Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Example: to leave (irregular verb), present perfect form Affirmative I have left You have left He, she, it has left We have left You have left They have left Negative I haven't left You haven't left He, she, it hasn't left We haven't left You haven't left They haven't left Interrogative Have I left? Have you left? Has he,she,it left? Have we left? Have you left? Have they left?
2. Use: The present perfect is used for a complete action: We are thinking of the result when describing:
EXAMPLES: 1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Canada since 1984. (and I still do) 2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the doctor twice this week. (and the week isn't over yet)
3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited London several times.
4. An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just') I have just finished my work.
5. An action when the result is very important but the time is not. He has seen Harry Potter.
Present perfect OR past simple? Very Important: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He saw Harry Potter last week. Use the present perfect when the time is not important. Use the simple past when the time or place is important.
b) c) d)
Have you ever worked Worked you Didn't you have worked
3. That's the best speech ______________ a) I never heard b) I didn't hear c) I used to hear d) I've ever heard 4. He's the most difficult housemate _____________________ a) I never dealt with. b) I never had to deal with. c) I've ever had to deal with. d) I've never had to deal with. 5. ___________________ to him last week. a) I spoke b) I've already spoken c) I didn't spoke d) I speaked 6. ______________ a contract last year and it is still valid. a) We have signed b) We signed c) We haven't signed d) We have sign 7. _______________ from a business trip to France. a) I come back b) I came back c) I never came back d) I've just come back 8. Prices ________ in 1995 but then _____ 1996. a) rised falled b) rose fell c) have risen have fallen d) rose have fallen 9. You ____________ word ____________ a) listened to a I haven't said in
b) c) d)
10. I can't believe that ________________ the news. a) you haven't read b) you didn't read c) you don't read d) you read not
Positive I have been working You have been working He, she, it has been living working We have been living working You have been working They have been working
Negative I haven't been working You haven't been working He hasn't been working We haven't been working You haven't been working They haven't been working
Interrogative Have I been working? Have you been working? Has she been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?
Use: We use the present perfect continuous for an action over a period of time leading up to the present. We are interested in the action as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished
EXAMPLES: 1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present. a. We have been waiting for you all day. b. She is tired. She has been working all day. c. They have been studying since 5 oclock. 2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results: a. It's been raining and my hair is still wet. b. Ive been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the book. c. Who's been sleeping in my bed? Present Perfect Simple or Continuous Test In some examples two answers may be possible but one is more natural than the other. This natural one is the correct answer. 1. I'm very hungry. I______________________ all day. a) didn't eat b) haven't ate c) havent eaten
d)
2. Their new kitchen looks fantastic. They ________ completely ________ it. a) have been redecorating b) have redecorated c) already redecorated d) didn't redecorated 3. Our kitchens a mess. We____________________ any cleaning for weeks. a) didn't do b) haven't been doing c) have done d) haven't done 4. I think they are dating. They______________ a lot of each other recently. a) had seen b) haven't been seeing c) have been seeing d) have seen 5. We've discovered this great caf and we__________________ there a lot. a) have been going b) have gone c) are going d) have went 6. How's your Mum? I ______________________ her for ages. a) had seen b) haven't seen c) haven't been seeing d) didn't see 7. You're covered in paint! What __________ you __________? a) have done b) were doing c) did do d) have been doing 8. Shes gone to the doctor's. She ______________________ too well lately. a) hasn't felt b) hasn't been feeling c) has felt
d)
doesn't feel
9. Where have you been? I______________________ for ages. a) have waited b) waited c) was waiting d) have been waiting 10. I have to write an essay. I___________________ about half of it so far. a) have written b) have been writing c) wrote d) have to write
Exercise
1. If I lose my job now I ... a. would start a business of my own. b. will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later. 2. If he calls me 'lazy' again I ... a. won't ever help him again if he's in trouble. b. go and tell his parents.
3. Philippa won't ever speak to me again if ... a. I let her down now. b. I would let her down now.
5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if ... a. you pat him on the back. b. you will give it a cuddle.
6. Don't be offended. If Jane is annoyed she ... a. will start yelling at people. b. starts yelling at people.
7. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time I ... a. won't call again. b. don't call again.
b. took my bike to go to school. 5. If I had a lot of money I ... a. bought myself a flashy MGf. b. would buy myself a flashy MGf. 6. Helen would be very upset if ... a. she knows about John's past. b. she knew about John's past.
3. If the ozone layer peels off a little more we ... a. we ran a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer. b. would run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.
c.
4. I would never feel comfortable on a plane if ... a. I know it's the pilot's maiden trip. b. I knew it's the pilot's maiden trip. c. I would know that it's the pilot's maiden trip. 5. A a. b. c. dogs will never bite you if ... you will look it straight in the eyes, I'm told. you look it straight in the eyes, I'm told. you looked it straight in the eyes, I'm told.
6. The first thing I will do is drive to Spain if ... a. I would get my driving licence. b. I got my driving licence. c. I get my driving licence. 7. If a. b. c. John hadn't responded in such an aggressive manner he ... would never have a black eye. won't have a black eye. would never have had a black eye.
Definitions: Be used to + ing-form means that something is familiar and is no longer strange. "I'm used to travelling " means that travelling is no longer strange or difficult because I have done it for so long. Used + to-infinitive means that something happened regularly in the past. "I used to travel" means that in the past I regularly travelled, but no longer do so now.
Try the Exercise below! 1. When I was a child I ... go swimming in the lake.
a. b.
used to am used to
2. I ... in front of an audience. I am a teacher. a. used to speak b. am used to speaking 3. As a father I ... the mess my children make every evening. a. used to clean up b. am used to cleaning up 4. In the army I ... at six every morning. a. used to get up b. am used to getting up 5. My grandmother ... 5 miles to go to church on Sundays. a. used to walk b. is used to walking 6. Anderlecht ... the best Belgian players. Nowadays they can't afford that any longer. a. used to attract b. is used to attracting 7. I ... the paper after lunch. That's one of the things I really enjoy. a. used to read b. am used to reading 8. In Spain you will soon ... a siesta in the afternoon. a. used to take b. be used to taking 9. On holiday in Finland my wife ... a sauna every day! a. used to take b. is used to taking 10. After all this time I have become quite ... this program.
a. b.
Opinion: An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). Examples: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult Size: A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. Examples: large, tiny, enormous, little Age : An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Examples: ancient, new, young, old Shape: A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples: square, round, flat, rectangular Colour: Examples: A colour adjective, of course, describes the colour of something.
blue, pink, reddish, grey Origin: An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek Material: A material adjective describes what something is made from. Examples: wooden, metal, cotton, paper Purpose: A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples: sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin"). Some examples of adjective order Opinio Size n a silly a a huge small Age young round red Shape Colour Origin Englis h metal Materi Purpos al e man bowl sleepin bag g
1. Which is the correct order? a. a small Canadian thin lady b. a Canadian small thin lady c. a small thin Canadian lady d. a thin small Canadian lady
2. Which is the correct order? a. a carving steel new b. a new steel carving c. a steel new carving d. a new carving steel
b. c. d.
a blue beautiful sailing boat a sailing beautiful blue boat a blue sailing beautiful boat
4. Which is the correct order? a. an old wooden square table b. a square wooden old table c. an old square wooden table d. a wooden old square table
5. Which is the correct order? a. an new French exciting band b. a French new exciting band c. an exciting French new band d. an exciting new French band
6. Which is the correct order? a. a red big plastic hat b. a big red plastic hat c. a plastic big red hat d. a bit plastic red hat
7. Which is the correct order? a. a small Japanese serving b. a Japanese small serving c. a small serving Japanese d. a serving small Japanese
8. Which is the correct order? a. a cotton dirty old tie b. a dirty cotton old tie c. an old cotton dirty tie d. a dirty old cotton tie
2. Some adjectives can be followed by either of two or more prepositions annoyed about something The Ministry was annoyed about criticism in the paper annoyed with someone They were. annoyed with us for charging them good/bad at something I'm very bad at mathematics. good/bad for something The expected cut in interest will be good for industry. good/bad with something She should be in Marketing. She's very good with customers. responsible to someone The Export Manager is responsible to the Sales Director. responsible for something He is responsible for preparing handouts. sorry about something I am sorry about the job. It's a shame you didn't get it. sorry for doing something He said he was sorry for keeping me waiting. (feel) sorry for someone I feel very sorry for Peter. He has been fired.
3. These combinations of adjectives with prepositions may be followed by noun or noun phrase. The students were very excited about the results of the experiment. 4. When followed by a verb, the -ing form must be used. Please let me know whether you would be interested in arranging a meeting. Exercise Complete the sentences with a suitable preposition or adjective. 1. If you are serious (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) going ahead with this, let's have a meeting.
2. The Mini-TV is very popular (on, to,with, about, for,of,,in) our younger customers.
3. The new Pilot notebook is similar (on, to,with, about, of,for,in) the previous model, but it has some interesting new features.
4. The Finance Director said he was strongly opposed (on, to,with, about, for,in) awarding everyone a tax refund.
5. South Africa is rich (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) natural resources like diamonds and gold.
6. I have to travel by car or boat because I am afraid (on, to,with, about,of, for,in) flying.
7. He has very little experience. I don't think he would be capable to,with, about,of, for,in) running such a large project.
(on,
8. I would be very interested discussing (on, to,with, about, for,in) the idea of a joint venture.
9. Samsung are famous (on, to,with, about, for,in) their electronic goods.
12. I'm not sure if he is aware (on, to,with, about, for,in) all the facts.
14. There was a photograph attached (on, to,with, about, for,in) the e-mail.
G.
There are many types of adverbs, adverb phrases and clauses. This page will introduce some of the basic types and their functions. 1. What is an adverb? Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is done. In other words, they describe the manner, place, or time of an action. Here are some examples: Type Adverb Example
Manner slowly
Place
here
Time
How to recognize an adverb Many adverbs end with the suffix -LY. Most of these are created by adding -LY to the end of an adjective, like this: Adjective slow delightful hopeless aggressive Adverb slowly delightfully hopelessly aggressively
However, this is NOT a reliable way to find out whether a word is an adverb or not, for two reasons: many adverbs do NOT end in -LY (some are the same as the adjective form), and many
words which are NOT adverbs DO end in -LY (such as kindly, friendly, elderly and lonely, which are adjectives). Here are some examples of adverbs which are the same as adjectives: Adjective Adverb fast late early fast late early
The best way to tell if a word is an adverb is to try making a question, for which the answer is the word. If the question uses how, where or when, then the word is probably an adverb. Here is an example: Word in context Question Adverb?
2. What is an adverb phrase? An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or yesterday. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain the basic types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial phrases") and how to recognize them. Basic types of adverbs In the section on adverbs above, you learned about three basic types of adverb: manner, place and time adverbs. There are at least two more that are important. Frequency adverbs answer the question "How often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the question "Why?". Here are some examples:
Type
Adverb
Example
Frequency usually
Purpose
for fun
While the first example, usually, is a single word, the second example (for fun) is a phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun -- in other words, it is a prepositional phrase which functions as an adverb phrase. Adverb phrases made with prepositions All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are some examples: Type Adverb phrase Example
Manner
with a hammer
Place
next door
Time
before the holidays We must finish our project before the holidays.
Purpose
Adverb phrases made with infinitives Another kind of adjective phrase can be made with the infinitive form of a verb. Most of these phrases express purpose, as in these examples: Type Adverb phrase Example
Purpose to show to her mother Sally brought a painting home from school to show to her mother.
3. What is an adverb clause? Adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them. Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses Look at these sentences:
I saw the movie yesterday. I saw the movie on Friday. I saw the movie before I left for Paris. In the first sentence, "yesterday" is a one-word adverb, "on Friday" is an adverb phrase, and "before I left for Paris" is a adverb clause. All of them answer the question "When?", but the adverb clause has a subject ("I") and a full verb ("left"). It is introduced by "before", so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone: "Before I left for Paris" would not be a full sentence. It needs a main clause ("I saw the movie"). An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase. Types of adverb clause There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types: Type Question answered Example Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software. After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market. I didn't call her because I'm shy. She took a computer course so that she could get a better job. Although Gerry has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk. If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.
Place
Where?
Time Cause
When? Why? (What caused this?) Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)
Purpose
Condition
As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them.
Subordination conjunctions after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where
Directions: In this exercise, your task is to choose the correct subordinating conjunction to fill the space at the beginning of the adverb clause. The questions here test your knowledge of English grammar. Each question consists of a short written conversation, part of which has been omitted.
Four words or phrases, labelled a, b, c, and d, are given below the conversation. Choose the word or phrase that will correctly complete the conversation.
1. We keep our bread in the fridge, ________ it doesn't go bad. a. b. c. d. since so that although after
2. The five-cent coin looks very Canadian, ________ it has a picture of a beaver on it.
a. b. c. d.
3. ________ Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long time. a. b. c. d. because in order that although after
4. You should give the iron time to heat up ________ you iron your clothes. a. b. c. d. because so that before until
5. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains, ________ the ground is rough and hard. a. b. c. because so that even though
d.
before
6. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing ________ they don't get hurt. a. b. c. d. because in order that though after
7. You will have to pay higher insurance ________ you buy a sports car. a. b. c. d. if so that although before
8. You shouldn't drive ________ drinking alcohol. a. b. c. d. if in order that even though after
9. ________ the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish -- it's a mammal. a. b. c. d. whether so that although after
10. You may get malaria ________ you are bitten by a mosquito. a. b. c. d. if so that though before
H.
1. Are you shopping for (a,an, the, or no article) health club to join so you can get in shape?
2. Shop wisely! You could end up choosing (a,an, the, or no article) wrong club and losing more money than pounds.
3. You may find out too late that (a,an, the, or no article) health clubs aren't for you.
4. (a,an, the, or no article) San Diego fitness experts recommend thoroughly checking out several health clubs before you join one.
5. First, know what you want and need in (a,an, the, or no article) fitness facility, and don't pay for what you'll never use.
6. If you only want exercise classes, (a,an, the, or no article) exercise studio without weight machines and locker rooms may work for you.
7. If you're looking for (a,an, the, or no article) place to only do bodybuilding, you'll be happy in a basic gym.
8. You may be in (a,an, the, or no article) market for a full-service health club; then, make sure it offers lots of activities.
9. Look for a place near your house, and check out (a,an, the, or no article) exercise instructors and personal trainers.
10. They should be educated in physical education or certified by (a,an, the, or no article) organization such as the American Council on exercise.
11. Certified instructors have at least some knowledge of anatomy, exercise physiology, injury prevention and (a,an, the, or no article) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
12. You should evaluate (a,an, the, or no article) equipment and make sure fitness machines are modern and in working order.
13. Try to talk to other members of the club. Find out what they believe are (a,an, the, or no article) advantages and disadvantages there.
14. Look in (a,an, the, or no article) locker room, workout room, and shower-everywhere should be clean.
15. (a,an, the, or no article) locker room sanitation is usually a good indication of how clean other areas are.
Directions: Decide if the verb below is followed by a verb in the infinitive form or in the gerund form. Three choices labeled a, b, and c are given below. 1. Admit a. infinitive + to
b. gerund c. both
b. gerund c. both
J.
Usage of quantifiers:
Graded Quantifiers
Some or Any?
Enough
These expressions show the speaker's attitude towards the quantity he/she is referring to.
A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way:
* "I've got a few friends" (= maybe not many, but enough) * "I've got a little money" (= I've got enough to live on)
* Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors) * He had little money (= almost no money)
Graded Quantifiers They are like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of increase or decrease.
INCREASE (0% to 100%) With plural countable nouns: many more most
DECREASE (100% to 0%) With plural countable nouns: few fewer fewest
less
least
Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent on national defense.
o The country with the fewest people per square kilometre must be Australia.
o Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010.
She had less time to study than I did but had better results.
Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.
Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns Some adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt, rice, money, advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
Some adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt, rice, money, advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. With Uncountable Nouns How much? a little a bit (of) a great deal of a large amount of a large quantity of With Both How much? or How many? no/none not any some (any) a lot of plenty of lots of With Countable Nouns How many? a few a number (of) several a large number of a great number of a majority of
Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.
Example: o o How much money have you got? How many cigarettes have you smoked?
o o
There's not much sugar in the cupboard. There weren't many people at the party.
They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as
There were too many people at the party. It's a problem when there are so many people. There's not so much work to do this week.
In positive statements, we use a lot of: o o I've got a lot of work this week. There were a lot of people at the concert.
Exercise
In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers: A FEW | A GREAT DEAL | A LITTLE | A LOT | A LOT OF | A MAJORITY OF | ENOUGH | MANY | MUCH OF | PLENTY | SEVERAL OF | SOME When you've gotten all the answers right, see if you can substitute other quantifiers from the list. 1. I'm having .of trouble passing my driving exam. 2. ..the movies were rated PG. 3. .information proved to be outdated. 4. We're close to the project deadline, but there is still ..time left. 5. Although there are brilliant students in this state -thousands, even, only will choose to remain in the state after graduation.
6. We were able to destroy .the parasites with our antigen, but of them survived to cause trouble. 7. a student has passed through these doors. 8. Although of the lawn is open to the sun, there are of shade trees to make it comfortable. 9. I think he drank ..wine last night. 10. the evidence was taken from the police safe last night.
Word Order 1. Surprisingly cost was regarded __________ important factor in choosing a new cell phone by the three teenagers. A. as the least B. of the least C. in the least D. to the least
2. Maine's coastline is a major attraction and a vista of sandy beaches contrasted ________ rockbound shoreline. A. to the rugged B. by the rugged C. on the rugged D. at the rugged
3. John knows that he had better ________ his algebra skills before the midterm exam. A. brush up on B. brush on up C. brushing up on D. brushing on up Adjective Clauses 1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership. A. that signed B. that signed it C. which signed D. sign
3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now. A. of that he was accused B. that was accused C. whom he was accused D. who was accused
4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains. (A) imprints (B) that imprints it (C) that imprints (D) that it imprints
5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds. A. whose figures B. those figures C. that its figures D. its figures that
Adverb Clauses 1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher. (A) Despite of (B) In spite of
2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets. A. How that B. That C. When D. However
3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home. A. Although B. Despite C. In spite of D. Nevertheless
4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount. A. Why B. Whenever C. How D. What
5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple. A. because its B. because C. it is because D. because of its
Main Subject 1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion. (A) who appeared (B) he appeared (C) that appears (D) and appears
2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods. A. they B. who C. which D. and
3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region. A. that the bank robber is B. the bank robber who C. the bank robber is D. the bank robber who is
4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science. A. keeps discovering B. who discovered C. the discoverer of D. discovered
5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder. A. few men B. the few men C. few are the men D. the men are few
4. The pressure ________ was intense after his team lost five basketball games in a row. A. under the coach B. over the coach C. of the coach D. on the coach
5. In __________, the team has begun to show some form again and has won some big games. (A) few weeks (B) few past weeks (C) the past few weeks (D) a few weeks since
The Subject 1. In general, ________ have a professional obligation to protect confidential sources of information. A. which journalists B. journalists C. journalists, they D. journalists that
2. ________ of Elvis Presley is banned in seven different countries across the world. A. The music is
B. That the music C. The music which D. The music 3. For ________ you who don't know, "Rainbow" was a credible children's TV show from the 70's and 80's. A. those of B. those in C. these of D. these in 4. As was the case throughout the United States, __________ was subject to higher gas prices during the winter of 2002-2003. A. for New York B. for New York as well C. New York which D. New York 5. ________ in history caused as much shock and grief worldwide as the 2004 tsunami disaster in Asia. A. None natural disaster B. That natural disaster C. No natural disaster D. The natural disaster Verb Forms 1. The causes of gamma-ray bursts throughout the universe, and how the gamma rays are actually produced, ________ until recently remained a mystery. A. have B. have been C. has been D. has
2. That the legal drinking age ________ lowered is a hot topic for debate in many states. A. should have
B. which should C. should be D. should 3. Discovery of these ancient anthropic markings ________ our understanding of how these early humans interacted with their environment. A. has broadened B. have broadened C. broaden D. will have broadened
4. The rivalry between the two communities stems from ancient times and openly __________ to this day. A. persist B. which persist C. persists D. which persists
5. Despite the simplicity of their construction, the ancient systems ________ exhibit very complicated behavior. A. find to B. found to C. are found to D. were found to
Word Order 1: 1. _________ explores the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a remarkable conclusion. A. The written beautifully novel B. The beautifully written novel C. The novel beautifully written D. The written novel beautifully
2. Over time the young students will perfect the art of piano playing. After all, such ________ needs delicate handling. A. a tuned instrument finely B. an instrument tuned finely C. a finely instrument tuned D. a finely tuned instrument
3. Honore de Balzac said "The errors of ________, from their faith in the good, or their confidence in the true". A. women spring, almost always B. almost always, women spring C. almost women, always spring D. almost spring, always women
4. In that particular department of the company, production __________ day and night. (A) going often keeps (B) keeps often going (C) keeps going often (D) often keeps going 5. The tenants were asked to throw all recyclable trash into __________. A. the green big plastic bag B. the big plastic green bag C. the big green plastic bag D. the green plastic big bag
1. Surprisingly cost was regarded __________ important factor in choosing a new cell phone by the three teenagers.
A. as the least B. of the least C. in the least D. to the least 2. Maine's coastline is a major attraction and a vista of sandy beaches contrasted ________ rockbound shoreline. A. to the rugged B. by the rugged C. on the rugged D .at the rugged
3. John knows that he had better ________ his algebra skills before the midterm exam. A. brush up on B. brush on up C. brushing up on D. brushing on up
4. The pressure ________ was intense after his team lost five basketball games in a row. A. under the coach B. over the coach C. of the coach D. on the coach
5. In __________, the team has begun to show some form again and has won some big games. (A) few weeks (B) few past weeks (C) the past few weeks (D) a few weeks since The Subject 1. In general, ________ have a professional obligation to protect confidential
sources of information. A. which journalists B. journalists C. journalists, they D. journalists that 2. ________ of Elvis Presley is banned in seven different countries across the world. A. The music is B. That the music C. The music which D. The music
3. For ________ you who don't know, "Rainbow" was a credible children's TV show from the 70's and 80's. A. those of B. those in C. these of D. these in
4. As was the case throughout the United States, __________ was subject to higher gas prices during the winter of 2002-2003. A. for New York B. for New York as well C. New York which D. New York 5. ________ in history caused as much shock and grief worldwide as the 2004 tsunami disaster in Asia. A. None natural disaster B. That natural disaster C. No natural disaster D. The natural disaster
Verb Forms 1. The causes of gamma-ray bursts throughout the universe, and how the
gamma rays are actually produced, ________ until recently remained a mystery. A. have B. have been C. has been D. has 2. That the legal drinking age ________ lowered is a hot topic for debate in many states. A. should have B. which should C. should be D. should
3. Discovery of these ancient anthropic markings ________ our understanding of how these early humans interacted with their environment. A. has broadened B. have broadened C. broaden D. will have broadened
4. The rivalry between the two communities stems from ancient times and openly __________ to this day. A. persist B. which persist C. persists D. which persists
5. Despite the simplicity of their construction, the ancient systems ________ exhibit very complicated behavior. A. find to B. found to C. are found to
D. were found to
Word Order 1: 1. _________ explores the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a remarkable conclusion. A. The written beautifully novel B. The beautifully written novel C. The novel beautifully written D. The written novel beautifully
2. Over time the young students will perfect the art of piano playing. After all, such ________ needs delicate handling. A. a tuned instrument finely B. an instrument tuned finely C. a finely instrument tuned D. a finely tuned instrument
3. Honore de Balzac said "The errors of ________, from their faith in the good, or their confidence in the true". A. women spring, almost always B. almost always, women spring C. almost women, always spring D. almost spring, always women
4. In that particular department of the company, production __________ day and night. (A) going often keeps (B) keeps often going (C) keeps going often
5. The tenants were asked to throw all recyclable trash into __________. A. the green big plastic bag B. the big plastic green bag C. the big green plastic bag D. the green plastic big bag 1. It is said he was a man, _________ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion. (A) who appeared (B) he appeared (C) that appears (D) and appears
2. Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in the business world, ______ encountered many great difficulties in promoting their theories and methods. A. they B. who C. which D. and
3. After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle, ________ believed to be hiding in the nearby Riverside forest region. A. that the bank robber is B. the bank robber who C. the bank robber is D. the bank robber who is 4. A gifted scientist, Newton _______ some of the most fundamental laws in the history of science.
5. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand the highest bidder. A. few men B. the few men C. few are the men D. the men are few Adverb Clauses 1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher. (A) Despite of (B) In spite of (C) Even though (D) Nonetheless
2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets. A. How that B. That C. When D. However
3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home. A. Although B. Despite C. In spite of D. Nevertheless 4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount.
5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple. A. because its B. because C. it is because D. because of its
Adjective Clauses 1. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership. A. that signed B. that signed it C. which signed D. sign
2. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective. A. puts B. it puts C. that it puts D. that puts
3. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now. A. of that he was accused
4. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains. (A) imprints (B) that imprints it (C) that imprints (D) that it imprints
5. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds. A. whose figures B. those figures C. that its figures D. its figures that
Main Verb Exercise 1. There is a law in France, which says that only the family has the right to decide what _______ or not known about the health of a patient. A. must be known B. must have known C. must have been known D. must have been being known
2. A top US disease expert said this week that killer virus "Bird Flu" was the worlds number one health threat and should _______ . A. be took serious
3. After much criticism, the politician _______ his controversial statement of the previous day. A. quickly retracted B. quickly retracted to C. quickly was retracted D. quickly has retracted
4. The vague and misleading instructions _______ in two entirely opposite ways. A. could been interpreted B. could be interpret C. could easily be interpreted D. could easily interpreted
5. The beginning of the Symbolist movement in art __________ having begun in the late 1880's. (A) is regarded as (B) is regarded (C) is regarding (D) regarded as Noun Clauses 1. We don't know __________ taught us noun clauses before. (A) if the teacher has (B) the teacher has (C) the teacher hasn't (D) whether teacher
2. The teacher didn't know _______ . A. which noun clauses teach B. which noun clauses to teach C. why noun clauses to teach D. when noun clauses to teach
3. Can you please tell me ________ ? A. what time the next bus arrives B. what time arrives the next bus C. when arrives the next bus D. when arrives the bus
4. The judges had an extremely hard time deciding _______ . A. who's painting was the best B. whose painting was the best C. painting who was the best D. the best painting was who
5. _______ is a mystery. I wish that I could ask him. A. How did it B. What he did it C. How he did it D. When did it
Word Order 1. I think Jane deserved to be fired for her __________ . (A) totally behavior irresponsible (B) behavior totally irresponsible
2. _______ appeared to be coming from the science lab next door. A. The pungent unpleasant odor of burning plastic B. The unpleasant pungent odor of burning plastic C. The pungent unpleasant odor of plastic burning D. The unpleasant odor pungent of burning plastic
3. One of Jane's favorite subjects in school is drama because _______ lots of fun and enjoys being part of it all. A. has really she B. she really has C. she really is D. is she really
4. Only after they had completed the analysis to that degree _______ how to apply technology to the needs of our enterprise. A. did they ask to begin B. did they begin to ask C. they did begin to ask D. to ask did they begin
5. The archaeologists were astonished to find such _______ at that particular site. A. an incredibly rare beautiful artifact B. a rare incredibly beautiful artifact C. a beautiful artifact incredibly rare D. an incredibly beautiful rare artifact