Professional Documents
Culture Documents
J.ILANGUMARAN
VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
Commercial absorption chiller – single effect
Working Principle – Process 1
Solution Pump
A dilute lithium bromide
solution is collected in the
bottom of the absorber shell.
From here, a hermetic solution
pump moves the solution
through a shell and tube heat
exchanger for preheating.
Working Principle – Process 2
Generator
After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute
solution moves into the upper shell. The
solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which
carries either steam or hot water. The steam
or hot water transfers heat into the pool of
dilute lithium bromide solution. The solution
boils, sending refrigerant vapor upward into
the condenser and leaving behind
concentrated lithium bromide. The
concentrated lithium bromide solution moves
down to the heat exchanger, where it is
cooled by the weak solution being pumped
up to the generator.
Working Principle – Process 3
Condenser
The refrigerant vapor migrates
through mist eliminators to the
condenser tube bundle. The
refrigerant vapor condenses on
the tubes. The heat is removed
by the cooling water which
moves through the inside of the
tubes. As the refrigerant
condenses, it collects in a trough
at the bottom of the condenser.
Working Principle – Process 4
Evaporator
The refrigerant liquid moves from the
condenser in the upper shell down to the
evaporator in the lower shell and is
sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle.
Due to the extreme vacuum of the lower
shell [6 mm Hg (0.8 kPa) absolute
pressure], the refrigerant liquid boils at
approximately 3.9°C, creating the
refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created
by hygroscopic action - the strong affinity
lithium bromide has for water - in the
Absorber directly below.)
Working Principle – Process 5
Absorber
As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the
absorber from the evaporator, the strong
lithium bromide solution from the
generator is sprayed over the top of the
absorber tube bundle. The strong lithium
bromide solution actually pulls the
refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the
extreme vacuum in the evaporator. The
absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the
lithium bromide solution also generates
heat which is removed by the cooling
water. The now dilute lithium bromide
solution collects in the bottom of the lower
shell, where it flows down to the solution
pump. The chilling cycle is now completed
and the process begins once again.
DOUBLE EFFECT VARS
TRIPLE EFFECT VARS
ABSORPTION SYSTEM MODELS
Steam Based VAM :
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chiller SITE COP Source to Site Resource COP
factor
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaporator coil
Length – 13m
Diameter – 12.5x10-3m
EVAPORATOR
ABSORBER
Total heat transfer area : 0.56m2
Vertical Shell and Tube type
Counter flow arrangement, Single pass shell
and tube side
Comp. Fluid Mat. Dimension /
Remark
Shell Weak aqua MS Length – 0.5m,
ammonia solution Diameter – 0.02m
& ammonia ref.
Tube Cooling water MS Length – 0.5m,
Dia. – 2.54x10-2m
No. of tubes – 14
ABSORBER
SOLUTION HEAT EXCHANGER
Absorber
Integration of gasifier with Cold Storage
units for its operation in rural areas
DETAILS OF GASIFIER : Mode : Thermal Application ( Down Draft type )
Fuel : Wood chips, Rating : 20 kW thermal, Fuel Loading: Manual ( 10 - 20 hours / d)
Auxiliary power requirement: < 1 HP
Ammonia Absorption Cold Storage Plant Technical Specifications
CT
RC C
BM
RS
LI
SS
B
SP
•
C
G/R
RR
SR
F SHX
Biomass gasifier integrated absorption cold storage system
RC C
BM G/R
A RR
DLS
SR
F EP
SHX
Instrument Panel, Cooling towers etc.
Operation Mode
Experimental Results
140
120
C)
100
o
Temperature (
80
60
40
20
-20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Tim e (m in)
Biomass consumption : 10 ± 2 kg/h, mws : 0.30 kg/s, mch : 0.244 kg/s, mcw: 0.40 kg/s)
Heat load Vs Sink temperature
20
Biomass Consumption :: 10 ± 2 kg / h
mcw : 0.402 kg / s
mws : 0.03 kg / s
15
mch : 0.244 kg / s
Heat Load (kW)
10
0.7
0.6
0.5
COP
0.4
0.3
0.2
Thermodynamic Actual Real
0.1
20 25 30 35 40
Sink Temperature ( o C )
Performance of BMVARS
0.7
Biomass consumption : : 10 ± 2 kg / h
mcw : 0.402 kg/s
0.6
mws : 0.03 kg/s
mch : 0.244 kg/s
0.5
0.4
COP
0.3
0.2
0.1
Actual Thermodynamic Real
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Experimental Run
COP / Economics and Comparisons
0.7 20
18
0.6
16
0.5 14
Cost/ TR (Rs)
12
0.4
COP
10
0.3
8
0.2 6
COP real COP thermodynamic
4
0.1 COP actual COST BMVACS
2
COST VCRS
0 0
8 10 12 14 16 18
Biomass Consumption (kg/h)
Uncertainty in the measurement
Maximum
Measured/Estimated parameter Unit uncertainty
percent (%)
Temperature OC 1.53
Pressure bar 0.8
Solution flow rate kg/s 0.00388
Mass flow rate of water in absorber, kg/s 0.006
evaporator & condenser
Actual heat input to the generator kW 2.71
Actual heat input to the evaporator kW 0.68
Actual heat obtained the absorber kW 2.73
Actual COP - 6.65
Actual Second Law Efficiency - 8.18
Actual Circulation Ratio - 0.945
APPLICATIONS
Example
In a thermal power plant uses 100 TR mechanical chillers
air-conditioning applications with COP of 3.5 used for
8000 h of operation/year. The cost of Electricity is
4 Rs/kWh. If the plant is replaced by WH – VARS
LIMITATION
- Cost and Low COP