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Engineering Solver Applications Design Approach * Structural Behaviour * Design Equations * In-service Factors * Special Considerations * Codes / Standards Case Studies
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Background Info
The product of these factors, and a further safety factor of 3.0 results in an overall design factor, K, which is used to evaluate the allowable design strain, eL. For the case considered here, these part factors are evaluated as follows: For hand lay-up, part factor k1 = 1.6 For long term behaviour, part factor k2 = 2.0 For temperature, assuming operation at 40C, and use of a resin system with a heat distortion temperature of 80C or higher, part factor k3 = 1.0 For cyclic stressing, assuming occasional filling and emptying, part factor k4 = 1.1 For curing procedure, assuming post cure at elevated temperature, part factor k5 = 1.1 Therefore, as
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where u is the ultimate tensile unit strength (UTUS is in N/mm per kg/m ) of the material, and K is the design factor calculated above. chopped strand mat (CSM) the UTuS is 200 N/mm/(kg/m ), thus uL = 17.2 N/mm/(kg/m ) woven rovings (WR) the UTuS is 300 N/mm/(kg/m ), thus uL = 25.8 N/mm/(kg/m ) The load limited allowable strain is given by
2 2 2 2
where u and K are as previously defined and X is the laminate extensibility. For CSM, the extensibility is 12 700 N/mm/(kg/m ), giving eL = 0.14% For WR, the extensibility is 16 200 N/mm/(kg/m2), giving eL = 0.16% There is a further overriding upper limit to the design strain of the lesser of 0.2% or 0.1 x er (where er is the fracture strain of unreinforced resin in a simple tensile test. Assuming a resin strain to failure of 3%, then, in this case, the design remains load limited and the design unit loading ux = uL, i.e. 17.2 N/mm/(kg/m ) and 25.8 N/mm/(kg/m ) for CSM and WR respectively. Applied Loads The applied loading on the vessel is then calculated using conventional analysis techniques. In this case, assuming no significant axial loading, the vessel wall circumferential unit stress is given by:
2 2 2
where P is the pressure, D is the vessel diameter and t is the vessel wall thickness.
Laminate Construction At this point, it is possible to design the laminate construction. The total quantity of reinforcement, in this first case for a vessel constructed simply from multiple CSM layers, is simply determined by:
Therefore a total weight of 10.2 kg m of reinforcement is required. The distribution of this would be selected according to manufacturers' individual preferences, but one suitable configuration would be: 2 layers 300 g m-2 (one at each surface) = 0.6 kg m-2 16 layers 600 g m
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Assuming a glass content of 30% for CSM, the wall thickness would be 2.2 mm per kg/m2 of glass, giving a total wall thickness of 22.4 mm. A more efficient structure is obtained using a combination of CSM with WR, in which case the laminate construction is determined as follows:
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The design unit loading in the WR must be reduced such that the strain does not exceed the design limit for CSM, hence
per kg/m2 of glass The design of the laminate can then be determined from
Therefore a suitable design would be as follows: Detail Reinforced gel coat 1500 g/m CSM 800 g/m2 WR x5 450 g/m2 CSM 800 g/m WR 300 g/m2 CSM Resin rich layer with binding tissue
2 2
Calculation 17.2 x 1.5 22.6 x 0.8 x5 17.2 x 0.45 22.6 x 0.8 17.2 x 0.30 TOTAL
Total 25.80
129.10
In this case, assuming a glass content of 30% for CSM with 2.2 mm per kg/m2 of glass, and a glass content of 55% for CSM with 0.95 mm per kg/m2 of glass, the vessel wall thickness would be 13.5 mm. Dished End Design If a torispherical end is desired for such a vessel, a typical geometry would be hi /Di = 0.25 and ri /Di = 0.15 (Note that this is slightly deeper than would be used for a typical metallic construction). At these values, the shape factor Ks is approximately equal to 1.78. The membrane unit load for a domed end subject to pressure is given by
Assuming a construction of CSM mat and woven rovings, similar to that for the vessel shell, gives a required weight of reinforcement is given by
Therefore a suitable design would be as follows: Detail Reinforced gel coat 1200 g/m CSM 800 g/m WR
2 2
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450 g/m2 CSM 800 g/m WR 300 g/m CSM Resin rich layer with binding tissue
2 2
17.2 x 0.45 22.6 x 0.8 17.2 x 0.30 TOTAL 18.08 5.16 353.72
This gives an actual laminate thickness of 25.06, assuming a glass content of 30% for CSM with 2.2 mm per kg/m2 of glass, and a glass content of 55% for CSM with 0.95 mm per kg/m2 of glass, as previously. For a laminate of this thickness,
and the assumed value of Ks = 1.78 is reasonable. If it had been found that the value of Ks was not acceptable, then the calculation would need to be repeated with a better estimate for the value of Ks until convergence was achieved. Reference: BS4994 - Specification for Vessels and Tanks in Reinforced Plastics, BSI 1973. Keywords: BS4994, Design, Design strain, Part factors, Laminate, Code
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