CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT REPORT

NAME UGUR TEMIZCI STUDENT NUMBER 2007257057 GROUP NUMBER 9

THE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS AND PROGRAMMING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATE OF THE LECTURE Prof. Dr. Nejdet GEREN

INSTRUCTOR Research Assistant Ihsan ULUOCAK

EXPERIMENT DATE 07.10.2011

DELIVERY DATE 13.10.2011

1

INTRODUCTION A microprocessor (P) is a digital electronic component with transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine , a server or a laptop.The microprocessor you are using might be a Pentium, a K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors, but they all do approximately the same thing in approximately the same way. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display,automobile industry, industrial process control and communication over the Internet. MICROPROCESSOR HISTORY A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators. The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster! THE GOAL OF THE EXPERIMENTS The goal of the experiments is to have a general knowledge about the microprocessors, their structure and working principle. More important aim is to have idea about the applications of the microprocessors in mechanical engineering.Also as a mechanical engineeer we need to know about where the microprocessor may help us on an engineering application as a result of this we make a technical person design Assembly Codes according to our Flow Chart.

1.Experiment: Operating a Direct Current Motor In this experiment we use S-2085 trainer set, APPLIC-3, APPLIC31,wires.The whole equipments were prepared as assembly to each other.We had also assembly codes for the process of rotating the DC motor for a brief period (10 sec.) and then switching it off. The assembly codes that we used for the experiment: 2000 3E 20A 2002 D3 5A 2004 06 0A 2006 11 FF FF 2009 1B 200A 7B 200B B2 200C C2 09 20 200F 05 2010 C2 06 20 2013 3E 00 2015 D3 5A 2017 CF

Warning! : These codes are sometimes so much complex but we do not have to pay attention to this topic we need to deal with the aim of process and flow chart.

Output port

DC motor

12V source

GND Figure 1. Schematic view of operating a DC motor Starting commands on the S-2085 trainer set: 1) Press <RST> 2) Press <ME> 3) Write the address 2000 in the program area 4) Press <NE> 5) Enter program 6) To run the program press <RST> 7) Press <GO> key 8) Write the start address of the program 2000 9) Press <EX> key. The CPU will execute the program. 3

The experiment showed us that we can have an intermittent motion on a DC motor by using a proper program with microprocessor. Questions and Discussions: 2) If direct current is desired in an application we can use this type of control. Some of DC motor applications in engineering: fans in microwave and cooker,blender,dishwasher,washing machine,drying machine, driller,screw machine,electrical saw,air conditioner,conveyors 3) We can use some mechanical structures instead of microprocessors such as gears,mechanisms (Geneva mechanism: this mechanism converts the rotational motion that comes from a motor, to the intermittent motion.)

And also pneumatic systems can be used instead of microprocessors.For example we need to use such a system as pneumatic, if a dangerous gas exists in the process area. 4) For a mechanical system we have to make some special processes such as; lubrication,maintenance etc. So as a result of these,generally it costs so much according to microprocessors.Also a mechanical system has low speed processes and we need more energy to activate the system.In addition we may have noise and failure problems.On the other hand we have also advantages that while a failure occur we can see it at that time virtually contrarily we can not estimate the life of microprocess it may fails at a random time. 2.Experiment: Operating a Step Motor The same equipments were used in this experiment except the motor type and program for the microprocessor(8085).

Output port

Step motor

12V source

GND Figure 2. Schematic view of operating a Step Motor After the experiment we can undertand that a step motor (stepper) is a motor which moves in predetermined steps,while after each step the motor remains locked in position.Also we had some imaginations about what are the differences between the processes of DC motor and Step motor. Questions and Discussions: 1) Step motor is desired when a low velocity is needed with location control.They can be used in the robotics, electronic device industry , bottling ,automation fields and some mechanic applications. 2) Mechanical gears can be used instead of microprocessor and also we may have the similar control by using a mechanism named as Rachet mechanism: A wheel with suitably shaped teeth, receiving an intermittent circular motion from an oscillating member, is a ratchet wheel. The figure below shows a simple ratchet mechanism.

Figure 3. Rachet mechanism

And also DC motor driver,PLC,electrical current may help for this control.

3) Step motor (stepper) is desired when a low velocity is needed with location control.DC motor is smaller and cheaper. Stepper motors are constant power devices.DC motor usually rotates at high velocity.The speed of the DC motor is governed by the current. Overall Questions and Discussions: a) The basic point of a microprocessor is large scale integration techniques.Microprocessor can perform computing functions and make decisions to change the sequence of program execution.The term microprocessor is often abbreviated as MPU (Microprocessor Unit) or CPU (Central Processing Unit). The MPU is usually placed on a dual in line plastic (DIP) or ceramic package (2 in x 0.5 in). Computer systems which use microprocessors are called microcomputers.Microcomputers can be connected to outside world by I/O(Input/Output) ports.For data transfer the system use binary numeral system (ex: 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1). +5V OR +12V The I/O data enters or leaves the port as binary. b) ROM : Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices.ROM is fabricated with the desired data permanently stored in it, and thus can never be modified. EPROM: An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read only memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. RAM: Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. its stored information is lost if the power is removed. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): +5V/+12V +5V/+12V +5V/+12V

Example:

Circuit symbol:

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Interface: A boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other. In computer technology, there are several types of interfaces.

user interface - the keyboard, mouse, menus of a computer system. The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating system. Also see GUI(Graphical User Interface) software interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware. hardware interface - the wires, plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each other.

CPU: Central Processing Unit the brain of the computer.In terms of computer power,the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.The CPU is where most calculations take place. Buffer: A buffer is a data area shared by hardware devices or program processes that operate at different sets of priorities.This term is used both in programming and in harware.In programming,buffering sometimes implies the need toscreen data from its final intended place so that it can be edited or otherwise processed before being moved to a regular file or database. Bus: Binary transfers travel on a collection of wires called buses. c) Microprocessor can be divided into 3 segments: 1. Arithmetic/ Logic Unit 2. Register Unit : The register are used primarily to store data temporarily during the execution of program. 3. Control Unit : The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operation in the microcomputer.
ADDRESS BUS

ROM

RAM

Micro Processor
DATA BUS

I/O Port

Outputs Inputs

CONTROL BUS

Figure 4. Microcomputer System. The Microcomputers: Computer systems which use microprocessors are called microcomputers.All digital computers contain the following subsystems; Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Memory Input/output (I/O) As shown on the upper diagram. d) A control bus is (part of) a computer bus, used by CPUs for communicating with other devices within the computer. While the address bus carries the information on which device the CPU is communicating with and the data bus carries the actual data being processed, the control bus carries commands from the CPU and returns status signals from the devices, for example if the data is being read or written to the device the appropriate line (read or write) will be active (logic zero).

e, f ) The microprocessor connects to the external components of the computer via "buses": sets of parallel conductors used to move data in the form of electrical pulses. There are three types of buses: the data bus carries the binary-coded information and instructions; the address bus carries binary-coded numbers which identify storage locations in main memory, much like the postal code on a letter; the control bus carries timing signals, read-write signals, interrupt requests and similar signals between the microprocessor and external devices. Other PLC Communications Bus Input Devices
Relay Contacts Push Buttons Limit Switches

Computer

Communications

Analog Sensors

Processor

Programmer

Output

Input

Selector Switches

Output Devices
Relays Motor Starters Selenoid Valves Indicator Lights LED Displays

Power Supply

Power Supply

PLC Rack Figure 4. Input Output (I/0) Systems.

g) Generally in automation, robotic systems and automobile industry we use microprocessors.If we specialise the automotive industry we can see lots of specific areas;active suspension, Climate control, Engine control, Entertainment system, Four-wheel drive, Speedometer display,Transmission; are some examples of automobile items with microprocessor-based controllers.