FM Notes Problems UNIT II

UNIT II FLUID MECHANICS
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FLUID MECHANICS
AND
HYDRAULIC MACHINES

K.BALASUNDARAM,M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


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UNIT II

FLUID KINEMATICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS
Velocity and Acceleration - Classification of Flow - Continuity
Equation - Streamline, Streakline, Pathline - Potential Function and Stream
Function - Flow Net Analysis - Control Volume -Euler Equation - Bernoullie's
Equation - Darcy's Equation - Momentum Principle - Free and Forced Vortex
Motion.


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FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
The fluid motion is described by two methods. They are
1.) Lagrangian Method and
2.) Eulerian Method.
Lagrangian Method
In the Lagrangian method, a signal fluid particle is followed during its motion
and its velocity, acceleration, density, etc.

Eulerian Method.
In the Eulerian method, the velocity, acceleration, pressure, density etc. are
described at a point in flow field. The Eulerian method is commonly used in fluid
mechanics.


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TYPES OF FLUID FLOW
The fluid flow is classified as:
1.) Steady and unsteady flows
2.) Uniform and non-uniform flows
3.) Laminar and turbulent flows
4.) Compressible and incompressible flows
5.) Rotational and irrotational flows and
6.) One, two and three- dimension flows
Steady flows
Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid
characteristics like velocity, pressure, density, etc. at a point do not change with
time. Thus for steady flow,

Unsteady flow
Unsteady flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity, pressure of
density at a point changes with respect to time. For unsteady flow

0
d V d p
o
d t d t
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Uniform flow
Uniform flow is defined as that type of flow in which the velocity at any
given time does not change with respect to space

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0
d V
d s
| |
=
|
\ .

Non-uniform flow
Non-uniform flow is that type of flow in which the velocity at any given
times changes with respect to space. For non-uniform flow

0
d V
d s
| |
=
|
\ .

Laminar flows
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well defined paths or stream line and all the stream-lines are straight and
parallel .Thus the particles moves in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the
adjacent layer. This type of flow is also called stream-line flow or viscous flow.
Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles moves in a zig -
zig way .Due to the movement of fluid particles in a zig- zag way, the eddies
formation takes place which are responsible for high energy loss.
REYNOLD NUMBER
The type of flow is determined by a non-dimensional number called the
Reynolds number.
Reynolds number =
V D
v

Where
D = Diameter of pipe
V = Mean velocity of flow in pipe
v = Kinematics viscosity of fluid.

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NOTE
If the Reynold number is less than 2000, the flow is called laminar
If the Reynold number is more than 4000, it is called turbulent flow
If the Reynold number lies between 2000 and 4000, the flow may be laminar or
turbulent.
Compressible flows
Compressible flow is that type of flow in which density of the fluid changes
from point to point or in other words the density is not constant for the fluid.
Compressible flow
tan Cons t =
Incompressible flow
Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for
the fluid flow. Liquids are generally incompressible while gases are compressible.
Incompressible flow
t a n C o n s t =
Rotational Flow.
Rotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles while
flowing along stream-lines, also rotate about their own axis.
Irrotational Flows
If the fluid particles while flowing along stream-lines, do not rotate about
their own axis that type of flow is called irrotational flow.


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One, Two and Three-Dimensional flows.
One- dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter
such as velocity is a function of time and space co-ordinate only, say x. For a
steady one-dimensional flow, the velocity is a function of one-space-co-ordinate
only. The variation of velocities in other two mutually perpendicular directions is
assumed negligible. Hence mathematically, for one-dimensional flow
u = f(x), v = 0 and w = 0
Where u, v and w are velocity components in x ,y and z directions respectively.
Two-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of
time and two rectangular space co-ordinates say x and y. For a steady two-
dimensional flow the velocity is a function of two space co-ordinates only. The
variation of velocity in the third direction is negligible. Thus, mathematically for
two-dimensional flow
u = f
1
( x, y ) v = f
2
( x, y ) and w = 0.
Three-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of
time and three mutually perpendicular directions. But for a steady three-
dimensional flow the fluid parameters are functions of three space co-
ordinates(x, y and z) only.
u=f
1
(x, y, z ) v= f
2
(x, y, z ) w= f
3
(x, y. z).
RATE OF FLOW OR DISCHARGE(Q)
It is defined as the quantity of a fluid flowing per second through a section
of a pipe or a channel for an incompressible fluid the rate of flow or discharge is
expressed as the volume of fluid flowing across the section per second.
Let A= Cross-sectional area of pipe
V = Velocity of fluid across the section

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Discharge
Q =AV (m
3
).
CONTINUNITY EQUATION
The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass is called
continuity equation .Thus for a fluid flowing through the pipe at all the cross-
section, the quantity of fluid per second is constant.
Consider two cross-section of a pipe as shown in fig.

Let
V
1
= Velocity at cross section 1-1

1
= Density at section 1-1
A
1
= Area of pipe at section 1-1
And V
2
,

2
, A
2
are corresponding values at section 2-2
According to law of conservation of mass
Rate of flow at section 1-1 = Rate of flow at section 2-2

1
A
1
V
1
=
2
A
2
V
2

This equation is applicable to the compressible as well as incompressible fluids
and is called continuity equation.

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If the fluid is incompressible, then

1
=

2
and continuity equation reduces to
A
1
V
1
= A
2
V
2


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THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
It is based on the law of conversation of momentum or on the momentum
principle,
It states that
the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in momentum of
flow per unit time in that direction. The force on a fluid mass m is given by the
Newtons second law of motion .
F = m a
Where
M= mass
A = acceleration
We know that

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a=
dv
dt

F = m
dv
dt

F =
( ) d mv
dt

F . dt = d(mv).------ impulse momentum equation
Which is know as the impulse momentum equation and states that the impulse
of a force F acting on a fluid of mass m in a short interval of time it is equal to the
change of momentum d(mv) in the direction of force.


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FM Notes Problems UNIT II

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UNIT II FLUID MECHANICS

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