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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TAPE CORRECTIONS
Robert Burtch Surveying Engineering Department Ferris State University

STANDARD CONDITIONS
Foot system
Temperature - 68 F Tape fully supported Tension 10 lbs

Metric system
Temperature 20 C Tape fully supported Tension 50 N (Newtons)
1 lb = 4.448 N

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

ERRORS IN TAPING
Systematic taping errors
Slope Erroneous length Temperature Tension Sag

Random taping errors


Slope Temperature Tension Sag Alignment Marking Plumbing Straightness of tape Observational imperfections

APPLYING CORRECTIONS

T = R +C or T = R E

T = True Value R = Field Reading C = Correction E = Error

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TAPING OPERATIONS
Measuring between points
The value R is recorded in the field and the corrections computed T is calculated

Setting out a value


T is now known and the corrections are computed R is calculated to the conditions in the field

SLOPE CORRECTION
From right triangle geometry
H: horizontal distance S: slope distance V: vertical distance : vertical angle Z: zenith angle

H = S cos = S sin z
S2 = H2 + V 2 H = S2 V 2 V = H2 S2 from which

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION
Slope expressed as gradient or rate of grade
Ratio of vertical distance over horizontal distance
Rise over run

A +2% slope means 2 units rise in 100 units horizontal A -3.5% slope means 2.5 units fall in 100 units horizontal

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


A road centerline gradient falls from station 0 + 00 (elevation = 564.22) to station 1 + 50 at a rate of -2.5%. What is the centerline elevation at station 1 + 50? Difference in elevation:

rise Elev Diff = Dist run 2.5' = 150' = 3.75' 100'

Elevation at 1 + 50:

Elev1+50 = Elev0+ 00 + Elev Diff = 564.22' 3.75' = 560.47'

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


A road centerline runs from 1 + 00 (elevation = 471.37) to station 4 + 37.25 (elevation = 476.77). What is the slope of the centerline grade line? Elevation difference:

Elev Diff = Elev 4+37.25 Elev1+ 00 = 476.377' 471.37' = +5.40'

Distance:

Dist = STA 4+ 37.25 STA 1+ 00 = 337.25'


+ 5.40' Elev Diff Slope = 100 = + 1.60% 100 = 337.25' Dist

Gradient:

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


The slope distance between two points is 78.22 and the vertical angle is 120. What is the corresponding horizontal distance? Horizontal distance:

cos =

opposite H = hypotenuse S

H = S cos = (78.22')cos(120') = 78.20'

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


The slope distance between two points is 78.22 and the zenith angle is 8840. What is the corresponding horizontal distance? Note: sin z = cos (90- ) Horizontal distance:

sin z =

opposite H = hypotenuse S

Same answer as in previous example

H = S sin z = (78.22') sin (8840') = 78.20'

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


A slope rises form one point, a distance of 156.777m, to another point at a rate of +1.5%. What is the corresponding horizontal distance between the points?

Vertical angle:

tan =

rise 1.50' = run 100' = 0.85937 = 051'34"

Horizontal distance:

H = S cos = 156.777 m cos(051'34") = 156.759 m

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


The slope distance between two points is measured to be 199.908 m and the vertical distance between the points (i.e., the difference in elevation) is +2.435 m. What is the horizontal distance between the points? Horizontal distance: H 2 = S2 V 2
H=

(199.908 m )2 (2.435 m )2

= 199.893 m

SLOPE CORRECTION
So far compute H and V directly Can compute correction Error due to slope: E h = S H Correction for slope:

Ch = H S
= S cos S

Substitute H = S cos Correction for slope: Ch

= S (cos 1)

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION
If vertical distance given instead of vertical angle Correction: C h = H S = S2 V 2 S

= S 1-

V2 S S2
1 V2 S2

Use binomial theorem and expand radical


V2 V4 V6 5V 8 C h = S 1 2 4 2S 8S 16S6 128S8 K S

Reducing

Ch =

V2 V4 V6 5V 8 3 K 2S 8S 16S5 128S7

SLOPE CORRECTION
Generally, only first term used
Valid for slope < 10-15% Where required precision < 1:15,000

V2 Ch = 2S
If more precision necessary, additional terms required

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION (ALTERNATIVE) Height from


Pythagorean Theorem

V 2 = S2 H 2

= (S + H )(S H )

If slope not too large, slope and horizontal distances nearly the same
S + H = 2S

(approx.)

SLOPE CORRECTION (ALTERNATIVE)


Then,

= 2S (S H )

V2 = S H 2S

(approx )

Correction for slope: Then,

Ch = H S

V2 Ch = 2S

Tape Corrections

SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION UNCERTAINTY


Uncertainty in horizontal distance found by error propagation
l eh = l (sin ) e

or

l eh =

V eV l

= error in one tape length due to uncertainty in = tape length (slope) e = error in vertical angle eV = uncertainty in elevation difference
l eh

SLOPE CORRECTION UNCERTAINTY


If slope uniform over entire length of line, and or V is over entire length, then L = n and
L eh = L (sin ) e

or

eL = h

V eV L

Otherwise use rule for addition of random error:


L eh = g1eV1 + g 2 eV2

[(

) (
2

+ L + g n eVn

)]
2

g1, g2, , gn, = slope (V l ) for particular length 1, 2, , n

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


A measurement was made along a line inclined by 3 22. The slope distance is 3,236.86. What is the horizontal distance? Correction for slope
Ch = S (cos 1) = 3,236.86' [(cos 322') 1] = 5.586'

Horizontal distance
T = R+C = 3,236.86' + ( 5.59') = 3,231.27'

SLOPE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


If the uncertainty in was 1, what is the uncertainty in the entire length? Uncertainty:
L eh = L (sin ) e

2 rad = (3,236.86')sin 322' 1' 180 = 0.06'

Corrected distance:
T = R + C = 3,231.27' 0.06'

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

STANDARD LENGTH CORRECTION


Tapes assumed to be correct as manufactured
Exception is for precise taping Wear tapes become kinked and stretched

Correction:

C l = l S 100' or C l = l S 30 m
S = calibrated value of tape

Discrepancy found through tape comparison to a standard tape

STANDARD LENGTH CORRECTION


Estimate of error in calibration: e Uncertainty in length of line due to error in calibration:

elL = el n
n = number of tape lengths

Error tends not to compensate

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

STANDARD LENGTH EXAMPLE


A measurement was recorded as 171.278 m with a 30-m tape that was only 29.996 m under standard conditions. What is the corrected measurement? Correction per tape length:

C l = l S 30 m = 29.996 m 30 m = -0.004 m

Number of tape lengths: No. Tape Lengths = Dist = 171.278 m

30 m = 5.71

30 m

Total correction:

C L = C l No. Tape Lengths l

= (- 0.004 m ) (5.71 tape lengths ) = 0.023 m


T = R + C L = 171.278 m + ( 0.023 m ) l = 171.255 m

Corrected distance:

STANDARD LENGTH EXAMPLE


If the uncertainty in the calibrated length of the line is 0.0012 m, what is the uncertainty in the entire length of the line? Total uncertainty is:

elL = el n = (0.0012 m ) (5.71 tape lengths ) = 0.007 m


The length of the line is then

Dist = 171.255 m 0.007 m

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

STANDARD LENGTH EXAMPLE


A surveyor is using a tape whose standard length is 100.02. Two pins need to be set out 600.00 apart. What is the field measurement needed to set out the correct length? Correction per tape length Total correction
Cl = l S 100' = 100.02' 100' = 0.02' per tape length

ClL = Cl n = (0.02')(6 tape lengths ) = 0.12'

Field reading

R = T C = 600.00' 0.12' = 599.88'

TEMPERATURE
Tape susceptible to dimensional change due to variation in temperature Correction:

C T = l (T TS )

CT = correction due to temperature = length of tape = coefficient of thermal expansion = 0.00000645 per 1F = 0.0000116 per 1C T = field temperature TS = standard temperature (Normally 68 F or 20C)

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TEMPERATURE
Uncertainty differentiate w.r.t. T
C T =l T

From error propagation, error in one tape length due to error in temp is:
2 l e T = (l ) e T = l e T 2

eT = error in one tape length eT = error in determining temp.

Total error of length of line:


L eT = l eT n

TEMPERATURE UNCERTAINTY
Last formula assumes uncertainty same for each length
Generally average temp. used over line Thus, error would not tend to compensate

Total error estimate: Recognizing L = n,

L eT = l eT n

L eT = L eT

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


Line is measured as 876.42 m. The field temperature is 24 C. A 30-m tape with correct length at 20 C was used. Find the corrected length of the line. The correction per tape length:
C T = l (T TS ) = (30 m )(0.0000116 per 1C )(24 20) = 0.001 m/tape length

The correction for the line:


n= L 876.42 m = = 29.214 tape lengths 30 m 30 m

L C T = n C T = (29.214 tape lengths) (0.001 m/tape length ) = 0.04 m

The corrected length of line:


L T = R + C T = 876.42 m + 0.04m

= 876.46 m

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


If eT = 1 C, the total error estimate is
L e T = L e T = (876.42 m ) (0.0000116 ) (0.0000116 ) 1C

= 0.01

The distance is: 876.46m 0.01m

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION EXAMPLE


You must lay out two points in the field that will be exactly 100.000 m apart. Field conditions indicate that the temperature of the tape is 27 C. What distance will be laid out? Correction for temperature:
C T = l (T TS ) = (100.000 m )(0.0000116 per 1C )(27 20) = +0.008 m

Distance used to lay out:

R = T C = 100.000 m - 0.008 m = 99.992 m

TENSION CORRECTION
Applied stress of wire force per unit area Resultant strain elongation per unit length

Stress = P
where:

Strain = eL

P = tension (force) A = cross-sectional area of tape eL = elongation produced by tension = length of tape

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TENSION CORRECTION
Hookes Law P proportional to eL and stress proportion to strain Insert constant: P = E eL A l

P eL A l
or E= Pl A (eL )

Proportionality constant (E) called Youngs modulus of elasticity

Error found by comparing elongation produced from standardized tension (PS) and Pl Pl field tension (P) and eL = S eL =
AE

TENSION CORRECTION

AE

Correction:

Cl = P

Pl PSl (P PS ) l = AE AE AE

or C L = P

(P PS ) L
AE

Youngs modulus of elasticity normally between 28,000,000 psi to 30,000,000 psi

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TENSION CORRECTION
Uncertainty only variable: field tension

l e l = eP P AE
eP = error in one tape length eP = error in determining tension Error for total length of line (error propagation) where:

l e L = eP n P AE

TENSION CORRECTION EXAMPLE


Given: A = 0.0040 sq. in E = 29,000,000 psi L = 1,000.00 P = 25 lbs PS = 15 lbs

Correction for tension:


CL = P AE = 0.086'

(P PS ) L =

(25 15 lbs )(1,000.00') (0.0040 sq in )(29,000,000 psi )

Corrected distance:

T = R + C = 1,000.00' + 0.09' = 1,000.09'

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TENSION CORRECTION EXAMPLE


Uncertainty per tape length:
100.00' l e l = eP = P AE (0.0040 sq in )(29,000,000 psi ) = 0.0009'

If the uncertainty in P is 1-lb, what is the uncertainty due to tension?

Total uncertainty:
e L = e l n = (0.0009') 10 P P = 0.003'

Distance = 1,000.09 0.003

TENSION CORRECTION
Cross-sectional area
Measured with micrometer Taken from manufacturers specifications Computed from:

Tape area =

weight (length )(specific weight of tape steel)

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SAG CORRECTION
Tape supported at ends will sag in center Amount of sag depends on
Weight of tape per unit length Applied tension

Arc forms catenary curve or approx. parabola

SAG CORRECTION
F is force and the components are shown here can distinguish between forces in x and y directions Differentiation of equation of parabola gives slope at support B Tape forms differentially short segments of curve ds found by differentiation Integrate to find total length of curve Horizontal force will approach tension and horizontal distance approaches the curve

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SAG CORRECTION
Correction for sag given as:
W 2l CS = 24 P 2 or W 2l C = n 24 P 2
L S

Also expressed in terms of weight per foot


w 2l3 CS = 24 P 2 or w 2l 3 C = n 24 P 2
L S

Sag correction always negative Sag varies with tension

SAG CORRECTION
Uncertainty take derivative of correction equation w.r.t. P and use general propagation formula

W 2l w 2l3 l eP or eS = eP 12 P 3 12 P 3 Assuming came conditions for all tape lengths, error due to sag for total length:
l eS =
L eS =

W 2l eP n 12 P 3

or

L eS =

w 2l3 eP n 12 P 3

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SAG CORRECTION EXAMPLE


A 100 steel tape weights 0.02 lbs/ft and supported at the ends only with a tension of 12 lbs. A distance of 350.00 was measured. What is the correction for sag? Correction per tape length (100) is:
2

CS =

(0.02 lbs/ft ) (100.00') w 2l 3 = 2 24P 2 24 (12 lbs )

= 0.116'

Correction for 50 section is w 2l3 (0.02 lbs/ft )2 (50.00')3 CS = = 2 2 24P 24 (12 lbs )
= 0.014'

Total correction:

C SL = ( 0.116') 3 + ( 0.014') = 0.36'

SAG CORRECTION EXAMPLE


If the uncertainty in tension was 1 lb., what is the uncertainty in the total length? For 3 full tape lengths
300' eS =

(0.02 lbs/ft )2 (100.00')3 w 2l3 eP n = (1 lb ) 3 = 0.033' 3 12P 2 12 (12 lbs )

For 50 tape length


50' eS =

For full length: Distance:

(0.02 lbs/ft )2 (50.00')3 w 2l 3 e = (1 lb ) = 0.002' 3 2 P 12P 12 (12 lbs )

L 300 50 eS = eS ' + eS ' = 0.04'

T = R + C = 350.00' + (- 0.36') = 349.64' 0.04'

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

NORMAL TENSION
Use tape correction to negate effects of sag in tape Make error in sag = correction for tension

w 2 l 3 (P PS )l =0 24P 2 AE
Define normal tension P Pn
w 2 l 3 (Pn PS )l =0 24Pn2 AE M Pn = 0.204 w l AE Pn PS

NORMAL TENSION
Note that normal tension (Pn) on both sides of equation Use as a first approximation

AEW 2 Pn = 3 15
Then take this value for Pn into the previous equation and solve for new normal tension Continue until difference below criteria

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

NORMAL TENSION EXAMPLE


Find the normal tension given: A = 0.0040 sq. in. W = 1.3 lbs E = 29,000,000 psi PS = 15 lbs Initial estimate of normal tension AEW 2 (0.0040 sq in )(29,000,000 psi )(1.3 lbs)2 P =3 =
n

15

15

= 24 lbs

Adjusted value for normal tension


Pn =

0.204 W AE (0.204 )(1.3 lbs ) (0.004 sq in )(29,000,000 psi ) = = 30 lbs Pn PS 24 lbs 15 lbs

Use mean value of the last 2 Pn values: 27 lbs


Pn = 0.204 W AE (0.204 )(1.3 lbs ) (0.004 sq in )(29,000,000 psi ) = = 26 lbs Pn PS 27 lbs 15 lbs

INCORRECT ALIGNMENT
May occur when more than one tape length measured in field Error: random in nature systematic in effect Lateral displacement from true line causes systematic error

El = a

Correction for alignment for entire length found by


L Ca = n E l a
Ea = alignment error da = lateral displacement

da 2l

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

TAPE NOT STRAIGHT


Taping in brush and when wind blowing
Impossible to have all parts in perfect alignment

Error systematic & variable


Same as measuring with tape that is too short

Amount of error
Less if bend in in center Increases as it gets closer to ends

Reduced by careful field procedures

IMPERFECTIONS IN OBSERVATIONS
Personal errors or blunders
Plumbing Marking tape ends with tape fully supported Adding or dropping full tape length Adding a foot or decimeter Other points incorrectly taken as end mark on tape Reading numbers incorrectly Calling numbers incorrectly or not clearly

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

SPECIFICATION FOR 1/5,000 TAPING


Max Effect on 1 Tape Length

Source of Error
Temp estimated to closest 7 F Tension known within 5 lbs Slope errors no larger than 1/100

100 ft

30 m

0.005 0.0014m 0.006 0.0018m 0.005 0.0015m

Alignment errors no larger than 0.5/100 0.001 0.0004m Plumbing & marking errors max 0.015/100 Length of tape known within 0.005 0.015 0.0046m 0.005 0.0015m

SPECIFICATION FOR 1/5,000 TAPING


Total random error in 1 tape length =

errors 2

E = 0.000337 = 0.018'

E = 0.0000031 = 0.0056m

accuracy =

0.018' 1 = 100' 5,400

or

accuracy =

0.0056m 1 = 30m 5,400

This assumes systematic errors already corrected

Tape Corrections

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SURE 110 - Fundamentals of Surveying

Source

Makes Error of 0.01/100 tape too: caused by -

Importance in Procedure to reduce or eliminate 1:5,000 taping Standardize and apply correction

Tape not of standard length Temperature Change in tension Sag

Long or Usually small short check Long or Only in hot or short cold weather Long or Negligible short Short

15 F 15 lbs

Measure temp & apply correction Use invar tape Apply correction; Use spring balance Use normal tension Use standard tension

P = 0.6 lb too small

Large esp. for Apply correction; heave tape Use only fully supported

Slope

1.4 in h Short 048 in 1.4 short Not serious

At breaks in slope, determine differences in height; apply correction Use reasonable care in alignment; keep tape taut and reasonably straight

Imperfect horizontal alignment

Source

Governing condition causes and manner Estimated value of cumulation per tape length Rugged terrain, breaking tape often; cumulates randomly n 0.05 0.10

Plumbing to mark tape ends

Marking tape ends Tape graduated to hundredths of ft; with tape fully cumulates randomly n supported Applying tension Change in sag correction due to variation in tension of 2 lb from standard tension; cumulates n In h = 0.8 in = 028; Cumulates

0.01

0.01

Determining elevation diff or slope angle standardization

0.050

n
0.005

Field tapes compared to standardized tape kept in office; cumulates n

Tape Corrections

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