Annu. Rev. Fluid Meeh. 1991.23.

' 159-77
Copyright 1991 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE
STEADY-STATE NAVIER-STOKES
EQUATIONS
c. Y. Wang
Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan 48824
KEY WORDS: Beltrami fows, similarit
y
solutions, viscous fows
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental governing equations for fuid mechanics are the Navier
Stokes equations. This inherently nonlinear set of partial differential equa
tions has no general solution, and only a small number of exact solutions
have been found.
Exaet solutions arc important for the following reasons:
1. The solutions represent fundamental fuid-dynamic fows. Also, owing
to the uniform validity of exact solutions, the basic phenomena
described by the Navier-Stokes equations can be more closely studied.
2. The exact solutions serve as standards for checking the accuracies of
the many approximate methods, whether they are numerical, asymp
totic, or empirical. Current advances in computer technology make the
complete numerical integration of the Navier-Stokes equations more
feasible. However, the accuracy of the results can only be ascertained
by a comparison with an exact solution.
Now, let us defne what we mean by an exact solution of the Navier
Stokes equations. Let q(x, t be the velocity vector, a function of space x
and time t. Let p(x, t) be the pressure. The constant-property Navier
Stokes equations are
(1
)
159
0066- 189/91/0115-0159$02.00
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Further
ANNUAL
REVIEWS
160 WANG
V'q = 0, (2)
where the density p and the kinematic viscosity v are constants. Con
servative body forces may be absorbed into the pressure term. Although
p can be eliminated by taking the curl of Equation (1), the constant v (or,
in nondimensional form, the Reynolds number) is a basic parameter. An
exact solution is defined as a solution of Equations ( 1) and (2) that is valid
for all x, t and for all values of v. Obviously, all closed-form solutions of
Equations (1) and (2) are exact solutions. Direct numerical solutions of
the partial diferential equations, no matter how accurate, are not exact
solutions because the value of v has to be assigned for each solution. On
the other hand, similarity solutions, where v is implicit in the similarity
transforms, and where universal curves can be obtained once and for all,
are exact solutions. We opt to exclude from our defnition infinite-series
solutions obtained from expansions or separation of variables. The reason
is that the series could not be exact unless summed to infinity. The reader
may disagree from this viewpoint. The degenerate potential-flow solutions,
although satisfying the Navier-Stokes equations, are also excluded from
our discussion.
The existing exact solutions have been published in a wide variety of
journals, spanning a century or more. Most of the exact solutions are
obtained by a variety of methods and address specific fluid-dynamic prob
lems, resulting in minimal cross referencing. It would be difcult for a
researcher in fluid mechanics to know, for a certain problem, whether an
exact solution exists or not. A notable example is the oblique stagnation
flow on a plate, which was solved independently three times within a span
of 27 years!
The only comprehensive review of exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes
equations is that due to Berker ( 1963), which expanded on the earlier
works of Berker ( 1936) and Dryden et al ( 1932). Other sources include
those of Whitham ( 1963) and Schlichting ( 1968, pp. 76-103). Since then,
many new solutions have appeared, and a new review is necessary. The
unsteady exact solutions were recently reviewed by Wang (1989a). The
present work is the complement of that source, being a review of the steady
exact solutions. Because of the difcult nature of the task, in spite of a
careful search, there may be works that escaped our notice. To these
authors, we ofer our sincere apologies.
PARALLEL FLOWS
For parallel flows, the nonlinear convection terms in the equations
are identically zero. Superposition of solutions in the same domain is pos-
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EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 161
sible if the governing equations and boundary conditions are linear and
homogeneous.
Let (x, y, z) be Cartesian coordinates and velocity w be in the z direction
only. The steady Navier-Stokes equations reduce to
(3)
The pressure gradient is necessarily a constant, say pz = cpv. lf the pressure
gradient is zero, we have the Laplace equation in two dimensions:
(4)
There are infnitely many solutions to Equation (4). The physical problem
involves fows due to longitudinally moving boundaries. A well-known
example is the Couette flow between two plates. Other examples can be
found in Berker ( 1963) and in potential-theory literature.
One important class of parallel fows is the fow in long cylinders driven
by a pressure gradient. The governing equation is the Poisson equation,
(
5)
with w = on a closed boundary. Exact solutions include the Poiseuille
fow between plates and in a circular tube and other cross sectional ge
ometries, such as annuli, eccentric circles, ellipses, confocal ellipses, equi
lateral triangles, circles with circular notches, limaons, lemniscates, epitro
choids, etc. An excellent review has been given by Shah & London (1978).
Since the fow in tubes is analogous to the torsion of elastic cylinders,
elasticity literature (such as Poschl 1921, Higgins 1942, Musk
helishvili 1963, pp. 571-667; Timoshenko & Goodier 1970, pp. 291-353)
should be consulted. Note that we have excluded the solutions using infinite
series, such as that of the fow through a rectangular duct.
If the flow in a cylinder is symmetrical about a bisecting line, half of the
solution represents the fow in an inclined trough. Gravity acceleration
now replaces the pressure gradient.
The following subsections desribe some flows closely related to parallel
fows.
Concentric Flows
Let (r, e, z) be cylindrical coordinates. Concentric fows are those in which
the velocity v is in the e direction only. The Navier-Stokes equations give
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162 WANG
1 v
Vrr+ - V
r
- 2
=
O.
r r
(6)
Examples are the fow between concentric rotating circular cylinders and
the fow due to a single rotating cylinder in an infinite fuid. Concentric
fows and parallel fows can be superposed, provided that the boundaries
coincide.
Flows That are Essentially Parallel or Concentric
These fows are governed by linear equations. There are two main cate
gories: asymptotic suction flows and spiral fows.
If a constant normal velocity -V is added to a parallel fow w(y)
,
the
constant-pressure Navier-Stokes equations become
(7)
A solution is the asymptotic suction profile
w = W[l-exp ( - Vy!v)], (8)
where W is a constant. Equation (7) is also applicable to the fow between
two porous plates with injection on one plate and suction of the same
magnitude on the other plate (Berman 1958). The axisymmetric analogue
of the asymptotic suction profile on a porous plate is the longitudinal flow
over a porous circular cylinder with constant suction. The governing
equation is


Wr = V

w
r
r
+

W,, .
The solution,
_

w=Vl- -
,
r
(9)
(10)
was found independently by Wuest (1955), Lew (1956), and Yasuhara
(1957). The fow in an annulus with radial velocity -Va !r was studied by
Berman (1958), and that along a corner with suction was examined by
Stuart (1966).
The fuid motion due to a rotating cylinder with uniform suction is
governed by
- a
, =
v ,
(11)
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EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 163
The spiral-fow solution was found by Hamel (1916). A potential stag
nation fow superposed on a concentric flow gives the equation
- ar


=
v
Vr- ,
(12)
Burgers (1948) gave a solution that can be applied to a viscous vortex. It
was later extended by Sullivan (1959). Many other spiral flows were given
by Berker (1963).
Other Linear Flows
These fows are neither parallel nor essentially parallel. They are governed
by nondegenerate linear equations, i.e. the order of the governing equa
tions is the same as in the original Navier-Stokes equations. The solutions
reviewed here are pseudo-plane flows, where all path lines lie in their own
plane, or essentially pseudo-plane fows. Other pseudo-plane fows can be
found in Berker's (1936, 1963) works.
The most important of these fows is Ekman fow. In a coordinate
system rotating with angular velocity 0, let the Cartesian velocities be
[u(z), v(z), 0]. The governing equations become
20u = vvzz (13)
Ekman (1905) found the solution for a moving plate in a rotating system
to be
(14)
Ekman fl ow was extended by Gupta (1972) to include suction or weak
injection on the plate. The flow due to a pressure gradient between two
plates in a rotating system was studied by Vidyanidhi & Nigam (1967)
and Vidyanidhi et al (1975).
A related pseudo-plane flow is that between two noncoaxial rotating
plates, studied by Abbott & Walters (1970) but frst considered by Berker
(1963). Nonunique solutions were found by Berker (1979, 1982). Addition
of a constant suction was considered by Erdogan (1976) and Rajagopal
(1984).
GENERALIZED BELTRAMI FLOWS
Let q be the velocity and, = V x q be the vorticity. The vorticity equation
is obtained by taking the curl on the steady Navier-Stokes equation
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164 WANG
v X ({ X q) = -vV X V X {.
(15)
For parallel or concentric flows, the nonlinear terms on the left-hand side
of Equation (15) are identically zero. For essentially parallel and related
fows, some convection efects are retained, resulting in a linearization of
Equation (15). In order to seek a more general simplifcation of the non
linear terms, one must place restrictions on the properties of the vector
felds. This process in general reduces the order of the governing equations,
such that boundary conditions cannot be assigned a priori. For example,
the no-slip condition is almost never satisfied.
Consider the velocity fi eld q. The fow is solenoidal due to the continuity
equation (2). Here we have excluded all lamellar (irrotational) felds where
, =
O
. The complex lamellar fields with C q = 0 include all two-dimen
sional and axisymmetric fows but do not simplify Equation (15). The
Beltrami fows or screw felds are those with the property { x q = 0 (i.e.
vorticity is parallel to velocity and the flow is necessarily three dimensional).
In the case of a Trkalian feld with C = cq, one can show that no steady
fow exists.
In what follows, we study the generalized Beltrami fows where
V X (C x q) = O. (16)
From Equation (15) we fi nd the additional condition
V X (V X C) = O. (17)
Note that the order of Equation (16) is lowered. Generalized Beltrami
fows are two-way fows, since the sign of the velocity can be changed
without altering the streamlines. Two-way fows have been discussed by
Irmay & Zuzovsky (1970). On the other hand, since viscosity is absent,
steady generalized Beltrami fows are also called circulation-preserving
fows or universal flows (e.g. Marris 1981). Although the solutions are
inviscid, the fow is rotational and is generated by nonzero viscous stresses
at some distant boundary. Marris (1969) has discussed the three-dimen
sional motion that satisfes Equations (2), (16), and (17), but so far no
examples have been found.
Planar Case
Planar generalized Beltrami fows were first investigated by Kampe de
Periet (1930, 1932). For planar fow, a streamfunction t(x,y) can be
defned from Equation (2):
q = V x (tk). (18)
Here k is the unit vector normal to the plane. Let
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EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 165
Then the vorticity vector is given by
,,, V x q = -K(x, y)k.
Equations (16) and (17) give
(20)
(21)
(22)
Equation (21) shows that the vorticity K is a function of streamfunction
only, i.e.
K
=
f
(t). (23)
An exact solution results when Equations (19), (22), and (23) are made
compatible. For the special case of K = constant, the governing equations
reduce to
(24)
Some useful examples, excluding parallel or concentric flows, are as
follows:
Source or vortex in shear fow (Tsien 1943):
Shear fow over convection cells (Wang 1990a):
t = ay2 +be-AY cos AX.
Elliptic vortex (Kirchhof 1883):
t = ax2+by2.
Oblique impingement of two jets:
t = y(ay+bx).
Axisymmetric Case
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Let (r, 0, z) be cylindrical coordinates and (u, 0, w) be the corresponding
velocities. Define a streamfunction t such that
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166 WANG
I = [rudz = [rwdr.
Then the vorticity is given by
Equation (16) gives
or
K = rf(I).
Equation (17) gives
rKr
r
-
r
+K
zz
O.
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
An exact solution is obtained when Equations (31), (33), and (34) are made
compatible. Strakhovitch (1934) noted that for constant/, the solution to
this set of equations is
(35)
where lirro is any axisymmetric potential flow. In a lengthy proof, Marris
& Aswani (1977) showed that f = constant is the only admissible case for
axisymmetric generalized Beltrami flows. The efect of swirl was discussed
by Weinbaum & O'Brien ( 1967). Some useful axisymmetric solutions are
given below:
Impingement of two rotating streams (Berker 1963):
(36)
Rotational stagnation fow over a plate (Agrawa1 1957):
(37)
This solution is very special for Beltrami-type fows, since a solid boundary
is present at z = O.
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EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 167
Ellipsoidal and spherical vortices:
(38)
This fonn of the solution is much simpler than that of O'Brien (1961),
who used ellipsoidal coordinates. The case b = c is Hill's spherical vortex
(Hill 1894).
Long recirculating regions (Wang 1990b):
I = ar2[cr2-I+b(r4-12r2z2+8z4)].
Fow in a porous pipe (Terrill 1982):
I = a(r4 -2r2
) +
L c
.r J I
(A
.
r)e
A..
a
(39)
(40)
Here A. is a zero of the Bessel function J Q. The constants c. can be adjusted
for arbitrary normal injections on the cylinder at r = 1. A more general
form of Equation (40) was given by Berker (1963).
Extensions of Planar Generalized Beltrami Flows
From Equation (23) we find that if vorticity follows the streamlines, the
nonlinear terms in the Navier-Stokes equations, although not individually
zero, would sum to zero. Now if Equation (23) is linearized, i.e.
K
= al+B(x,y), (41)
where a is a constant and B is a known function, the Navier-Stokes
equations are linearized as well. This idea is implicit in some of the solutions
in Berker (1963). Equations (18) and (19) become
K
=
Ixx+lyy =
m+
B
,
v(Kxx+
Kyy)-K
x
ly+Kylx
= o.
Eliminating
K
in Equation (43), we fnd that
Bxly
-By
lx
-va21 = vaB+v(Bxx+Byy).
(42)
(43)
(44)
An exact solution results when Equations (42) and (44) arc made com
patible. In particular, if B is linear, we set B = by without loss of generality
and let \ = at + by. Then thc equations become linear and homogeneous
in \. The solutions are viscosity dependent and are no longer two-way
flows. Some interesting examples are as follows:
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168 WANG
Flow downstream of a two-dimensional grid (Kovasznay 1948):
(45)
Impingement of a rotating flow and a uniform fow (Riabouchinsky
1924):
I = Vy[exp (-Vx/v) -1]. (46)
The surface of contact is the plane x = o. Symmetry exists only about y = O.
Another impingement flow has a curved contact surface (Wang 1966):
I = - Vy+c sinh
A
Y exp -RJ R
2
-4)
A
;]. (47)
where R is a Reynolds number V/(VA), and A is a constant. This solution
is similar to the flow near a plate with suction (Lin & Tobak 1986). When
R < 2, the fow becomes oscillatory in x (Hui 1987).
SIMILARITY SOLUTIONS
So far we have discussed cases where the nonlinear terms in the Navier
Stokes equations are identically zero, or sum to zero, or are forced to
linearize. Similarity solutions are the exact solutions that most fully take
into account the nonlinearities of the convection terms. Phenomena such
as nonexistence and nonuniqueness may occur, and analytic analyses of
these and other phenomena, such as stability, are greatly facilitated by the
reduction of Navier-Stokes equations to ordinary diferential equations.
Similarity solutions exist only for problems showing certain physical
symmetries. Similarity transforms that reduce the Navier-Stokes equations
to nonlinear ordinary diferential equations may be obtained by dimen
sional analysis or by the method of stretchings (e.g. Hansen 1964, Ames
1 965, pp. 123-67). The general theory is that of infnitesimal Lie trans
formation groups applied to partial diferential equations (Bluman &
Cole 1974, Olver 1986). However, group-theoretic methods have not been
successful in discovering new exact steady solutions of the Navier-Stokes
equations, although some complicated unsteady solutions have been found
(Cantwe111978, Boisvert et aI1983).
In what follows we describe some steady similarity solutions of the
Navier-Stokes equations. Some of the solutions do have a length scale and
thus are dependent on the Reynolds number. Strictly speaking, these
solutions, in our definition, are not exact solutions, since for each Reynolds
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EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 169
number a new integration, even for ordinary diferential equations, must
be performed. However, since similarity solutions for the Navier-Stokes
equations are so rare, we have included even the few with length scales for
interested readers.
Radial Flows
Two-dimensional radial fow was first studied by Jefrey (1915) and Hamel
(1916). Since the flow is relatively well known, one may refer to Berker
(1963) and Whitham (1963) for detailed discussions.
In planar cylindrical coordinates (r,8), let the radial velocity be gven by
vF(8)
u= -.
r
The Navier-Stokes equations reduce to
FIII+2FF'+4F' = o.
(48)
(49)
The solution to this nonlinear diferential equation can be expressed in
terms of elliptic functions. For a nonuniform source in an unbounded fuid,
F(8) is required to be 2n periodic. More interesting is the fow between
two nonparallel converging or diverging plates. It was found, depending
on the angle between the plates, that the fow may not be unique for a given
total fow rate. In general, the vorticity of converging or accelerating fow
tends to be confned in boundary layers near the walls. For diverging
plates, reverse flow may be present.
There are no axisymmetric radial-fow solutions, although three-dimen
sional radial flows may exist.
Rotating Disks
The fow due to an infnite rotating disk with rotation rate Q is a classical
example of a problem that leads to similarity solutions. In cylindrical
coordinates (r, 8, z), let (u, D, w) be the corresponding velocities. Von Kar
fn (1921) used the transformation
D = Qrg(), (50)
where
(51)
to reduce the Navier-Stokes equations to
(52)
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170 WANG
g"-2f'g+2g'f = O.
The boundary conditions are
f(O) =
1'(0) = 0, g(O) = 1,
(53)
1'(0) = g(o) = o. (54)
Equations (52)-(54) cannot be solved analytically, and thus numerical
integration was done by Cochran (1934) and others. The solution in
terms of boundary values is /,,(0) = 0.510225, g'(O) = -0.615917, and
f( 0) = 0.4417. Since fuid near the disk is thrown out by centrifugal
forces, a uniform fow toward the disk is induced. This suction flow
confines the vorticity to a boundary layer near the plate. Of a diferent
nature is the rotating fow over a fixed disk, studied by Bodewadt (1940).
The right-hand side of Equation (51) is replaced by 1, and the boundary
conditions are
f(O) = 1'(0) = g(O) = 0, 1'(0) = 0, g(o) = 1 (55)
Accurate numerical values are f"(0) = -0.93934, g'(O) = 0.77139, and
f(
o) = -0.66939. Since the normal velocity is now away from the disk,
vorticity is no longer confned, and oscillations and nonuniqueness occur.
There are many extensions of the flow due to von Karman (1921) and
B6dewadt (1940), including combinations of the two and the addition of
a second disk. A recent review (Zandbergen & Dijkstra 1987) included
many references related to this topic. Researchers should consult the
Science Citation Index for the numerous papers quoting von Karman and
Bodewadt.
Stagnation Flows
Let (u, v, w) be the Cartesian coordinates in the (x, y, z) directions. Let
u = axf'(
e
), v = Aayg'(
e
)
,
w =
F
(f
+
Ag)
,
(56)
where
(57)
The Navier-Stokes equations then reduce to the ordinary diferential
equations
f' "
+ (f +)g)/" -
(1')2+ 1 = 0,
g'" + (f
+
)g)g"_)[(g,)2_1] = O.
(58)
(59)
Hiemenz (1911) first solved the two-dimensional stagnation flow toward
a plate () = 9 = 0). The boundary conditions are
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f(
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=
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O
)
= 0,
EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 171
r(o) = 1. (60)
Numerical solution gives f (0) = 1.232588. There is a confined boundary
layer near the plate at z =
O
. Notice that a solution does not exist if the
(potential) flow at infnity is reversed, i.e. r (0) = -1. The axisymmetric
case (A = 1,f = g) was solved by Homann (1936), and three-dimensional
cases (A 0, 1) were considered by Howarth (1951) and Davey (1961).
Axisymmetric stagnation fow on a cylinder was solved by Wang (1974a).
In the case of stagnation fow on a fuid surface of diferent property,
the tangential velocity on the interface is not zero but is determined by
balancing shear stress (see Wang 1985, 1987).
The two-dimensional oblique stagnation fow was solved by Stuart
(1959) and later by Tamada (1979) and Dorrepaal (1986). The fow far
from the plate is the inviscid rotational fow described by Equation (28).
Porous Boundaries
A porous boundary is approximated by a given normal velocity and zero
tangential velocity. Such a boundary occurs in transpiration cooling and
gaseous difusion processes. The governing equations for the fuid are the
same as for the nonporous cases, but the boundary conditions are changed
slightly.
Suction or injection on one rotating disk has been studied by Stuart
(1954), Rogers & Lance (1960), Evans (1969), Kuiken (1971), and Ack
royd (1978). The fow between two disks, one or both of which are porous,
was studied by Dorfman (1966), Rasmussen (1970), Wang (1976), Wilson
& Schryer (1978), and Wang & Watson (1979). Through use of a free
surface, condensation and melting on a rotating disk can be modeled
(Sparrow & Gregg 1959, Wang 1989b).
The flow between porous channels with a longitudinal pressure gradient
was frst investigated by Berman (1953). Numerical solutions were
obtained by Terrill (1964), Terrill & Shrestha (1965), and Shrestha &
Terrill (1968). The porous-tube problem was studied by Yuan &
Finkelstein (1956), Terrill & Thomas (1969), and Skalak & Wang (1978).
The addition of swirl was considered by Prager (1964) and Terrill &
Thomas (1973). The above solutions depend strongly on an injection
Reynolds number. In certain instances, nonexistence and nonuniqueness
were found.
Addition of a Translating Boundary
An exact solution with a planar boundary may be extended by translating
the boundary in its own plane. The efects of lateral translation are
influenced by the original exact solution but not vice versa. This
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172 WANG
one-way coupling difers from the direct efects of a normal velocity on
the boundary.
The two-dimensional stagnation flow toward a plate moving with con
stant velocity in its own plane was obtained by Rott (1956). Axisymmetric
stagnation flow on a moving plate was considered by Wang (1973) and
Libby (1974), and stagnation flow on a translating and rotating cylinder
was studied by Gorla (1978). The fow between moving porous plates can
be applied to air-cushioned sliders (Wang 1974b, Wang & Skalak 1975,
Watson et aI1978). The cases of rotating and translating fow or a rotating
and translating disk were solved by Rott & Lewellen (1967). Shear fow
over a rotating disk was considered by Wang (1989c).
Stretching Flows
The fow due to a stretching surface may be applied to the extrusion of
sheet materials. The transformation is similar to Equations (56) and (57).
Due to the zero tangential pressure gradient, the constant terms in Equa
tions (58) and (59) are absent. The boundary conditions also difer slightly.
For two-dimensional fow (A = 0), these conditions are
f(O) = F
( C)
= 0
,
F
(O) = 1. (61)
Crane (1970) obtained the rare closed-form similarity solution
f = 1 -exp ( -). (62)
Axisymmetric and three-dimensional cases were studied by Wang (1984).
The fow inside a stretching channel or tube was solved by Brady & Acrivos
(1981), and the fow outside a stretching tube was investigated by Wang
(1988a). Other extensions include suction or injection from the surface
(Gupta & Gupta 1977), stretching in a rotating system (Wang 1988b), and
fow over a stretching surface (Danberg 1976).
Spherical Coordinates
Slezkin (1934) was the first to note that when velocities are inversely
proportional to the distance from the origin, the Navier-Stokes equations
admit axisymmetric similarity solutions. Let (u, v, w) be the velocities in
the directions of spherical coordinates (R, I, 8), respectively. Further, let
F(x)
v
=
RsinI'
O(x)
w
= RsinI'
where x = cos I. The Navier-Stokes equations then reduce to
v(1-x2)F"" -4vxF'" +FF'" +3F' F" = -200'j(l-xl),
(63)
(64)
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EXACT NAVIER-STOKES SOLUTIONS 173
v(1 -X2)n" + Fn
O. (65)
When swirl is absent (n = 0), Landau (1944) first found the closed
form exact solution that describes the fow due to a momentum jet in an
infnite fluid:
l -x2
F= 2v -.
x -a
(66)
The same solution was rediscovered by Squire (1951), while Yatseyev
(1950) used an ingenious transform to linearize Equation (64) and thus
obtained the general solution in terms of hyper geometric functions. Squire
(1952) extended the momentum-jet solution to a jet emerging from a wall,
but the no-slip condition cannot be satisfed. Other jet solutions, some
with infnite velocities on the axis, were considered by Yatseyev (1950),
Squire (1955), and Paull & Pillow (1985a). Wang (1971) found solutions
that can be applied to the spreading of material on the surface of a fuid.
Squire's (1952) solution should be interpreted as a special case of Wang's
solution.
The equations with nonzero swirl n were first analyzed by Goldshtik
(1960). Applications to vortices interacting with solid boundaries were
given by Long (1958), Guilloud & Amault (1971), Serrin (1972), Guilloud
et al (1973), Yih & Wu (1982), and Paull & Pillow (1985b). As in Squire's
(1952) work, it was not possible to satisfy the no-slip condition (Morgan
1956, Potsch 1981).
DISCUSSION
An exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, although theoretically
valid for all Reynolds numbers, may be limited by instability. The first
kind of instability is well known: the transition to turbulence at higher
Reynolds numbers. The second kind has to do with sensitivity to undefned
or altered boundary conditions. For example, nonuniqueness ofen occurs
in most exact solutions where the vorticity is transported into the region
from infinity. In these cases, the exact solutions are unlikely to be realized
in practice.
In this brief review, we have considered the steady exact solutions of the
Navier-Stokes equations. These solutions may be classified into three
major types: parallel and related flows, generalized Beltrami and related
fows, and similarity solutions. Recently, the method of hodograph trans
formation has been used to study steady plane viscous flows (LeFur 1978,
Chandra et aI1982). However, this method does not seem to lead to new
exact solutions. In time, additional exact solutions will be discovered. It
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174
WANG
should be emphasized, however, that in order for an exact solution to be
significant, it must have some potential physical application.
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Agrawal, H. L. 1957. A new exact solution
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