AFFIX POWER

Practice Book for developing word-building skills For intermediate and upper-intermediate students

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2007

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CONTENTS
Introduction 1. Noun formation 2. Adjective formation Revision 3. Verb formation 4. Adverb formation 5. Test File 6. Exam Practice Appendices List of references 3 48 918 2023 2428 2931 3336 3738 3941 45

INTRODUCTION
AFFIX POWER is a practice grammar book designed to help intermediate and upperintermediate learners of English improve their grammar competence and teach them strategies for doing well in their Use of English exam. This is achieved in various ways, as the material, drawn from a rich variety of authentic sources is intentionally flexible in design. The practice book is presented in a clear style and is logically divided into five sections, each of which introduces and further details an essential topic. Sections one and two deal with various ways of noun and adjective formation suffixation and prefixation and are meant for intermediate students, while sections three and four are concerned with verb and adverb formation and also revise noun and adjective word-building means. The last two parts are intended for upper-intermediate students. The book teaches students to analyze the morphological structure of the English word. This is reinforced through a range of activities to practice the grammar, including gap-filling, completion, rephrasing and editing (proofreading, or error analysis). AFFIX POWER provides an abundance of exercises and tests so students can practice new structures in a variety of contexts to help them master them. There are also a Test File, including 13 tests, and an Exam Practice section, including 5 tests of the exam format, which enable the students to work independently. The book also features grammar summary tables for students to consult in the Appendices. Revision exercises give students a chance to consolidate what they have learnt. The book will prepare students for more advanced grammar courses as well as for Use of English tests. The practice book is designed to supplement existing course materials and grammar books by providing extra practice and consolidating what students have learnt. The book is therefore suitable for self-study, homework or use in class.

1. NOUN FORMATION 1.1. Noun Suffixation er/-or, -ist

These are common noun suffixes added to existing nouns or verbs, which describe people and their jobs e. g., operator, journalist etc. ! Notice the common spelling changes: perate / operator; conomy / economist. EX. 1. Look at the words and then add the rest of the definitions. An actor is a person who ___________________. A murderer is a person who _________________. A journalist is a person who _________________. A ballet dancer is a person who _______________. A bank manager is a person who ______________. A pop singer is a person who _________________. A lorry driver is a person who ________________. EX. 2 A. Write down the name of the person who does these things: 1) conduct; 7) interpret; 13) science; 2) sing; 8) sociology; 14) paint; 3) economics; 9) ski; 15) instruct; 4) employ (2 nouns); 10) prosecute; 16) poach; 5) murder; 11) psychology; 17) dive; 6) translate; 12) manage; 18) cartoon;

19) design; 20) reception; 21) law; 22) ecology; 23) art; 24) piano.

B. Form nouns from the following words and name suffixes used to describe jobs. Consult dictionaries. music engine politics account mountain gossip train racket attend custody guard obstetrics retire electricity

Give definitions of the given nouns and add some more words to the list. EX. 3. Fill in the gaps with the words in brackets. 1. A(n).... is responsible for the preparation and publication of a newspaper, book or magazine, while a(n) prints them ready to be sold (publisher / editor). 2. .. work on beaches or in swimming pools and save people from drowning, but are hired to protect famous people (lifeguards / bodyguards). 4

3. ... work in places from which you can buy books, whereas ... work in places from which you can borrow books (librarians / booksellers). 4. A writes articles for newspapers or magazines, while a ... presents news stories on television or radio (journalist / newsreader). 5. An is a scientist who studies the stars and planets, but an . makes predictions by studying the positions of stars and planets (astrologer / astronomer). 6. A informs people about the weather on the TV or radio, whereas a studies weather conditions so that the weather forecast can be given (weather presenter / meteorologist). 7. catch fish which are then sold. .. sell them in their shops (fishermen / fishmongers). EX. 4. Form the correct noun from the word in bold. Answer the questions given below the table. 1. The ______told everyone to smile while he took the picture. 2. Spain attracts hundreds of thousands of _______ every year. 3. Did they catch the ________ who broke into your flat? 4. All ______of the company are entitled to four weeks paid holiday each year. 5. The winning ________ receives a $ 5 000 prize. 6. Hes a very talented ________and his latest film was a great success. 7. Shes a ______ at St.Andrews College. 8. Hes very creative and hes always wanted to be an ______. 9. The town has about 70 000 ________. 10. Her ______ told her that she would have to do some overtime this week. What suffixes and stems are used to form nouns referring to people? Photograph Tour Burgle Employ Contest Act Study Art Inhabit Manage

NB! There are other suffixes used to form nouns from verbs.
EX. 5. Add more examples of abstract nouns formed from the verbs listed. Check the spelling changes in a dictionary. Achieve, agree, approve, astonish, collect, create, decide, direct, employ, encourage, entertain, imagine, insure, improve, insist, prefer, produce, propose, protect, replace, resist, retire, survive. -ment -ance -ence -ion argument performance.. reference prediction... -tion description. -ation pronunciation -al denial

EX. 6. Use the endings -ance, -tion, -ment to make nouns from the following verbs and complete the sentences below. Check the spelling in your dictionaries. enjoy ........................ amaze.... celebrate ....................... compete .... perform. engage .. 5

entertain impress .........................

decorate.. ignore ...

Now use the derived words to fill in the gaps. 1. The little girl stared at the pumpkin lantern in ________ . 2. We would like to invite you to our party _____________ . 3. The musician gave an amazing _________ on stage! 4. Sarah and Jim put up all the ____________ on the Christmas tree. 5. Ronaldo won the first prize in the dance_____________ . 6. Ive broken off my __________to Arthur. 7. Im embarrassed by my complete _________of history. 8. I didnt get much_____________ out of that book. 9. Her speech made quite an _________on the audience. 10. Seniour staff get an allowance for the _________of foreign visitors. EX. 7. Complete this table with the help of a dictionary. Find examples with these words. Verb intend payment complain understand erupt disagreement mean completion exist requirement assist fill resident retire What suffixes are used to form nouns from verbs? Can you name any others? EX. 8. Form the correct noun from the verb in bold. 1. There were a few people standing outside the main _____ to the building. 2. She has been working for the _______ for more than ten years. 3. They got into the car and drove off in the ___ of the town centre. 4. We expected a large ________ at the live concert. 5. Moira felt a great _____ for her brother. 6. A _____of good luck and skill helped him to win the game. 7.The decorators tried to cause as little _____ to the people who worked in the building as possible. 8. The electrician checked the ______ between the two cables. 9. The manager told her secretary she wanted no _______ from anyone during the meeting. 10.The burglars disguised themselves to avoid ______ 6 enter organise direct attend affect combine disturb connect interfere detect Noun permission

What suffixes are used to form nouns from verbs? EX. 9. Complete the sentences by filling in the correct form of the word in brackets. It is very difficult to decide on the correct ______(1. punish) in cases like these. This was why it took the judge so long to reach a ______(2. decide) in Ms. Lovells case. Her lawyer said in her ______(3. defend) that she was lonely and confused and that this was why she had ignored the ______(4. complain) of her neighbours for so long. He also argued that that this was not the case of deliberate _______(5. cruel). In other words, Ms.Lovell had no _______(6. intend) of causing suffering. He also argued that a case like this called for ______(7. understand). The judge finally found her _______(8. guilt), but gave her _______(9. permit) to keep one dog for a period of a year.

NB! Nouns are also formed by adding a suffix to an adjective. Two suffixes often added to adjectives to form nouns are -ness and -ity.
EX. 10. Fill in the boxes with the appropriate nouns, formed from the given adjectives. Weak, polite, dark, similar, happy, tired, active, cheerful, generous, curious, vivacious, regular, selfish, stupid, punctual, etc. -ness weakness - ity regularity

Add some more nouns to the given list. *EX. 11. Add more examples of nouns formed from the adjectives listed. Absent, aware, brilliant, careless, efficient, fluent, formal, important, lonely, nervous, patient, polite, popular, possible, present, private, proficient, real, rude, secure, significant, simple, loud, neat, jealous. -ness awareness. -ance arrogance. -ence violence -ity ability. -cy accuracy. EX. 12. What adjective do you associate with each of these abstract nouns? Anxiety, arrogance, strength, wisdom, boredom, pride, hunger, thirst, freedom, admiration, ignorance, tolerance, fury, fear. EX. 13. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the adjectives in bold. Pay attention to the suffixes. 1. Matthew hasreading without his glasses. 2. Great . is placed on experience in this company. 7 difficult important

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Sharon showed herby moving into her own flat. independent It was the mayors . that helped him win the election. popular Paul and Daniels made Adrian jealous. happy All toys should be checked for.. . safe Frans always made her blush in public. shy According to one of O.Wildes characters, ..is the thief of punctual time. curious 9. They say, that.. killed the cat. familiar 10. As the proverb goes, .... breeds contempt.

1.2. Noun Prefixation

EX. 1. Learn common Noun prefixes and find in the dictionary examples of nouns and sentences with them. Prefix submisMeaning means under e. g. subway means a way under the ground' means 'wrong' or 'badly' e. g. misfortune is when your are not lucky and things go wrong or badly means below or beneath, 'less than normal/usual. (You can't vote! You are underage!) e. g. underground means below or beneath the ground means among, between or together e. g. intermission is the short period of time between the parts in a performance or a film

under-

inter-

What other noun prefixes can you think up? EX. 2. Add roots to form nouns with this prefix and make up sample sentences. Here is a chart for you to fill in. SUPER- PREFIX POWER SUPER-

SUPER-

SUPER-

SUPER-

SUPER-

SUPER-

SUPER8

2. ADJECTIVE FORMATION 2.1. Suffixation

(Consult Appendix 1, on p. 36 and learn adjective-forming suffixes) EX. 1. Fill in the suffixes: -ive, -ous, -ful, -ic, -able, -al, -y, -ible. 1. Although he came from Genoa in Italy, Christopher Columbus is often thought of as a ___________ (fame) Spanish explorer. 2. To be left by the roadside bleeding to death is a _________ (horror) way to die. 3. Many people believe that a diet rich in vitamins is very __________ (health). 4. It was such an ___________ (expense) present that I was too embarrassed to accept it. 5. It is no longer _____________ (fashion) to wear high platform heels. 6. I am _____________ (hope) that she will leave hospital next week. 7. We went to see an excellent _________ (photography) exhibition last week. 8. Everybody was wearing ____________ (nation) dress at the parade. 9. This is a very _________ (danger) road; there were at least three serious accidents on it last year. 10. The factory is in the middle of the _________ (industry) part of the city, surrounded by other factories. EX. 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. Dear Philip, Im just writing to tell you what a ________ (1. marvel) holiday we had. We went on a camping holiday to the South of France and the weather was ________ (2. wonder). The tent we stayed in was very ________ (3. comfort). It had a cooker, a fridge and a TV. We were in the heart of the French countryside and some of the views were great. The campsite itself was _______ (4. impress). It was well _______ (5. organize) and the staffs were very ________ (6. help). There were lots to do and, although Im not a very active person, I enjoyed swimming and playing tennis. All in all it was a very _______ (7. enjoy) holiday. EX. 3. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. Claude Monet was an artist who lived in France between 1840 and 1926. Hes probably the most _____(1. fame) of all the Impressionist painters and today visitors can see his ______(2. beauty) paintings in museums around the world. Monet was most _____(3. interest) in painting nature scenes and his most ________(4. impress) works are now very __________(5. value). However at the beginning of his career, he found it _______ (6. possible) to sell any paintings, which meant that for years he was poor. In fact, he only became very ________(7. success) after his death. Nowadays, people can visit Monets home and admire the _______(8. peace) gardens where he worked for much of his life. EX. 4. Fill in with the correct form of the words in brackets. 1. Matthew is not a ______ (decide) person; he can't make up his mind about anything.

2. Mr Smiths presentation was so _________ (impress) that the company bought his product. 3. We gave Howard a special gift to show our __________ (appreciate) for all the hard work he had done for us. 4. His most prized ___________ (possess) is a painting by Picasso. 5. She wore an __________ (attract) outfit; everyone said she looked very smart. 6. They organised a________ (demonstrate) to protest against cruelty to animals. 7. An artist needs to be very _____________ (create) in order to be successful. 8. The film had a very __________ (imagine) plot. 9. The ________ (construct) of the new shopping centre is expected to be completed in two years. 10. Teachers should be ______ (object) when it comes to marking their students' work. EX. 5. Add more examples to the lists below using these root words. Accident, admire, cloud, education, emotion, fashion, child, fool, noise, sleep, history, tradition, rely, fog, prefer, philosophy, young, horror, neglect. -able__acceptable.. -al____regional. -ical___biological. -ish____whitish -y_____draughty.... -ible___horrible.

NB! Remember that these words end in ible: in/credible, in/flexible, im/possible, ir/responsible, in/visible, eligible, negligible, terrible.
EX. 6. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. I love my job even though its ______(1. danger). There are a lot of risks involved but its also very _____(2. reward). In the past, it was quite _______(3. usual) to see a woman firefighter and when I was a _____(4. train), there were hardly any at all. It was thought that women would have ______(5. difficult) in doing this kind of job, but we have proved everyone wrong. Despite the fact that it is hard work and quite tiring, firefighting is an _____(6. interest) job. I have been a firefighter for years and I have never felt _______(7. bore). Everyone I work with finds it an ____(8. enjoy) career to have and they _____(9. certain) agree with me that being a woman is not a ______(10. advantage) in becoming a firefighter. EX. 7. Use the adjectives in the list to complete the exchanges. mbitious lazy sociable bossy selfish cheerful patient. 1. A: She's always telling people what to do. 2. A: Peter loves going to parties. 3. A: Sally never thinks about other people! 4. A: Is James still in bed? 5. A: She wants to be a lawyer one day. lady. 6. A: You're in a good mood. today. 10 B: Yes. She's so __________ . B: I know. He's really ___________ . B: I agree. She's a very _________ girl. B: I'll wake him up. He's a bit _________ . B: Well, she is a very ________ young B: Yes. I am feeling rather __________

7. A: Aren't you ready yet? Be__________!

B: I will be in two minutes.

EX. 8. Form the correct adjective from the word in bold. 1. Its a large ________city in the north of the country. 2. I didnt like the food. I thought it was a bit too ___________ . 3. Jane is such an _________ person, shes always running around doing something. 4. Following a _______ diet and getting plenty of exercise is the best way to lose weight. 5. He really wanted to buy the car but it was too ______ . 6. Jumping into the river to save the young girl was such a _______ thing to do. 7. Sam always buys the local _______ newspaper. 8. White-water rafting may be ______, but its also very ________ . 9. The dentist promised that the whole procedure would be completely _________ . 10. Hes a __________ lawyer. 11. Its __________ to argue with him. He always does what he wants anyway. 12. She was a ______ young woman. industry salt energy health expense hero week danger excite pain success point beauty

What adjective-forming suffixes do you know? What stems are used to form adjectives?
EX. 9. Use -ive, -ous, -able, to form adjectives from the following words. Then use them to fill in the gaps. Fame; humour; adventure; collect; enjoy; memory; protect; inform; talk; express; admire; danger. 1. Sherlock Holmes is probably the most _____________ detective in literature. 2. That clown has a very ______________ face. 3. Tom is quiet, but John is quite ______________. 4. 'MAD' is a ___________ magazine that makes you laugh your head off! 5. The film was __________ for its fine acting. 6. The situation is potentially very______________ . 7. Shes too ____________ towards her children. 8. She showed _____________ self-control. 9. The holiday was much more ____________ than I had expected. 10. It was a ____________ decision. 11. The adverts are not very ___________. 12. He had always wanted an __________ life in the tropics. EX. 10. Fill in the blanks with adjectives derived from the word in bold. 1. Be _________ ! Don't spend all your money on a new car (sense)! 2. He received the news with _________ enthusiasm (boy). 11

3. Fortunately, a __________ man jumped into the water and rescued the child (courage). 4. The climbers had a _________ experience on the mountain (frighten). 5. Ireland has a rich _________ tradition (poet). 6. Tamara _________ about her son's behaviour at school (worry). 7. Our English teacher is very __________ with the students (popularity). 8. Linda is very __________ to other people's needs (sense). 9. More and more girls __________ in computers these days (interest). 10. Mrs Murphy is ___________ for cleaning the offices every day (responsibility). 11. Lila is ___________ to Mr Anderson. He is her boss (responsibility). EX. 11. Complete the sentences by filling in the correct form of the word in brackets. I saw a film last week that was not very _______(1. interest). It was a comedy but it was not very ______(2. amuse). But perhaps the real problem was not that the film was bad but that I was ______(3. depress). The weather was very _______(4. depress) that day too. To add to my problems, I was _______(5. disappoint) because I had just had some very________ (6. surprise) news. I had been hoping to get a very _________(7. interest) job that someone else got instead. In fact, I was very ______(8. shock). I didnt get it because I was _______(9. convince) that I had all the right qualifications. However,________ (10. disappoint) things like that happen all the time. So why was I _______(11. surprise)?

-FUL and -LESS

Note! Adjectives ending in -ful show that the person/thing being described has or displays that quality. E. g. a painful injury (indicates pain). Adjectives ending in -less show that the person/thing being described does not have or display that quality. E. g. a tasteless meal (not tasty). EX. 1. Whats the difference in meaning between the underlined words? 1. Careful? Certainly not, she was really careless! 2. I thought the injection would be painless, but it was extremely painful. 3. It wasnt very tactful of you to mention her divorce. How could you be so tactless? 4. He knew if he fell in the water hed be completely helpless. The swimming teacher was really helpful. 5. Thank you for the post card. It was very thoughtful of you to send it. It was so thoughtless of me to forget your birthday. Please, forgive me! EX. 2. Use the base words in the chart below to make adjectives with the suffixes -ful and -less with a positive or negative meaning. WARNING! Not all adjectives ending in -ful have a positive meaning. Not all adjectives ending in -less have a negative meaning. Base word Positive meaning Beauty Brain Care 12 Adjectives Negative meaning

Charm End Event Faith Harm Help Home Hope Pain Peace Penny Power Sleep Taste Thought Time Use Now translate the base words into your language. Make up sentences with these adjectives. EX. 3. Which of these adjectives in -ful have an opposite in -less? Awful, beautiful, careful, delightful, grateful, hopeful, harmful, meaningful, painful, powerful, respectful, skilful, successful, thoughtful. EX. 4. Complete the sentences by filling in the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Id like to live in a nice ______(peace) spot in the country where nothing changes. 2. I dont know if were going there for our holiday yet its still ______(doubt), so its _______(point) arguing about what to do when we get there. 3. I was lost in a strange city and felt _______(help) because I couldnt speak the language. 4. The painting was only a copy and almost _________(worth). 5. It is a pity shes made so many _________(care) mistakes. 6. I was very________ (gratitude) to her for her _________(thought) advice. 7. The operation was very ________(pain). 8. He loves his wife and has always been ________(faith) to her. 9. It was very ________(help) of you to do that typing for me. 10. The dog seems fierce but hes _________(harm). 11. He lay _________(sleep) on his bed. 12. Im ________ (hope) that hell arrive early. EX. 5. Complete the following text by adding -ful or -less to the words below. Norma Jean Baker was born in 1926. She was deeply unhappy at home, and always had________(1. pain) memories of her ______(2. love) childhood. She started her career as a model, and because she was so ____(3. beauty) she was quickly hired by Ben Lyon, one of the most _____(4. power) producers in Hollywood, who changed 13

her name to Marylyn Monroe. At first she had no chance to show what a _____(5. skill) actress she was. In the 50s, however, she signed a new contract, and made a number of _______(6. wonder) movies including Some like it hot. Her films were immensely ______(7. success) and she became the most famous star of her generation. In her personal life, however, she never found the affection she needed. She remained ________(8. child) and her two marriages failed. She took pills to get her through her_________(9. sleep) nights and she began to drink heavily. At work she became _____(10. care) and difficult to work with. EX. 6. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets, using -ful or -less. 1. Smoking is _______ (harm) to one's health. 2. I thought it would hurt when the doctor gave me the injection but it was actually quite ______ (pain). 3. Ted is a very _______ (care) driver; he has caused many accidents. 4. Sarah's just returned from a ______ (rest) holiday in Florida; she spent her days relaxing on the beach. 5. Don't be afraid of our dog he's _______ (harm). 6. The woman was very _______ (help); when I asked her for directions, she told me exactly how to get there. 7. It is _______ (doubt) that he'll pass the exam, as he hasn't revised at all. 8. The _______ (care) secretary typed all the letters without making any mistakes. 9. Jamie is a _______ (thought) person who always remembers my birthday. 10. Her _______ (thought) remarks hurt my feelings.

Other adjective suffixes

*EX. 7. Choose the appropriate adjectival suffixes: -ic and -ical and explain the difference. A. 1. (Electric/-al) appliances such as washing machines and dishwashers use a lot of electricity.' 2. My house was full of (electric/-al) and (electronic/-al) equipment. 3. An (electric/-al) fire in winter and an (electric/-al) fan in summer were all I needed. 4. The atmosphere was (electric/-al) when Tina Turner came on stage. 5. The (economic/-al) outlook in this country is now bleaker than at any time in the last ten years. 6. This car is not very (economic/-al). It only does 15 miles to the gallon. 7. Storage heaters are extremely (economic/-al) because they run on night-time electricity. 8. Politicians are invariably (economic/-al) with the truth. 9. We wanted to make the most (economic/-al) use of our time as we had only half a day there. 10. She liked reading (historic/-al) novels. 11. Nelson won the (historic/-al) battle at Trafalgar. 12. It would be (politic/-al) to agree with him. 13. She has very strong (politic/-al) opinions. 14. The students of this university are very (politic/-al). 14

B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Hes an (energetic/-al) tennis player. John is youthfully (idealistic/-al). On his way home he met with a (tragic/-al) accident. They became (hysteric/-al) during the performance. We joined a (music/-al) society. He cast (magic/-al) powers over her. She bought the complete (poetic/-al works) of Wordsworth. Its not a grammatic/-al question in modern English. She wanted to see the famous (historic/-al) buildings of St.Petersburg. My new car has (electric/-al)-operated windows. He enjoyed watching the (classic/-al) childrens film Huckleberry Finn. Fokine didnt change the steps (of classic/-al) ballet. (Classic/-al) music is considered to be serious and of lasting duration. Most of these trips had (comic/-al moments). Events took a (comic/-al) turn.

*EX. 8. Choose the appropriate suffix -free or -less. 1. There are many (home-) people sleeping rough on the streets of London. 2. The whole journey was (trouble-) and we arrived at our destination on time. 3. There were so many (duty-) goods in the airport shop that we just didnt know where to begin. 4. It was a completely (meaning-) exercise and they made no progress in their work. 5. After finishing the exams we all felt happy and (care-). 6. When there is never any opportunity of being released, prisoners are (power-). 7. The operating theatre was completely (germ-) environment. 8. Some of the runners tired very quickly, but others among them appeared quite (tire-). 9. The doctor advised her to keep to a (salt-) diet. 10. It is (doubt-) that this prisoner will be extradited. 11. She buys only (sugar-) chewing gum. 12. People are now advised to eat (cholesterol-) foods. EX. 9. Fill in with the correct word derived from the words in brackets. To escape from the routine of cooking and eating at home, many people visit their ______(1. favour) restaurant or, if they are feeling _____ (2. adventure), then try an unfamiliar eating-place. Eating out is a great ______ (3. please). You have the chance to sample _______ (4. taste) dishes, which are ______ (5. care) prepared by ______ (6. experience) chefs. You can try foods from around the world, everything from _____ (7. spice) eastern dishes to ________ (8. tradition) French and English cuisine. Eating out also gives you the chance to ______ (9. social) with friends and to enjoy a _______ (10. relax) meal without having to make any tiring _________ (11. prepare) beforehand. For a break from the ordinary, having a meal out is an easy and _________ (12. enjoy) option. *EX. 10. Complete the following sentences, using the opposites of the given adjectives. E. g. warm (to describe the weather) chilly. 1. Wide awake sl_______y. 2. lean d_______y or gr______y. 15

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Ill h_________y. Clear (of the sky) c_______y. Still (of liquids) g________ or br_______y. Smooth (a mans chest) h_____y. Full up (after a meal) h________y. Serious (not amusing) f_______y. Aromatic s_________y. Good tempered gr________y. Lean (meat) f_____ y. Unconcerned about details f____ or fin ____y. Silly br______y.

What stems are used to form adjectives with the suffix -y? *EX. 11. Work out the meaning of the suffix -ish in two sets of words. Can you add some more examples? A. Childish, foolish, mannish, selfish, snobbish, broadish, coquettish, heathenish. B. Reddish, greenish, yellowish, youngish, fattish, sevenish (Ill see you at sevenish).

2.2. ADJECTIVAL PREFIXATION

(Consult Appendix 2 on p. 39) We use the following prefixes to form opposites: Dis- dis/honest. Ilil/legal. Inin/dependent. Im- im/possible. IrIr/responsible. Un- un/happy. But: un/realistic, un/reliable, un/reasonable. EX. 1. Use the prefixes il-, im- in- or ir- to form the opposites of the following adjectives. Then, use them to complete the sentences legal possible responsible 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. decisive secure complete regular mature literate rational discreet moral

I'm sorry, but I can't meet you at 8:00. It's _______ It was very ___________of you to leave your sister to come home by herself. After losing her job, Diana started feeling very ___________ . It's ____________to buy souvenirs made from endangered species. This list is __________. There are some names missing. Hes rather _________ for a man of 30. He proved to be a weak and _______ leader. Hes notoriously ________ about his private life. 16

9. 10. 11. 12.

He suffers from an_________ fear of science. He worked_______________hours. A large percentage of the population is ____________. Some people think that birth-control and abortion are __________.

EX. 2. Give the opposites of the following adjectives and explain their meanings. Illustrate with examples. obedient convenient necessary wise lucky correct just fair curious resolute coherent popular formal pleasant comfortable expensive successful sensible sensitive decent different flexible

EX. 3. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets ( onsult the Appendices 1, 2 on pp. 36, 39). 1. The man was told that it was__________ to park his car on double yellow lines (legal). 2. Her daughter was too _________ to be allowed to stay at home on her own (responsible). 3. His writing is completely __________. Nobody can read it (legible). 4. My brother is twenty-five but behaves like a sixteen-year-old. He's very _________ (mature). 5. Bob is very __________. He hates being kept waiting (patient). 6. The burglars stole my grandmother's watch, which, because of its sentimental value, is _________ (replaceable). 7. In myths and legends, if someone is said to be __________, it means that they will live forever (mortal). 8.The shape of the parcel was __________ and it was difficult to wrap (regular). 9. It was a mere detail which seemed ____________ at the time (significant). 10. The verger was a/an ____________ old man who could neither read, nor write (literate). *EX. 4. Copy the table into your notebook and write in as many adjectives with a negative meaning using these prefixes as you can think of. UnImInIlDisIr-

N.B.! As you complete your table, you will probably find that you end up with many more adjectives in the un- and in- columns than in any others. Happy hunting! EX. 5. Match the following adjectives with their definitions. 17

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Infamous Irrelevant Illiterate Unreasonable Immature Improper Inconsiderate Unfriendly Irresponsible Inedible Indecent

a. morally offensive b. not thinking of other peoples feelings c. having lack of ability to behave carefully d. not having any real connection with something else e. who hasnt learnt to read or write f. not suitable g. not friendly h. not fully formed or developed i. going beyond what is fair or sensible j. well known for being bad k. that cant be eaten

EX. 6 A. Which prefix forms the opposite of these words? Rewarding, patient, polite, correct,, tidy, resolute, legal, suited, sociable, legible, resolute, employed, honest, relevant, sociable, edible, kind. B. Agree with these statements, using some of the derivatives from part A, which have the same meaning as the phrases in the sentences. Example: A: He doesn't have a job, does he? B: No, he doesnt. Hes unemployed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. It's against the law, isn't it? Oh yes, ____________. His room is always in a mess, isn't it? Yes, ___________. His handwriting is impossible to read. Yes I know, ____________. She can never wait for five minutes, can she? No, ____________. I thought it was rude, didn't you? Yes, it was very ____________. She treats her son cruelly, dont you think so? Yes, shes very__________. John doesnt like talking to other people, does he? No, hes rather__________. Teaching doesnt give me any satisfaction. Well, sometimes it can be ___________. The leader cant decide what to do. I agree. He is very__________. In my opinion he doesnt have the right qualities for the job. No, hes totally __________ for the job.

*EX. 7. Fill in the negative adjectives formed from the given words. 1. Legal: There is no doubt that cannabis will remain an ____________ drug for the foreseeable future. 2. Interesting: It was a very ____________ film. We were bored to death. 3. Responsible: To take the boat out with four children under the age of ten and with no life jackets on board was quite ________________ of him. 4. Appropriate: The dress she was wearing was quite _________________ for the occasion. 5. Religious: They were a completely _________________ family and I never thought that one day I would marry one of the daughters. 6. Honest: As a politician he was ___________ and it was not long before nobody trusted him. 7. Perfect: The goods were ________ and had to be returned to the store we bought them from. 8. Contented: She was ______ with her life and decided that things had to change. 18

9. Relevant: The choice of the subject matter was quite__________. 10. Edible: The prisoners complained of being given the food which is__________. EX. 8. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in bold. 1. 2. 3. 4. We love living in the country because life is so _________here. What you did was silly and __________. Mark cheated in the competition so he was ____________. Sarah was completely _________ in what the teacher was saying. 5. The special effects in that film were very __________. 6. You dont need to wear a suit, its a/n ___________ party. 7. This chocolate cake is __________. I must have another piece. 8. Some of this information is __________. We should check it. 9. My dad is a shift worker. He works very ___________ hours. 10. She accused Mr Moore of making an ____________ suggestion. 11. Its ____________ for me to come at 6. Im busy. Complicated Logical Qualified Interested Realistic Formal Resistible Correct Regular Decent Convenient

19

REVISION
EX. 1. Complete these tables with the help of a dictionary. Find examples with these words. Verb Noun Adjective obey respect enjoyable life decide influence different value protect succeed study suitable imagine dark suspicion horrify argument admire successful disappoint attraction describe expressive amusement desire creative use competition death envious EX. 2. Add roots to form ADJECTIVES with this SUFFIX and make up sample sentences. Here is a chart for you to fill in. Suffix Success -IBLE -IBLE -IBLE -IBLE -IBLE 20 -IBLE -IBLE

EX. 3. Complete the sentences by filling in the correct form of the word in brackets. Like all _________ (1. invent), Elias Howe had sudden flashes of ________ (2. inspire). His strange dream is just one example of ________ (3. psychology) processes that are still beyond our ________ (4. understand). This is why there is so much _________ (5. disagree) about dreams. Dreams have no _________ (6. mean) at the time we have them. Our _________ (7. interpret) of dreams happens after they are over. Some _________ (8. science) think that our dreams are partly the _________ (9. produce) of our unconscious minds. Our memory of the dream may be ________ (10. complete) different from the dream we ________ (11. actual) had. EX. 4. Complete the table as shown in the example. Use a dictionary. Action apply assist employee criticize discovery advice invent interview translator interpretation competition EX. 5. Use the appropriate form of each word. Chimps use ________ (1. differ) sounds. These sounds have various ________ (2. mean) and chimps use these sounds as a means of ________ (3. communicate). This is one _______ (4. similar) between chimps, whales and dolphins. There has been a great deal of _________ (5. science) research into this recently. However, this research hasnt produced ________ (6. prove) that these animals really have a language. A ________ (7. collect) of sounds is not the same thing as a language which has some kind of _________ (8. grammar) structure. Most scientists are in ________ (9. agree) about this. EX. 6. Word Forms Quiz. Complete each sentence below by choosing the correct word form (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.). 1. Don't press the 'submit' button before _________ of all 10 sentences. Complete, completion, completely. 2. Don't press the 'submit' button until you're _________ finished with these 10 sentences. Complete, completion, completely. 3. I don't know where I'm going on my vacation. I haven't ________ my plans yet. Final, finalized, finally. applicant Person Thing application

21

4. This is my ________ vacation plan: I'm going to San Francisco for a week. Final, finalized, finally. 5. You can buy excellent rye bread in that _________ . Baker, bakery, bake. 6. No, I'm not ________ . I'm just feeling very tired right now. Sick, sickness, sickly. 7. No, I don't like her perfume. It smells ________ sweet to me. Sick, sickness, sickly. 8. I think Dave's been working too hard. I'm sure he'll feel _______ after his vacation, however. Rejuvenate, rejuvenating, rejuvenated. 9. I think Dave's been working too hard. I hope his vacation will be ________ for him. Rejuvenate, rejuvenating, rejuvenated. 10. I think Dave's been working too hard. I hope his vacation will give him the ________ that I think he needs. Rejuvenate, rejuvenation, rejuvenated. *EX. 7. Form nouns from the following adjectives and explain their meanings. arrogant intelligent polite active cruel jealous ignorant necessary selfish curious generous stupid diligent arrogance

What suffixes are used to form nouns from adjectives? *EX. 8. Form nouns from the following verbs and pick out the noun forming suffixes. Verbs propose assist relax differ revise agree decide describe *EX. 9. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. 1. Many people look forward to their ____________ (retire) after years of working hard. 2. Emily has a very good ___________ (imagine), so shes good at writing stories. 3. John has ___________a (prefer) for sweet foods but he doesnt eat them very often. 4. Tania has an amazing ___________ (collect) of stamps from all over the world. 5. The ____________ (include) of his article in the newspaper made Peter feel very proud. 6. A special _____________ (appear) by a famous actor will be made at the club today. 22 Nouns

7. The horses ____________ (refuse) to jump the last fence meant that it lost the race. 8. The doctor gave me a ___________ (prescribe) for some tablets. 9. The committee expects to come to a ___________ (decide) soon. 10.The two sides were unable to reach ___________ (agree). 11. He plays the piano for a bit of ____________ (relax). 12. The director wont see you unless you have an ____________ (appoint). 13. It would be sheer ______________ (mad) to attempt to cross the desert on your own. 14. There was intense ____________(compete) between the journalists to get the story. *EX. 10. Make nouns from the roots given in the box championchildpartneremploydetectattendfather - motherowner- circleamazeillfriendrelationscholarsponsorworkmancombinetitleinterfere-

1. Her parents have encouraged her throughout her _______ and now she has won a _______ to study abroad. 2. The football _______this year is taking place with the ________ of one of the big companies. 3. When a couple has a child, their new roles of ________and _________are bound to change the ________ between them. 4. This old firm famous for the superb ________ of their products has been sold and is now under new ________. 5. The film was in French with English ________. 6. The seats had been arranged in a _________ facing the front of the room. 7. When she told us what had happened, we all just stared at her in __________. 8. Claire and Helen are in _________ together. 9. Its very difficult to find a full-time _________ in that field. 10. She is suffering from a serious _______ and its going to take her a long time to recover. 11. When we first visited the city, we were very impressed by the ________ of the locals. 12. The burglars disguised themselves to avoid ________. 13. A ________ of good luck and skill helped him to win the game. 14. The manager told her secretary she wanted no ________ from anyone during the meeting. 15. We expected a large ________ at the live concert.

*REVIEW. Make nouns from the following verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Amuse Anxious Argue Arrive Behave Conclude Decide Deep Define Deny Efficient Explode Fail Flexible Happy Hesitate High Horrible Independent Illiterate Jealous Judge Injure Laugh Law Long Possible 23 Ready Refuse Science Solve strong Various Weigh Wide Wise

3. VERB FORMATION 3.1. Verb suffixes

(Consult the Appendixes 1, 2 on pp. 36, 39) *EX. 1. Form the verbs with the suffix -ize/ise. 1. c_____ make comments about something or someone. 2. e_____ make savings, try to spend less. 3. p_____ make sure that everyone knows about something. 4. s_____ feel sorry for someones misfortune. 5. s_____ study one particular thing very deeply. 6. a_____ give information about the product in order to sell it. 7. e_____ attach importance to, lay stress on. 8. f_____ help someone to get to know something better. 9. v_____ try to imagine what something will look like. 10. s______meet people socially, for example, at parties.

EX. 2. Form the verbs on the pattern Adjective + -en. Complete the table of opposites. 1. brighten or lighten 2. w______ or br________ 3. d_________ 4. f_______ or th________ 5. fasten 6. harden 7. s_______ 8. whiten 9. sh______ 10. t________ or str_____ darken make narrower make shallower make thinner u_______ s________ make happy bl_______ lengthen weaken

EX. 3. Form the verbs with the suffix -en. The first letter is given to you. 1. These trousers are too long. Can you s__________ them for me, please? 2. It's a narrow road, but it was w_________ in some places so that cars can pass each other. 3. My tie is too tight. Can you l__________ it, please? 4. I can't cut anything with this knife. I must s__________ its blade. 5. The screws on this cupboard door are loose. You should t____________ them. 6. These days many people use saccharin to s_______ their tea. 7. The sky d________ and filled with clouds. 8. The cattle are being f________ for slaughter. 9. This toothpaste is said to w_________ teeth. 10. The cruelty in the world s ________ me incredibly. 24

*EX. 4. Make verbs from these stems by adding -ize/-ise, -ify, -ate. accomodcertcompliccongratuldemoraleducstimbureaucratbeauticlarmagnminimmodernorgan regulspecialsympathymystmythologymoistadvertcommunicconcentrcriticeconomemphasgratperiodexemplistandarjustmemormodqualsimplterrortermincomputerhightsubsid-

*EX. 5. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. 1. I know someone is deliberately _________ (black) my character. 2. This salt has been ________ (pure) for use in medicine. 3. They want to ________ (modern) the factory. 4. She _________ (bright) up when we reached the hotel. 5. I _________ (loose) the tie but didnt take it off. 6. Reggae music was _________ (popular) by Bob Marley in the 1970 s. 7. The corn _________ (ripe) in the sun. 8. The ice-cream _________ (soft) and began to melt. 9. Can you _________ (different) this kind of rose from the others? 10. Shes _________ (fresh) up the house with a new coat of paint. 11. Travel _________ (broad) the mind. 12. Try to _________ (simple) your explanation for the children. 13. Treading on any part of this floor __________ (active) the alarm system. 14. The verbs were __________ (divide) into transitive and intransitive. 15. This Portuguese restaurant __________ (special) in seafood.

3.2. VERBAL PREFIXES

*EX. 1. Form verbs from the following words and use them in the sentences. Able, gulf, large, rich, sure, close, danger, force, title, rage, act, circle. 1. If photographs are very small you can always have them _______ . 2. Disabled drivers put a special orange-coloured disc in their cars, which ________ them to park in restricted areas. 3. Firemen must work as a team: one mans carelessness could __________ the lives of everyone else. 4. To _________ that your Christmas mail arrives by the 25th, you should post it by the 17th at the latest. 5. Judging by the litter in the streets, the police are finding it difficult to _________the new anti-litter laws. 6. The invention of Braille has _________blind people to read. 7. With this letter I ________a cheque for $ 25,00 in payment. 8. Uranium must be _________ before it can be used to generate nuclear power. 9. She often _________the stories told to her by her father. 25

10. Her behaviour _________ him. 11. Rebel forces had __________the airport. 12. A seven-year-old boy was ________by a landslide. EX. 2. Fill in the gaps with the verb prefixes in- , en-, dis-, re-. 1. Children should be _________ (courage) to do some cooking at an early age. 2. You will __________ (danger) your health if you work so hard. 3. This medicine will _________ (sure) you a good nights sleep. 4. If you fail your driving test the first time dont let it _________ (courage) you. 5. This otherwise dull book is _________ (life) by some very amusing illustrations. 6. Most fish _________ (produce) themselves by laying eggs. 7. My house is _________ (sure) against fire. 8. The bad weather __________ (courage) the people from attending the parade. 9. We didnt trust him at first but his charming manner completely _________ (arm) us. 10. When it reaches the end the tape will __________ (wind) automatically. 11. I see no reason to _________ (believe) what he says. 12. This section of the contract must be __________ (word) to make its meaning clearer. 13. The old lady was most _________ (please) by the childrens noisy behaviour. 14. He ___________ (trust) banks, so he keeps his money at home. 15. My keys have__________ (appear) off the table.

EX. 3. Add roots to form VERBS with this prefix and make up sample sentences. Here is a chart for you to fill in. Prefix Power MISMISMISMISMISMISMIS-

EX. 4. Complete the verbs in these sentences. 1. I'm sorry, I mis- __________ her message completely. 2. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis- __________. I'm afraid I don't know where she is now. 3. We normally have similar opinions but I dis- _________ with him totally on the subject of drugs. 4. My homework was so bad that I'll have to re- __________ it. 5. Apparently her alarm clock didn't ring and she over- ____________. 6. She finally managed to un- ____________ the door and we were able to go inside. 7. I dis- __________ his joke, but the others enjoyed it. 8. I don't think I'll pass the exam, but I can always re- __________ it in September. 9. The post office is shut for lunch but it should re- ___________ at 2.00 p.m. 26

10. She's over- ____________ at the moment. She really needs a holiday and a complete break from her job. 11. My sister wrapped up the present so well that it took me about five minutes to un________ it. EX. 5. Match the following words with their definitions. Translate into Russian. Make up examples. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. To defrost. To disconnect. To deforest. To enfeeble. To enable. To hospitalize. To entrust. To enfold. To rebroadcast. To cause to become rich. To threaten. a. to undo the connection b. to make able c. to clear an area of forest or tree d. to put into hospital e. to give warning, or threat f. to enrich g. to remove ice from h. to do again i. to make weak j. to make responsible for looking after k. to wrap around, cover

Revision of verb prefixes

Revision tasks. 1. How are verbs formed in Modern English? 2. Form verbs related to the following by one of the methods. Advice Bright Cloth Able Belief Do Build Choice Circle Deep Dark Red Behave Like Hard Large Weak Practice Loss Fold Eat Sad Glad Sure Tight Strength Arm Hear

EX. 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct negative form of the words in brackets. 1. The children __________ the tape recorder, causing it to break (used). 2. Her son is very__________; he is always telling lies (honest). 3. Please don't) come over until 4 o'clock. It will be __________ for me before then (convenient). 4. The answer was__________, which is why she lost two points (correct). 5. The athletes were told that if they broke the rules of the race, they would be _________ (qualified). 6. Tom's ___________ remark upset Jane (sensitive). 27

7. The operator told me that the number I was calling had been __________ (connected). 8. It is __________ to use animals for testing cosmetics (humane). 9. The information I was given was __________, which is why I wrote to the wrong company (leading). 10. They can communicate even when they strongly__________(agree). 11. Facilities for people with _____________ are still insufficient (abilities). 12. She has been ____ by men in the past (treat).

EX. 2. Find the verbs corresponding to these nouns. Abuse, advice, house, use, belief, relief, half, bath, breath, blood, choice, food, loss, import. EX. 3. Give the opposites of the verbs in the table. Like Spell Agree Believe Please Understand Cover Do Close Dress Connect Obey Approve Activate Encourage Tie Lock Mask

*EX. 4. Form words with prefixes inter- and re- from the given items and insert them into the sentences. hange, start, appear, national, charge, place, act, commence, mingle, arrange, define, connect, produce. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. British Airways is offering a discount on _____________ flights this month! My battery is low. I have to _____________ my phone. The teacher _______________ the desks to make space for the meeting. I thought I'd lost my files, but they ___________ when I __________my computer. The country received emergency aid from the __________community. This allows the two cultures to __________without losing their separate identities. He ____________ work on his novel. Feminists have_________ the role of women. Their lives __________with those of celebrated figures of the 18th century. The shower has broken and we cant afford to ___________ it. I shall not try to __________the policemans English. While the other children ___________and played together, Ted ignored them.

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4. ADVERB FORMATION 4.1. Adverb suffixes

EX. 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. I knew she was asleep as she was breathing_________ (heavy). It is _________ (wide) known that smoking can cause cancer. Mr. Clarks brother was __________ (tragic) killed in a boating accident last year. The figures cant _________ (possible) be wrong! I checked them myself. The witness answered the lawyers question __________ (immediate). Jack was __________ (true) sorry for forgetting his wifes birthday. Hold this glass __________ (care). I dont want it broken. She speaks German _________ (perfect). I can ___________ (easy) finish it today. Shes ___________ (temporary) living in Venice. Its important to show the children how to do things _________ (correct), but they shouldnt be criticized too much. Hes acted __________ (believe) stupidly in the past year. I felt her arm __________ (gentle) to see if any bones were broken. The room is _________ (clever) organized; so three people can work there. He looked ___________ (suspicious) at the manager. The job was ___________ (surprise) easy.

EX. 2. Are the following words adverbs or adjectives or both? Illustrate the use with examples. Consult the dictionary. Daily, lovely, friendly, lonely, ugly, monthly, silly, deadly, cowardly, early, likely. EX. 3. Are the following words adjectives, adverbs or both? Look at the sentences and decide. Daily/weekly/monthly/yearly, cowardly, deadly, early, fast, friendly, hard, late, likely, lively, lonely, loud, lovely, silly, ugly, well/ 1. It's getting late. 2. The Times is a daily paper. 3. She's a lovely, friendly, lively person. But she seems lonely. 4. It doesn't seem likely that your children will be ugly. 5. The postman's early. 6. She speaks English very well. 7. We have monthly meetings. 8. Don't talk so loud. 9. If you've got a fast car, why don't you drive fast? 10. If you want me to work hard, you'll have to pay me more. 11. Milk is delivered daily. 12. The train arrived late. 13. I can't stand loud noises. 14. Don't be so silly. 29

15. She's becoming hard to live with. 16. I'm very well, thanks. 17. That was a cowardly thing to do. 18. Curare is a deadly poison. 19. I get paid monthly. 20. Try to come home early. EX. 4. Underline the correct item. 1. This is a pretty/prettily complicated situation. 2. They had hard/hardly been home for a minute when the phone rang. 3. My friends are most/mostly vegetarians. 4. Her loose outfit allowed her to move free/freely. 5. The shelf was so high/highly that he couldn't reach it. 6. John may be late/lately home tonight, as he has a lot of work to do. 7. The room was pretty/prettily decorated. 8. Children under five years old travel free/freely. 9. Sue has near/nearly finished her homework. 10. They have been going out a lot late/lately. 11. This college is high/highly recommended for its range of courses. 12. The miners dug deep/deeply to find coal. 13. The new supermarket is very near/nearly our house. 14. He is deep/deeply involved in the scandal. 15. We found it hard/hardly to get used to living in a foreign country. 16. Which of Mel Gibson's films do you like most/mostly? EX. 5. Underline the correct item. It was Lucy's birthday and she was very 1) sad/sadly. She had been waiting 2) hopeful/hopefully all morning for the postman to arrive. 3) Sudden/Suddenly, the letterbox rattled 4) gentle/gently and an envelope fell 5) soft/softly onto the doormat. Picking it up, Lucy noticed 6) miserable/miserably that it was a bill. There were no cards, no presents and no 7) pretty/prettily bouquets of flowers. Lucy 8) near/nearly burst into tears. Just then, there was a 9) loud/loudly knock on the door. Opening the door 10) slow/slowly, Lucy saw all her friends holding 11) brightly/bright wrapped gifts and shouting 'Happy Birthday'. Lucy 12) immediate/immediately cheered up and greeted her friends 13) warm/warmly. *EX. 6. Underline the correct item. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I have been working very hard late/lately. The mountain was so high/highly that they couldn't climb it. Hurry up! It is near/nearly time to go. Her books are most/mostly romance novels. He found it hard/hardly to explain his problem. That man is a high/highly respected doctor. Our new house is near/nearly the city centre. I had hardly/hard finished cooking when the guests arrived. The girls were pretty/prettily dressed for the party. I got this lipstick free/freely with a magazine. 30

11. 12. 13. 14.

He is always late/lately for work. The exam was pretty/prettily difficult, but we all passed. She was deep/deeply absorbed in her work and didn't hear me call. Her hair blew free/freely around her head in the breeze.

EX. 7. Underline the correct item. E. g. That cake looks wonderful/wonderfully. This salad tastes terrible/terribly. What have you put in it? He draws very good/well but he can't paint at all. Have you got a cold? Your voice sounds unusual/unusually. She ran up the stairs as quick/quickly as she could. When he woke up he still felt sleepy/sleepily. She spoke very rude/rudely to me. This game seems easy/easily, but it isn't really. That music sounds very strange/strangely from here. If you work hard/hardly, you will certainly succeed.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

EX. 8. Complete the sentences with words from the box. More than one answer may be correct. Beautiful/beautifully, calm/calmly, cheap/cheaply, clear/clearly, slow/slowly, soft/softly, terrible/terribly, unhappy/unhappily. 1. I suppose I should be nervous, but I've never felt so ________ in my life. 2. 'I suppose we'll never see each other again,' she said _________ . 3. I haven't got much money: if I travel this year, I'll have to do it __________ . 4. The house is small and rather simple, but Anne has decorated it _________ . 5. This soup tastes __________ . 6. He spoke very _________, but she heard every word like a shout. 7. Good computers are getting quite _________ now. 8. The train was very ________ ; perhaps they were working on the line. 9. She sat there _________ lying about everything she had done. 10. This is a ________ house. I enjoy looking at it every time I walk past. 11. Her hair is so lovely and _________ like a baby's hair. 12. This handwriting isn't very _________; can you read it any better than me? 13. The team played _________ last Saturday. 14. Time seemed to go so _________. When would he arrive? 15. He looks really ________: I wonder what's wrong. 16. Mary doesn't speak very _________: I often have trouble understanding her. EX. 9. Choose the right word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Angela is (amazing/amazingly) good with animals. As soon as I saw him I was (sure/surely) he had been drinking. Do you think that's a (real/really) diamond in her ring? He was wearing a (true/truly) astonishing tie. I felt her arm (gentle/gently) to see if any bones were broken. I read an (amazing/amazingly) thing in the newspaper this morning. John was (wonderful/wonderfully) kind to me when I came to this country. 31

8. Keith seemed (gentle/gently), but there was something cruel underneath. 9. One leg of the chair was (slight/slightly) damaged. 10. Sarah drives a (real/really) beautifully restored 1914 sports car. 11. She looked at me (kind/kindly), but didn't say anything. 12. The door was (bad/badly) painted. 13. The food was (wonderful/wonderfully), but the service was (awful/awfully). 14. The room is (clever/cleverly) organised so three of us can work there.

*EX. 10. Note the use of the following adverbs, supply examples and add some more adverbs to the list.

-wise
manner of 1. I edged my way crabwise along the row to my seat in the direction of 1. Turn the handle clockwise in connection with 1.It was a great experience culture wise. 2. We are mostly socialists vote wise

fanwise frogwise star wise streetwise piecewise

travel wise tax wise sales wise money wise profit wise

pennywise _________ _________ _________

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TEST FILE
Read the following texts and fill in the correct word derived from the words in bold. *1. A new type of train may soon be in _____ (1. operate) in Germany. So far tests have been ______(2. success) and it is hoped that in 10 years' time ____(3. commute) will be able to travel from Hamburg to Berlin in less than an hour. The Transrapid train is _____ (4. actual)the world's lowest-flying air craft. It has been designed to travel at up to 420 km per hour, and it has neither wheels nor a motor. Instead of rails, a series of______ (5. magnet) units powers the train, allowing it to "fly" one centimetre above the tracks. Since it is suspended in the air, it can turn sharp corners at very high speeds without creating any ______(6. notice) disturbance inside the train. _______ (7. environment) have serious _____(8. object) to the train, however, as it is ________ (9. significant) noisier than normal trains. Nevertheless, it seems that the new train will soon be a popular _____ (10. alternate) to travelling by aero plane between cities in Germany.

2. As people become more and more (0) concerned (concern) about following a _____(1. health) diet, and also about the ______ (2. protect) of animals, ______(3. vegetarian) continues to increase in _______ (4. popular). Although meat is extremely ______ (5. nutrition) it can also be very _______ (6. fat) so eating a lot of it can lead to _______ (7. weigh) problems and related _____ (8. ill) such as heart disease. On the other hand, vegetables, grains and dairy _______(9. produce) provide all the nutrients ________ (10. need) to build up and maintain a strong, fit body.

*3. Astronauts have to be physically and mentally ready for the stress and strain of a space mission. To prepare them, astronauts are given _______ (1. intense) training, which includes years of classroom study on _________ (2. vary) technical subjects, and working in a model spaceship where they can practise ________ (3. complicate) flight operations and become used to all the _______ (4. equip) on board. Apart from high _______ (5. intelligent), good qualifications and an excellent level of fitness, astronauts must have a strong character. They also have to be very _______(6. courage) in order to accept high risks involved. Astronauts also have to face other, more ordinary problems in space. What can be very _______ (7. annoy) is the little variety of food, but the greatest challenge is getting along with other members of their team as they often come from different countries, with different backgrounds and habits. Then they must be very ________ (8. patience) with each other since the lack of privacy can become __________ (9. irritate). All in all, it seems that being an astronaut is one of the most ________ (10. challenge) jobs in the world.

4. The Internet has changed _______(1. communicate) as we know it. From education to _____(2. advertise) this new _____(3. technology) advance has affected ________(4. practical) every aspect of our lives. Magazines, newspapers and even books are "on-line" and can be read on the computer. You can find ________(5. inform) on any topic; the ______(6. possible) are _____(7. end). The Internet can ________(8. instant) connect you to other computers, allowing you to "chat" with people all over the world. It's actually very easy to learn how to use the system, and once you're on-line, you'll never want to turn the computer off! The ________(9. develop) of such technology has come a long way. These _______(10. amaze) electronic devices have changed many people's lives forever. 33

*5. The 1996 Paralympics, held in Atlanta, USA, were a __________(1. demonstrate) of the best aspects of sporting ________ (2. compete). The games showed the world that, with enough spiritual _______(3. strong) and _______ (4. determine), even the most severely __________(5. disable) people can do _______(6. amaze) things in the field of sport. From very humble ________ (7. begin) the Paralympics have steadily gained ________(8. popular) and are now among the major sporting events in the world. These games are an _________(9. inspire) to people _______(10. world), and are proof that people can reach their goals if they have faith in themselves and refuse to be defeated.

*6. There are many problems which _______ (1. threat) our natural environment. Acid rain, _______ (2. globe) warming and air and water _________ (3. pollute) are among the most serious ones.There are several ways to help improve the situation. Firstly, we should encourage _________ (4. recycle) because it is the ________(5. produce) of new materials, which causes the most damage. We must learn to reuse things like plastic bags and glass jars. Secondly, driving an environmentally-friendly car is also ________ (6. help). Furthermore, joining an ________(7. organise) which plants trees or cleans up beaches would be __________(8. prove) that you are really _______ (9. concern) about the environment. Lastly, supporting groups such as Green peace, which try to prevent many ________ (10. environment) disasters, would help to ensure that our planet will be clean and safe for future generations. 7. New Year's Eve is celebrated on December 31st in ________ (1. west) countries. It is a time for people to welcome the coming of the New Year. In London, for example _____ (2. prepare) for New Year's Eve begin weeks in advance. Everything is decorated in the ______ (3. tradition) way tinsel, streamers and balloons are hung and "Happy New Year" signs are placed in windows. Party hats and looters are bought in ______ (4. anticipate) of the celebration. On New Year's Eve, some people attend parties while others choose to go to a pub or disco. Food and drinks are served and ______ (5. live) music is played while partygoers chat or dance the night away. At midnight the sound of popping corks can be heard as champagne bottles are opened and the _______ (6. bubble) drink is served. Many people spend the evening in Trafalgar Square. Crowds gather and wait for 12 o'clock when the chimes of the ________ (7. fame) Big Ben ring out. Everyone begins to sing _______ (8. happy) and wish each other a happy and _______ (9. health) new year. No matter where New Year's Eve is spent, the feeling is the same. People ______ (10. cheerful) celebrate this joyful occasion.

8. Bruce is definitely a (0) sociable (social) man. He has a lot of friends because he is always __________ (1. cheer), ___________ (2. rely) and ready to help anyone in need. When it comes to ____________ (3. danger) situations, Bruce always acts quite _______ (4. brave). For example, a few weeks ago he saved a little boy's _________ (5. live) by pulling him out of the path of a speeding truck. When it comes to giving advice, he is always very ___________ (6. help) and ___________ (7. support). However, he can be rather ___________ (8. aggression) at times, especially when he is driving. Sometimes he drives so __________ (9. careless) that his friends are too ____________ (fright) to get in the car with him.

34

*9. One of the world's endangered species, the rhinoceros, is still being hunted for its horn. The World Wildlife Federation supports _________ (1. organise) which try to stop the ________ (2. hunt) by providing vehicles and ________ (3. equip) for several national parks in Africa. Protected areas have a high fence around them, so rhinos can roam in ______ (4. safe). The WWF also helps in the _______ (5. transport) of rhinos from _____ (6. danger) areas into the protected ones. It is very important to lessen the demand for rhino horns. Raising ______(7.aware) of the problem is one way to help the situation. Rhino _______(8. conserve) is one of the WWF's main tasks. _______ (9. hope) the WWF will be able to put a stop to the _______ (10. acceptable) act of rhino hunting.

*10. The evening before, Joyce had argued ...terribly... (0. terrible) with her children as she had arrived home to find the house extremely ______ (1. tidy). Now, with a clearer head, she was feeling _____ (2. guilt) about it and was trying to think of ways to make it up to them. She decided to cook a lovely meal as a special treat. When she arrived home, she found it ______ (3. mess) as usual, but didn't say anything and went upstairs to change. When she came back down half an hour later, she stopped in _______ (4. belief). The living room was ______ (5. surprise) tidy and the kitchen _______ (6. spotless) clean. 'What do you think?" she heard from behind her, and turned to see her husband and children looking at her with _______ (7. beam) smiles on their faces. "We thought you'd be ______ (8. please) to see that!" they said. "Why don't we all go out to dinner?" her husband suggested _______ (9. enthusiastic). She looked at them ______ (10. loving) and they all set out!

*11. Maria Montessori. Maria Montessori is not (0) primarily, (primary) remembered for being Italy's first woman to graduate in medicine, although this was the first of her many significant _______ (1. accomplish). Montessori went on to become one of the leading ________ (2. educate) of the twentieth century. She worked with ________ (3. mental) disabled children at the beginning of the century, and in 1907 opened her first school for children of "normal" _________ (4. intelligent). What made her approach unique was her ___________ (5. believe) that children learn more if their _________ (6. create) talents are encouraged to develop. Individual, rather than cooperative, learning was stressed. Montessori used ________ (7. interest) objects to capture the _________ (8. attend) of her pupils. They were allowed to work on their own, exploring and discovering new ideas at their own pace. ________ (9. surprise), Montessoris schoolchildren did not become _______ (10. bore) very easily, and undisciplined children became much better behaved. Today, there are schools all over the world, which bear Maria Montessoris name and use her methods.

12. St Patricks Day. March 17th is the day of the (0) celebration (celebrate) of St Patrick. St Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, and the occasion is celebrated ________ (1. enthusiastic) by Irish people all over the world. In American cities with a large Irish ________ (2. populate), the day begins with a parade through the city centre. The most ________ (3. spectacle) sight is the colour green, as it is the __________ (4. nation) colour of Ireland. Bands play __________ (5. tradition) Irish songs, and people stream into restaurants afterwards where they eat corned beef sandwiches and drink Irish stouts and ales. The main ___________ (6. decorate) of St Patrick's Day is the shamrock, which is also the national symbol of Ireland. It was made _________ (7. fame) by St Patrick when he used its three leaves as a 35

_________ (8. represent) of the Holy Trinity. St Patrick is known for bringing Christianity to Ireland, and March 17th gives the Irish an _________ (9. opportune) to display their ________ (10. proud) in their country.

13. Britain's railway network has (0) ...recently... (recent) been experiencing a new kind of problem. It is neither technical nor _________(1. mechanic) but could, nevertheless, lead to _______ (2. injure) unless it receives immediate _______ (3. attend). It appears that rabbits have been digging their holes underneath railway tracks, which _______ (4. fortunate) means that the tracks are at risk of collapsing. The ______ (5. soft) of the earth under the tracks makes it a ______ (6. suit) place for rabbits to dig their holes. However, the rail bed becomes ________ (7. stable) when it is undermined by holes, _________ (8. special) in heavy rain. Numerous areas have already experienced problems, causing delays to rail services. The number of rabbits in Britain has increased over the past forty years because of their _______ (9. resist) to myxomatosis, the disease responsible for thousands of deaths in the 1950s. Rabbits are now considered to be _________ (10. destroy) nuisances, instead of the cuddly, friendly animals everyone would like to think they are.

36

EXAM PRACTICE
Use the words in capitals to form words that fit in. There is an example (0) at the beginning of some tests.

1. Cant get enough TV.

Is TV 1)_______ becoming Britain's new problem? New figures from the 2)________ Office of statistics suggest that this might be the case. Their 3)________ have found that watching TV is the nations 4)_________ pastime. Britons on average watch an 5)_______ amount of TV each week. The 6)________ couch potatoes 7)________ watch more than six hours of TV every day. The 8)_______ of these people enjoy soap operas, 9)__________ series and game shows and can't wait for 10)__________ with all the new channels it will offer.

ADDICT NATION RESEARCH FAVOUR BELIEVE BAD REGULAR MAJOR ENTERTAIN DIGIT

2. Invitation.

Two months ago I received an 1)_______ to a wedding in Paris. I wrote a letter of 2)________ and sent it to the couple. Last weekend, the big event took place. My friend Camille, who is a 3)_________ writer, married Tom, a 4)________ from New York. Camille looked so beautiful! She was very 5)_________ as she walked down the aisle wearing an 6)________ silk gown and Tom looked really handsome. The ceremony was extremely 7)_________ and the 8)___________ afterwards was amazing. After the bride and groom had cut the cake, everyone raised their glasses and wished the couple 9) ___________ in their life together. Eventually, the couple left for their honeymoon and the guests danced the night away. It was a truly 10)_________ occasion.

INVITE ACCEPT FAME MUSIC ELEGANCE EXPENSE ROMANCE RECEIVE HAPPY JOY

3. Burglarproof your house.

Can you imagine anything worse than returning home to find that burglars have broken into your house? (0) Unfortunately, this happens to about 1million people in Britain 1)________. However, if you want better 2)_________against burglars there are several things you can do. To improve 3)_________, check all the locks on your doors and windows. The 4)_______of lighting all around the house will make sure a burglar is 5)_________to hide in the shadows. An alarm system is another good 6)_________measure you can take. Starting a 7)_________watch group is 37

FORTUNE ANNUAL PROTECT SECURE INSTALL ABLE PREVENT

also a very 8)_________way to prevent crime in your area. Since most 9)_________ take place when people are away on holiday, this is when your neighbours' help is most 10)_________. Ask them to collect your mail, open and close your curtains every day, switch your lights on and off and even mow your lawn to make your house look occupied.

NEIGHBOUR EFFECT BURGLAR VALUE

4. Work for the money.

Although the 0) majority of people say, that they work, for the money, the 1)__________ reward isn't actually the only thing that they think about. 2)____________, research has shown that people consider many different factors to be of 3)___________ when they make their 4)_________. A worldwide survey of students showed that after 5)_________ they would be looking for jobs that allowed them to balance their 6) _________ lives with their work lives. It's not just the younger generation who think like either. There has even been an increase in the number of middle-aged 7) ____________ who are moving away from highly-paid executive positions into less 8)_________ jobs. They are looking for something which is more 9) ____________ and gives them more leisure time. All this has meant that 10)________ are realizing what they need to do more than just offer good wages if they are going to keep their workers happy and motivated!

MAJOR FINANCE RECENT IMPORT CHOOSE GRADUATE PERSON WORK STRESS ENJOY EMPLOY

5. The island of Madagascar. The island of Madagascar was in a state of total (0) devastation yesterday after Hurricane Geralda wrecked millions of dollars worth of land and property over a two-day period. The island was lashed by 1)_________ rain and winds of up to 350 kilometres per hour (220 miles per hour). Seventy people were killed and 500,000 were left 2) _________. In the city of Toamasina alone 80,000 people lost their homes. The main 3)_________ port of the island was almost destroyed and 70 per cent of the island's farmland was completely 4) ________. There were 5)_________ scenes as people returned to the 6) ________ ruins that were once their homes. Hurricanes gather speed and strength over water, and Geralda travelled over a large area of water before it hit the island of Madagascar. This is part of the reason why the storm struck so 7) ________. Experts say that earlier 8) ________ would not have prevented the damage, but steps are now being taken to reinforce many of the 9) ________ areas in order to be better prepared should such a 10) ________ storm hit again. DEVASTATE

TORRENT HOME COMMERCE FLOOD HEARTBREAK FLATTEN

SEVERE WARN DAMAGE POWER

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Appendix 1. Suffixes to Know

Noun Suffixes -dom at the end of a word means: state or condition; domain, position, rank; a group with position, office, or rank wise + dom means the state of understanding what is good, right and lasting king + dom means the domain or area belonging to a king at the end of a word means condition or quality of capable + ity means the condition of being capable flexible + ity means the quality of being flexible at the end of a word means act of __________; state of __________; result of __________. content + ment means the state of being satisfied (content) at the end of a word means act of __________; state of celebrate + tion means the act of celebrating at the end of a word means state of __________ tough + ness means the state of being tough. at the end of a word means act of __________; state of __________; quality of __________. assist + ance means act of giving help at the end of a word means one who __________; that which __________. fight + er means one who fights act + or means one who acts. at the end of a word also means one who __________; that which __________. violin + ist means one who plays the violin.

wisdom (n) kingdom (n) -ity capability (n) flexibility (n) -ment contentment (n) -sion, -tion celebration (n) -ness toughness (n) -ance, -ence assistance (n) -er, -or fighter (n) actor (n) -ist violinist (n)

Adjective Suffixes -ive extensive (adj) selective (adj) at the end of a word means doing or tending toward doing some action extend + ive means doing something large in range or amount select + ive means tending to select

39

-en wooden (adj)

at the end of a word means made of __________. wood + en means made of wood. Note: When the word is an adjective, the -en means made of __________. We have seen -en at the end of a verb. There it means to make __________. at the end of a word means characteristic of__________; like hero + ic means characteristic of a hero poet + ic means characteristic of (or like) poets or poetry historical (of history) sometimes makes an adjective; when it makes an adjective it means relating to __________. finance + al, means relating to finance. (Finance means money) manu + al relating to the hand. (Manus means hand in Latin) at the end of a word means able __________; can __________; or giving __________ port + able means can be carried; able to be carried pleasure + able means giving pleasure at the end of a word means having __________ hair + y means having hair (a lot of hair) rain + y means having rain at the end of a word means full of __________; having __________ mystery + ous means full of mystery at the end of a word means full of __________; having __________ hope + ful means full of hope beauty + ful means full of beauty Note: The suffix -ful is always spelled with one l; the word full has two at the end of a word means without __________ power + less means without power home + less means without a home

-ic /-ical heroic (adj) poetic (adj) historical -al financial (adj) manual (adj) -able portable (adj) pleasurable (adj) -y hairy (adj) rainy (adj) -ous mysterious (adj) -ful hopeful (adj) beautiful (adj) -less powerless (adj) homeless(adj)

un- / in- + -able / -ible Words ending in -able quite often express the opposite meaning by adding the prefix un-: undrinkable, unreliable, unbreakable (= cannot be broken), unsuitable, uncomfortable. Words ending in -ible add the prefix in-: incomprehensible, inflexible (somebody who is inflexible has a fixed idea about something and cannot change quickly or easily; an inflexible timetable cannot be changed easily): inedible (= cannot be eaten).

40

VERB SUFFIXES -en brighten (v) soften (v) -ize publicize (v) -ate activate (v) differentiate (v) -ify or -fy simplify (v) at the end of a word means to make __________ bright + en means to make bright soft + en means to make soft at the end of a word means to make __________ public + ize means to make public or to make the public aware of at then end of a word means to have or be characterized by __________ active + ate means to make active different + ate means to make or show a difference at the end of a word means to cause to become or to make simple + ify means to make simple or simpler

41

Appendix 2. Prefixes to Know

What is a prefix? A prefix is a group of letters which you can add to the beginning of a root word* to change the meaning of the word. (e. g. mis + fortune = misfortune). A root word stands on its own as a word but you can make new words from it by adding beginnings (prefixes) and endings (suffixes). These are the most frequent noun prefixes.

prefix AntiAutoBiCoCounterDisExHyperInInterMalMiniMisOutPolyReSemiSuperTeleUltraUnderVice-

Main meaning Opposite to Self Two Joint Against The opposite of Former Extreme The opposite of Between Bad Small Bad, wrong Separate, outside Many Again, back Half Above, more than Distant Beyond Below, too little Deputy /second in command/

Examples Anticlimax Autobiography Bilinguism Co-chairman Counteract Discomfort, disbelief Ex-husband, ex-student Hyperinflation Inattention Interaction Malnutrition Minibus Mismatch, misconduct Outbuilding Polysyllable Re-election Semi-darkness Superhero, supermarket Teleshopping Ultrafilter Underachievement Vice-chairman

Adjective prefixes (negative) Il-, im-, in-, and ir- are added to the beginning of words to form words with the opposite meaning, il- is added to words beginning with l, ir- is added to words beginning with r, and im- is added to the words beginning with m, b or p. Many negative adjectives in English are formed by doubling the first letter of the word and placing an i before it, especially words beginning with l, r or m (not responsible = irresponsible, not legible = illegible). Root words beginning with p usually form negatives with the prefix im- (not polite = impolite, not precise = imprecise). 42

Prefix unimilirindis-

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

Root word Kind Hurt Mature Polite Literate legal Responsible Irregular Visible Formal Honest Obedient

= = = = = = = = = = = = = Unkind Unhurt Impolite Immature Illiterate illegal

Word

Irresponsible Irregular Invisible Informal Dishonest Disobedient

Other adjectival prefixes transsuperovermeans across or through e. g. transatlantic means across the Atlantic ocean means in excess, beyond e. g. supersonic means faster or beyond the speed of sound means upper, outer, over, superior or excessive, more than normal/usual. (Bill often stays in the office till late in the evening. He works overtime) e. g. overweight means too heavy or fat means before in time, in front of' or 'superior e. g. prepacked means packed before

pre-

VERB PREFIXES Prefix disMeaning means away, apart, between, utterly (when used with a negative word) and not e. g. disarm means to remove or take weapons away one of the meanings of this prefix is also not e. g. disagree means not agree means after e. g. postpone means to put something off until later, or after it was originally planned

dis- * post-

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Other verb prefixes with specific meanings re- (= again) My homework was terrible, so I had to redo it. The shop closed down but will reopen next month. I failed my exam but I can retake (or redo/resit) it next year. over- (too much) I think my boss is overdoing it at the moment (= working too hard; also overwork). I went to bed very late and I overslept (= slept too long) this morning. mis- (= badly or incorrectly) Im afraid I misunderstood what he said. The shop assistant overcharged me (= asked me for too much money). Two of the students misread the first question.

Sometimes you can add more than one prefix to a word at the same time.

Prefix + Prefix + Root word = Word

re

+ dis

+ cover

= rediscover

44

References
1. Allsop J. Approaching First Certificate / J. Allsop. Cassel Ltd, 1984. 2. Allsop J. English for Cambridge First Certificate / J. Allsop. Cassel Ltd, 1984. 3. Canney J.F. Working on Words / J.F. Canney, J.Ph. Goldberg, D. O'Connor. (http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/reading/suffixes.html). 4. Collins Cobuild. Advanced Learners English Dictionary. New 4th edition. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publisher, 2004. 5. English Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2001. 6. Evans V. Enterprise Grammar : students Book / V. Evans, J. Dooley. Newbury : Express Publishing, 2001. 7. Evans V. Enterprise Intermediate : students Book / V. Evans, J. Dooley. Newbury : Express Publishing, 2001. 8. Evans V. Enterprise Intermediate : workbook / V. Evans, J. Dooley. Newbury : Express Publishing, 2001. 9. Evans V. Upstream Pre-intermediate : students Book / V. Evans, J. Dooley. Newbury : Express Publishing, 2004. 10. Evans V. Upstream Pre-intermediate : ourse book / V. Evans, J. Dooley. Newbury : Express Publishing, 2004. 11. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Harlow : Longman, 1992. 12. ONeil R. New Success at First Certificate / R. ONeil. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1997. 13. Skillswise. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise).

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AFFIX POWER Practice Book Developing word-building skills For intermediate and upper-intermediate students

. .

07.08.07. 150 -

6084/16. 1472.

. . 2,7.

. 394000, . , . . , 10. . 208-298, 598-026 ( http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail: pp_center@typ.vsu.ru 394000, . , . 46 , 3. . . 204-133.