cost

In the wireless networking hardware is on the most horrible and modest amplify commencing from wired matching parts. This potentially enlarged the cost is approximately always more than the offsets by the savings in cost or labor connected to running physical cables.
Convenience

The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources from nearly any suitable location within their main networking environment (home or office). With the rising saturation of laptop computers, this is mostly relevant.

P a g e | 14

You might also like