CHAPTER I

ProbIem and Its Background

Introduction
n the society, everyone has his own limitations. At work and school,
people get exhausted with the tasks they need to finish. For this reason, they
need lots of effort to flourish their toil. Most of them try to entertain themselves
and some may eat or drink something in order to eliminate the boredom they
feel. And it is said that coffee is the common beverage that people choose to
drink in order to lessen the lack of strength and interest they acknowledge. n
contrary, there are also some side effects in the health which may harm people
who are habitually doing this.
With more than billions of people drinking cups of coffee a day, Caffeine
is said to be the most widely used and abused legal drug in existence. n fact, it
is the "most commonly used mood-altering drug in the world. And it is said that
beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy
drinks, enjoy great popularity; n North America, ninety percent (90%) of adults
consume caffeine daily. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
list caffeine as a "multiple purpose generally recognized as safe food
substance". t is a naturally occurring stimulant found in the leaves, seeds, or
fruit of over sixty plants around the world. This exists in the coffee bean in
Arabia, the tea leaf in China, the kola nut in West Africa, and the cocoa bean in
Mexico.
n humans, caffeine acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant,
temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Numerous studies
show that ingesting that much caffeine, particularly in the form of coffee, can be
quite harmful. So the teenagers should try to limit caffeine consumption to no
more than 100 - milligrams of caffeine daily, and kids should get even less.
(Cited from Wikipedia, 2011)
One of the studies from University of the Philippines (2010) revealed that
highly-caffeinated drinks are a staple of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
workers' diets. n all, two thirds (2/3) of young workers drink coffee daily, but
call centre workers drink more coffee that their non-call centre counterparts (2.3
cups a day for call centre workers vs. 1.7 cups for the latter).
The researchers have an avid heart to pursue this experimental study with
an interest aside from positive and negative effects of caffeine to the person's
typing speed and accuracy, Associate in Contact Center Services students
should be aware in their health.
The main objective of this study is to find out if caffeine has an effect on
the typing speed and accuracy of students in University of Makati under the two-
year program of College of Arts, Sciences and Education which is the Associate
in Contact Center Services. n addition, the researchers want to know the impact
of caffeine if they would try to drink coffee in different intensity whether it is
strong, moderate or light. This study motivates the researchers to be aware how
these future call centre agents handle their work properly and maintaining the
alertness as well as the productivity of their tasks.
$tatement of the ProbIem
This study focuses on the effect of caffeine to typing speed and accuracy
of Associate in Contact Centre Services students in University of Makati. To
attain this objective the following research problems were deal with this inquiry:
1. What is the profile of the participants in terms of:
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Words per minute (wpm)
2. What is the typing speed and accuracy of experimental group A and
experimental group B before the intervention?
3. What is the typing speed and accuracy of experimental group A and
experimental group B after the intervention?
4. s there a significant difference between the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group A and experimental group B before and after the
intervention?

. s there a significant difference between the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group A to the typing speed and accuracy of experimental
group B?
Hypotheses
To answer the preceding stated research problems, the following null
hypothesis shall be tested:
Ho
1
: There is no significant difference between the typing speed and
accuracy of experimental group A and experimental group B before and after the
intervention.
Ho
2:
There is no significant difference between the typing speed and
accuracy of experimental group A to the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group B.



$ignificance of the $tudy
The result of this study may have significance to the following:
Community. This study will help educate the community regarding the bane and
boon of Caffeine; its implication to the health of the people, since it is the most
widely used substance in the world.
$tudents From this study, it will help these individuals realize the effect of
Caffeine to their work alertness and productivity. This study will help them control
their caffeine intake and modify their extreme lifestyle activities.
uture Researchers. This experiment can be of assistance to the future
researchers to guide on their thesis writing; this can also serve as their reference
for their future research.
$cope and DeIimitation
This study examines the effect of caffeine on the typing speed and
accuracy of first year students which is limited only to thirty (30) students of
Associate in Contact Centre Services which is a two-year program under the
College of Arts, Sciences, and Education in University of Makati.
t focuses only on determining the effect of Caffeine to the typing speed
and accuracy result of the participants. The researchers want to know the effect
of caffeinated and decaffeinated to the non coffee drinker respondents.


CHAPTER II
TheoreticaI / ConceptuaI ramework
This chapter presents different approaches which may be necessary to
the development of this paper work. For better understanding, the researchers
have sought other perspective to further support discussions on the present
topic.
Review of ReIated Literature
Caffeine is a drug that is naturally produced in the leaves and seeds of
many plants. t is also produced artificially and added to certain foods. t is the
one which stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), causing increased
alertness. Caffeine gives most people a temporary energy boost and elevates
mood. t is found in tea, coffee, chocolate, many soft drinks, and pain relievers
and other over-the-counter medications. n its natural form, caffeine tastes very
bitter. But most caffeinated drinks have gone through enough processing to
camouflage the bitter taste.


High Caffeine intake
One of the news in ABS-CBN dated 2010 (Manila, Philippines), highly-
caffeinated drinks is a staple of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) workers'
diets, the University of the Philippines study revealed. n all, 2/3 of young workers
drink coffee daily, but call centre workers drink more coffee that their non-call
centre counterparts (2.3 cups a day for call centre workers vs. 1.7 cups for the
latter).
More call centre workers also consume tea (1/4 of respondents),
compared to non-call centre workers (only 1/). The study also revealed that half
of young workers drink soda daily, at an average of 1. bottles/cans a day,
regardless of group. However, energy drinks are not as popular: only fifteen
percent of young workers drink energy drinks daily, the study found out.
fficacy of Caffeine
Caffeine has been shown clinically to induce a variety of positive effects
that have contributed to its extensive use worldwide. Caffeine use has been
associated with increased alertness and enhanced physical performance, and as
a countermeasure to the effects of sleep deprivation. (National Academy Press,
200)
n addition, Caffeine can significantly improve physical performance of an
endurance nature. t is unclear at this time whether this is a result of increased
production of free fatty acids to spare glycogen or an increase in release of
endorphins that permits athletes to exercise longer by altering pain perception.
Caffeine may be particularly beneficial in enhancing performance at high
altitudes, with or without acclimation. The role of caffeine-carbohydrate
combinations in enhancing physical performance still needs to be clarified.
Evidence is presented that caffeine can enhance certain types of cognitive
performance, most notably vigilance and reaction times, in rested individuals
regardless of whether or not they are regular caffeine users. The response to
caffeine in caffeine users has been shown to be over and above any alleviation
of withdrawal symptoms.
Sleep is the most effective means of reconstituting the decrements in
cognitive functioning brought on by sleep deprivation. Thus, in situations where it
is feasible, sleep should be promoted. When naps are not an option, caffeine
alone could be used to partially alleviate sleep deprivation-induced impairments
in cognitive behavior. Combining naps with judicious caffeine use may be the
best remedy for sleep deprivation-induced decrements in cognitive function in
military situations where adequate sleep cannot be obtained.
The doses of caffeine most likely to be effective without causing
undesirable mood effects are within the range of 100 to 600 mg.
Stratland (1976) stated that caffeine and barbitol are antagonistic, with
caffeine (in coffee) reducing the sleeping time induced by barbitol. Decaffeinated
coffee had no effect. n another study, caffeine resulted in reduced sleeping time
which was counteracted by pentobarbitol in hospitalized patients as what Forrest
and her co-researchers found in 1972.

Cognitive Functions and Alertness

Both common experience and the results of scientific investigations
support the belief that caffeine enhances performance on a variety of cognitive
tasks. However, a review of the experimental literature reveals inconsistencies in
the amount of caffeine that is required to produce positive effects on cognitive
behavior. These discrepant findings can be explained by differences among
experiments in a number of variables including whether or not subjects were
tested following a period in which they had abstained from using caffeine, the
tasks used to assess cognitive behavior, the age and gender of the subjects, the
subjects' history of caffeine use, and whether the subjects were rested or sleep
deprived.

There has been some debate whether caffeine enhances cognitive
performance or simply restores degraded performance following caffeine
withdrawal in rested individuals. James (1994, 199, 1998) argued that the
majority of studies reporting the effects of caffeine in rested subjects studied
moderate caffeine consumers (200300 mg/d) who were required to abstain from
caffeine for some period of time prior to cognitive testing (224 hr). James (1994,
199, 1998) hypothesized that comparisons between caffeine and placebo
conditions in experiments assessing the effects of caffeine on cognitive behavior
could represent a reversal of deteriorated performance. This may be due to
caffeine withdrawal in the placebo condition compared to baseline performance
in the presence of caffeine.

oses of Caffeine

A clearer picture of caffeine's effects on cognitive function and behaviour
has begun to emerge, however. Caffeine can enhance performance on some
types of cognitive tasks, and some aspects of mood in rested individuals
independent of its ability to reverse symptoms of withdrawal and regardless of
the background consumption of caffeine. Warburton (199) demonstrated that
caffeine administered in doses of 0, 7, and 10 milligrams (mg) to adult male,
non-smoking, regular caffeine users, without abstinence from caffeine prior to
treatment, improved attention, problem solving, and delayed recall and
significantly improved mood ratings.

n addition, Rogers et al. (199), using caffeine doses of 0, 70, and 20
mg / day in caffeine users (>200 mg/d) and nonusers (<1 mg/d), demonstrated
that although caffeine withdrawal had a negative effect on mood, it did not
appear to affect psychomotor performance.

Jarvis (1993) also reported results of a large survey study on coffee and
tea consumption showing a highly significant dose- response relationship
between habitual caffeine intake and psychomotor performance (simple reaction
time, choice reaction time, incidental verbal memory, and visual-spatial
reasoning). This report also clearly demonstrates that tolerance to the
performance-enhancing effects of caffeine, if it occurs at all, is incomplete with
the result that higher daily caffeine consumers tend to perform better than do low
consumers (Jarvis, 1993). Using objective measures of alertness (multiple sleep
latency test, visual and auditory vigilance tasks), Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos et al.
(1990) demonstrated in rested, moderate (<20 mg/d) caffeine users that
caffeine administered in 20-mg doses twice a day compared to placebo
improved daytime alertness and reaction time on auditory vigilance tasks.

Based on the literature of Kenemans and Lorist (199), they are using
male and female undergraduate students with an average coffee consumption of
.9 cups/day, demonstrated that caffeine given in a single dose of 3 mg/kg body
weight (=20 mg/day) increased cortical activation, increased sensitivity (rate at
which information on stimuli is accumulated), and increased both speed and
accuracy of target selection.

Amendola et al. (1998) reported caffeine at doses of 0, 64, 128, and 26
mg/day enhanced accuracy and reduced reaction time on auditory and visual
vigilance tasks in a dose-related manner. Moreover, caffeine significantly
increased self-reports of vigour and decreased reports of fatigue, depression,
and hostility on the Profile of Moods Scale (POMS). Self-assessments of energy
levels were also improved by caffeine (Lieberman et al., 1987; Sicard et al.,
1996). However, caffeine did not improve long-term memory (list learning), false
alarms in an auditory vigilance task, commission of errors in a four-choice
reaction time, or motor coordination. n a simulated military situation involving a
tedious task that required sustained attention for proficient performance (i.e.,
sentry duty), caffeine eliminated the vigilance decrement that occurred with
increasing time on duty, reduced subjective reports of tiredness, and did not
impair rifle firing accuracy (Johnson, 1999).

Additionally, in this situation, caffeine increased the number of correct
target identifications in both males and females. However, the reason for this
differed with gender. With prolonged sentry duty and no caffeine, men were more
likely to fire at friendly targets and women were less likely to fire at foes. Caffeine
returned both of these deficits to baseline levels (Johnson, 1999).

Thus, caffeine's effects on cognitive function and mood can be detected in
rested individuals, both users and nonusers of caffeine, using a variety of
standardized tests. Only certain behavioral functions appear to be susceptible to
the influence of moderate doses of caffeine (3226 mg). n particular, it appears
that in well-rested individuals, low and moderate doses of caffeine preferentially
affect functions related to vigilance (i.e., the ability of the individual to maintain
alertness and appropriate responsiveness to the external environment for
sustained periods of time), but have limited effects on memory and problem-
solving abilities. At high doses caffeine can interfere with performance of tasks
requiring fine motor control (Durlach, 1998; Rogers and Dernoncourt, 1998).
According to the book "The mpact of Caffeine on Cognitive and Physical
Performance and Markmanship During Sustained Operations by Tom M.
McLellan, Doug G. Bell, Harris R. Lieberman and Gary H. Kamimori (2000),
Caffeine produced dose-related improvements in visual vigilance, choice reaction
time, repeated acquisition (a test of learning and memory), and reduced self-
reported fatigue. The greatest effects of caffeine were measured one hour
following ingestion, but significant effects persisted for eight hours. This study
demonstrated that even in the most adverse operational circumstances,
moderate doses of caffeine had unequivocal, beneficial effects on cognitive
performance.
Frequency of Coffee Intake
Graham et al showed that running time to exhaustion at 80 percent of
maximal physical capacity following the ingestion of anhydrous caffeine in
capsules was improved 31 percent when compared to placebo capsules, and
23 percent when compared to decaffeinated coffee ingestion. However, when
similar blood concentrations of caffeine were achieved, following the ingestion of
coffee or anhydrous caffeine dissolved in decaffeinated coffee, performances
were not improved. The latter findings suggested that some other component(s)
common to both coffee and decaffeinated coffee alter adenosine receptor
sensitivity to circulating levels of caffeine and suppress the ergogenic effect.
Most coffee drinkers do not consume the equivalent volume of 3 or 4 cups
of coffee at one time. Rather, they may consume several cups of the beverage
throughout the day. Thus, a more pertinent question to address is whether the
consumption of one cup of coffee antagonizes or improves the ergogenic effects
that follow the ingestion of anhydrous caffeine. Recent work from DRDCToronto
has addressed this question. Exercise time to exhaustion at 80 percent of
maximal aerobic power was assessed one hour following the ingestion of various
doses of anhydrous caffeine in capsule form that followed the consumption of
one cup of regular or decaffeinated coffee.
The findings clearly revealed that the consumption of one cup of regular or
decaffeinated coffee had no impact (positive or negative) on the ergogenic effect
that followed the ingestion of mg/kg of anhydrous caffeine in capsule form. An
important question that does remain to be answered is whether multiple cups of
coffee consumed over several hours have a negative impact on the effect of
anhydrous caffeine consumed prior to the performance of exhaustive exercise.
ffects of Caffeine on Cognitive Behavior

The effects of caffeine on cognitive behavior vary according to dose, the
subject's experience with caffeine, and gender. n general, low to intermediate
doses (100600 mg) of caffeine are associated with increased alertness, energy,
and concentration, while higher doses can lead to anxiety, restlessness,
insomnia, and tachycardia (Heishman and Henningfield, 1992, 1994). ndividuals
who do not consume caffeine on a regular basis appear to be more susceptible
to the negative consequences of caffeine than regular consumers. With respect
to gender, because of their smaller lean body mass, women may be more
affected by a given dose of caffeine than men.

Rees et al. (1999) examined the interaction of caffeine and age and found
that 20 mg of caffeine significantly decreased reaction times in both 20- to 2-
year-olds and 0- to 6-year-olds with no effect on word recall.

n contrast, Hogervorst et al. (1998) evaluated the effects of 22 mg of
caffeine on memory and memory-related processes in three age groups: young
(2034 y), middle- aged (464 y), and older (6674 y). Short-term memory was
negatively affected by caffeine in the young group, positively affected in the
middle-aged group, and had no effect in the older group. Jarvis (1993), in a large
survey study on coffee and tea consumption, found that when results for reaction
time tests were categorized by age group (1634 y, 34 y, y), caffeine
intake had a greater performance-enhancing effect for older people (34 y,
y) than younger people (1634 y). The author hypothesized that this greater
sensitivity to caffeine in older adults might be due to the fact that older people
tend to operate further below their ceiling than do the young. Alternatively, since
the survey only measured coffee and tea consumption, the caffeine intake in the
young group was more likely to be underestimated due to much heavier cola and
soft drink use in this age group (Jarvis, 1993). Amendola et al. (1998), using
subjects in two age groups (1830 y and >60 y), tested oral caffeine doses of 0,
64, 128, and 26 mg and found a dose-dependent improvement in mood and
performance on the modified Wilkinson Auditory Vigilance Task that was not
affected by age. Thus, it would appear that caffeine effects on performance of
vigilance types of tasks are independent of age, while caffeine effects on
memory-related tasks may be age-dependent.

Reidel and Jolles hypothesized that caffeine has a supplementary effect,
improving memory only when cholinergic function is impaired by aging or
disease. Cognitive decline is age related. Reaction time, perceptual speed, and
processing speed remain relatively stable from age 20 to age 60, while a general
slowing in cognitive function occurs between the ages of 60 and 80 years. t is
therefore plausible that caffeine intake may have a protective effect on the
cognitive decline associated with aging. The present study investigates the
relation of lifetime coffee consumption and current caffeinated and current
decaffeinated coffee consumption with performance on several cognitive function
tests in a community-based sample of men and women aged 0 years or older.
!sychiatric diagnoses
n National Geographic (January 200), it stated that the dual power to
counter physical fatigue and increases alertness is a part of the reason caffeine
ranks as the world's most popular mood - altering drug, eclipsing the likes of
nicotine and alcohol. The drug is encountered not just at the soda fountain or the
espresso bar but also in diet pills and pain relievers. t is the only habit forming
psychoactive drug that routinely serve to children. n fact, most babies are the
developed world enters the universe with traces of caffeine in their bodies, a
transfer through the umbilical cord from the mother's latte or sample.
n the manual published by the American Psychiatric Association called
the iagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental isorders, 4th edition (SM-V)
covers all mental-health disorders for both children and adults. The SM-V does
not classify substances as addictive but instead sets the criteria for substance
dependence, including: (1) tolerance; (2) substance-specific withdrawal
syndrome; (3) substance often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period
than expected; (4) persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
use; () a great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or
recover from the effects of the substance; (6) important social, occupational, or
recreational activities given up or reduced because of the substance; and/or (7)
use continued despite knowledge of a persistent or recurrent physical or
psychological problem likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the
substance. n order for a user of a substance to be considered dependent upon
it, the substance needs to meet at least three of the above criteria. t is clear that
people can be dependent on caffeine based on these criteria.

Review of ReIated $tudies
Whether we consume caffeine for pleasure or purpose, it is a controversial
topic. Those opposed to caffeine being addictive claim that we consume it for the
pleasure of the product, while those who believe that it is addictive claim that we
consume it for the purpose of satisfying our craving for it.
Those who disagree with the idea that people can be dependent on
caffeine point to the fact that studies do not show that 100% of people who
consume caffeine experience symptoms of withdrawal or dependence. They also
argue that people can often tell when caffeine is present by taste difference, so
results of the studies are altered by that awareness. nstead of the addiction
aspect they believe that the pleasurable aroma, taste, and social aspects of
coffee are the reasons for consumption.
Caffeine Finds No !erformance nhancement
A study published this month in Neuropsychobiology has found that
sustained caffeine use has no significant enhancing effects on performance or
mood and does not provide a restorative effect after poor sleep. Approximately
90% of people who feel we get a boost from caffeine. Research into caffeine has
produced mixed results. Previous studies have shown some associations
between caffeine intake and increased alertness, vigilance and lower levels of
fatigue - as we might expect. Even so, some researchers have found that the
apparent benefits of caffeine are only seen in individuals who already use the
drug. Those not already caffeine users show much smaller improvements. Other
studies, however, have found different patterns.
This study suggests that, overall; a person's cognitive functions are no
more highly tuned if we use drinks containing caffeine than if we abstain
completely. n fact there was some evidence found here that caffeine might
actually be undermining the restorative effects of sleep. There has been
evidence from epidemiological studies of the long-term benefits of caffeine
consumption - such as protection from cancer - but these are, at best, fairly
speculative. Equally, caffeine does raise blood pressure and increase the risk of
coronary heart disease and strokes.
The findings of this study are a blow to the perception that caffeinated
drinks provide a boost to mental performance. After all, most people don't drink
tea or coffee for the long-term health benefits - they just want to wake up.
Brian Ginsberg in his study "The Effects of Sugar and Caffeine on
Typing Speed and Accuracy says that, consuming sugar and/or caffeine before
typing had significant effects on typing performance in the study. Typing speed
was improved generally when soda containing sugar alone, caffeine alone, or
sugar and caffeine together was consumed ten minutes before typing. Typing
accuracy decreased generally when soda containing caffeine alone or sugar and
caffeine together was consumed ten minutes before typing.
n addition, on the study of Leroy Anderson (2001), (The Effects of
Caffeine on Typing), the result appears as though caffeine also had an effect on
typing speed, but not accuracy. Furthermore, the effect noticed with typing speed
may be more a result of familiarity with the test as opposed to an effect of the
caffeine. n conclusion, it appears that caffeine at least that from a soda has had
no serious effects on typing speed or accuracy.
n terms of gender type, a book entitled "n California State Science Fair
(2003) result those females increased in words per minute and errors more so
than the males. This concludes that females may have a faster metabolism and
the caffeine works quicker. t also concludes that people who work as typists
should avoid caffeine before work if their employers prefer quality over quantity.
Caffeine is addictive
There is no disputing the fact that caffeine "addiction" is not as intense or
dangerous as drug addictions. A person may feel "addicted" or dependent on it
and it can be dangerous to overdo it. They can experiment and see how they feel
with and without low to moderate amounts of caffeine. Some people do not feel
anything when they consume caffeine and others don't feel anything when they
stop consuming it. For those who do feel the withdrawal symptoms it is best to
slowly decrease the intake. Just as the body got used to the amount consuming it
will get used to less or none at all. All of this information is based on research
done on adults. This can't say for sure that caffeine will have the same effect on
children and adolescents without the proper research.
According to Kirchheimer (1998), there have been more than 19,000
studies on caffeine and coffee in the past 30 years in an attempt to determine its
exact effects on the human body. One of the most thorough and exhaustive
studies was done by Harvard University, in which they examined 126,000 people
over an 18-year period. The findings indicate that people who drink one to three
cups of coffee a day are up to nine percent (9%) less likely to contract diabetes.
What's interesting is what happened to those who drank six or more cups of
coffee per day - men slashed their chances of contracting diabetes by 4
percent, and women by 30 percent.
Dr. Jose S. Pujalte, Jr. of Manila stated caffeine in his study entitled
"Addicted to Caffeine that it increases a person's ability to work mentally and
physically. But note that caffeine does not eliminate the need to sleep; it only
reduces the feeling of being tired. This is important for work that demands
concentration.
A !erson's Brain Affects Caffeine
The director of sleep research at the Human Psychopharamacology
Research Unit, Neil Stanley (1989) stated in his study entitled Brain on Caffeine,
"But we've known for centuries that caffeinated drinks work. They get you out of
an energy slump and make you more alert. Really all they have found is a new
kind of caffeine delivery system. n addition, giving person 20 milligrams (mg)
of caffeine boosted activity but only up to levels equal to those of infrequent
users who'd had no caffeine. Paul Laurienti, a researcher from Wake Forest
University, says "f you regularly get a hefty dose, you need it for your brain to
function normally.
James Wyatt (Small Doses of Caffeine, 2004) who is the laboratory
director of the Sleep Disorder Center at Rush University Medical Center, states
that caffeine levels in the brain will be falling as the day goes on. Unfortunately,
the physiological process they need to counteract is not a major player until the
latter half of the day. That process is the systems that build up the appetite for
sleep.
Substance Abuse
n the American Studies of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (2006), Caffeine is a
mild stimulant that restores mental alertness or wakefulness during fatigue or
drowsiness. ts use is widely acceptable because caffeine is rarely medically
harmful (except perhaps in people who have particular physical conditions) and
does not lead to social disruption of any kind. The only study in which withdrawal-
related impairment appeared to be problematic was conducted using a small
sample of patients chosen specifically because they believed they were
dependent on caffeine and had high rates of remitted substance abuse and
mood disorders.
n short, these subjects did not represent a random sample of caffeine
drinkers and it is not possible to infer typical discontinuation symptoms from
them. Some have argued that continued caffeine use represents an attempt to
suppress low grade withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness and lethargy. n
some moderate users, this is possible; however, in experimental contexts, the
phenomenon is too inconsistent to constitute a reliably valid syndrome. First,
there is no harm to individuals or to society. Second, there is rarely a strong
compulsion to use; more correctly the pattern of use can be described as a
dedicated habit. Cessation of regular use may result in symptoms such as
headache and lethargy. These are easily and reliably reversed by ingestion of
caffeine. Avoidance of such symptoms, when they do occur, is easily
accomplished by ingesting successively smaller doses of caffeine over about a
week-long period. Thus, caffeine use meets neither the common sense nor the
scientific definitions of an addictive substance.
A study found at University of the Philippines (2003), suggest that
extroverted people are less sensitive to caffeine's effects than introverts. Pain
relievers fortified with caffeine have proven more effective than analgesics used
alone. The robusta coffee beans used in less expensive brands contain almost
twice as caffeine as the Arabica beans favoured by coffee connoisseurs.
n addition, military studies of subjects who had not slept for 48 hours
showed that 600 milligrams (mg) of caffeine improved alertness and mood as
much as 20 mg of amphetamine (p. 38).
Based on the empirical results obtained by Lorraine Valladares in the
study "Effects of Caffeine to Cognitive Tasks (2009), it can be concluded that
changes produced by caffeine ingestion support that caffeine acts as a stimulant.
However, it cannot be proven that the stimulant translates into enhanced motor
processes with an improvement in performance. mproved performance through
ingestion of caffeine may be evident in a fatigue situation. Caffeine showed no
effect on performance and it can be suggested that caffeine had no large effects
on cognitive tasks.












$ynthesis
The presented related literature in this experiment is intended to explore
and prove the studies and theories of other authorities. Secondly, the
researchers would like to give a broader view and further explanations about the
topic. The researchers have obtained several topics such as "The Efficacy of
Caffeine found in National Academy Press, 200 and its Evidence that caffeine
can enhance certain types of cognitive performance; "The mpact of Caffeine on
Cognitive and Physical Performance and Markmanship during Sustained
Operations by Tom M. McLellan, Doug G. Bell, Harris R. Lieberman and Gary H.
Kamimori (2000). And Lorraine Valladares book entitled "Effects of Caffeine to
Cognitive Tasks (2009).
n a way, this experiment is unique because it is the first time that a study
was conducted in these types of respondents and circumstances at present time.
Several of the related literatures and studies that have been mentioned in this
experiment used other interventions, namely: "The Effects of Sugar and Caffeine
on Typing Speed and Accuracy by Brian Ginsberg and Leroy Anderson's Effects
of Caffeine (2001). Both of which support the ideas and principles of this study.

ConceptuaI ramework

This study is concerned about the effect of caffeine to the typing speed
and accuracy of freshmen Associate in Contact Center Service students at
University of Makati. Although this research may fulfil the said study because of
its durability, it still needs other studies and theories which will support the topic.
Similarly to "The Efficacy of Caffeine found in the National Academy Press,
200.
Brian Ginsberg study "The Effects of Sugar and Caffeine on Typing
Speed and Accuracy says that, consuming sugar and/or caffeine before typing
had significant effects on typing performance in the study. Typing speed was
improved generally when soda containing sugar alone, caffeine alone, or sugar
and caffeine together was consumed ten minutes before typing. Typing accuracy
decreased generally when soda containing caffeine alone or sugar and caffeine
together was consumed ten minutes before typing.
n addition, on the study of Leroy Anderson (2001), (The Effects of
Caffeine on Typing), the result appears as though caffeine also had an effect on
typing speed, but not accuracy. Furthermore, the effect noticed with typing speed
may be more a result of familiarity with the test as opposed to an effect of the
caffeine. n conclusion, it appears that caffeine at least that from a soda has had
no serious effects on typing speed or accuracy.

Evidence is presented that caffeine can enhance certain types of cognitive
performance, most notably vigilance and reaction times, in rested individuals
regardless of whether or not they are regular caffeine users. The response to
caffeine in caffeine users has been shown to be over and above any alleviation
of withdrawal symptoms.

Sleep is the most effective means of reconstituting the decrements in
cognitive functioning brought on by sleep deprivation. Thus, in situations where it
is feasible, sleep should be promoted. When naps are not an option, caffeine
alone could be used to partially alleviate sleep deprivation-induced impairments
in cognitive behavior. Combining naps with judicious caffeine use may be the
best remedy for sleep deprivation-induced decrements in cognitive function in
military situations where adequate sleep cannot be obtained. The doses of
caffeine most likely to be effective without causing undesirable mood effects are
within the range.








Research Paradigm




















igure 1: Effect of Caffeine to the Typing Speed and Accuracy of Call Centre
Agents

Participants
Experimental Group A Experimental Group B
Typing Speed and
Accuracy
Typing Speed and
Accuracy
ntervention ntervention
Typing Speed and
Accuracy
Typing Speed and
Accuracy
With or Without Significant
Difference
With or
Without
Significant
Difference
With or
Without
Significant
Difference

The figure shown above is the research paradigm of the study which is
about the "Effects of Caffeine to the Typing speed and Accuracy of Associate in
Contact Center Services students. The first record includes the input of the
paradigm which consists of freshmen participants of the experiment. The next
data is the processes that comprise the administration and assessment of the
experiment. These were conducted on the thirty (30) student respondents
wherein these will be divided into two groups consisting of fifteen (1)
respondents each which are called the experimental and control groups. The two
groups were offered by the experimenters two types of coffee which are the
caffeinated and decaffeinated in order to measure the specified length of time
and compare how many words the students have typed before ingesting caffeine
and afterwards. Lastly, the output of this experiment was going to find out if there
is no significant difference between the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group A and experimental group B before and after the intervention
or vice versa and if there is no significant difference between the typing speed
and accuracy of experimental group A to the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group B or vice versa.





Definition of Terms

The following terms are the variables of this study and are defined
operationally.

Accuracy. t is one of the dependent variables in the experiment which is the
degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the quantity's actual
(true) value.

Caffeinated Coffee. t is a type of coffee which is taken by the experimental group
A that contains a stimulant known as caffeine.

Associate in Contact Center Services students. These are the participants of the
experiment which composed of experimental group A and experimental group B.

Decaffeinated Coffee. t is a type of coffee which is taken by the experimental
group B that does not contain a stimulant known as caffeine.

Typing Speed. t is one of the dependent variables in the experiment which refers
to the speed performance of the participants before and after taking caffeinated
and decaffeinated coffee.



CHAPTER III
MethodoIogy
This chapter provides a presentation of Research Design, Sample and
Sampling Technique, Research Locale, nstrumentation and Statistical Data used
by the researchers.
Research Design
This proposal used Descriptive - Comparative Method. t is a comparative
survey where the researcher considers at least two entities (not manipulated)
and establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of
which he can compare and conclude which one of the two is better.(De Jesus et
al., 1984).
$ampIe and $ampIing Technique
There are a large number of populations in different year level of College
of Arts, Sciences and Education particularly the two-year program of Associate in
Contact Centre Services in University of Makati to conduct this study but upon
the confirmation of this experiment, the researchers shall need thirty (30)
Associate in Contact Center Services students which will be divided into two
groups.
This research will be using a non-random sampling technique, a type of
non-probability sampling in selecting the respondents. The researchers
subjectively prefer the sampling units.
Research LocaIe
The study was conducted at University of Makati. The University of
Makati is located at J.P Rizal Extension, West Rembo, Makati City.
The University of Makati, formerly the Pamantasan ng Makati, is a city
university in Makati. t traces its roots from Makati Polytechnic Community
College, which was founded in 1972. The university has five colleges and two
centers: College of Business Administration, College of Computer Science,
College of Arts, Sciences and Education, College of Technology Management,
College of Governance and Public Policy, College of Nursing, Physical Education
Recreational Sport and Development Center, and Center for Performing and
Digital Arts.
Due to the growing number of curricular offerings, its status was elevated
in 1987 to that of a full-fledged college, and was then renamed Makati College.
Three years later, it was merged with the former Fort Andres Bonifacio
College on January 10, 1990. This event paved the way for the transformation of
the college into a university. On August 27, 2002, the Pamantasan ng Makati
Charter so as to change the official name of Pamantasan ng Makati to University
of Makati.




Instrumentation
This experimental study used Typing Master 2002 which is an adaptive
touch typing tutor for Windows that helps participants of the study to reach
professional typing skills. At stage training, it is adjusted to personal progress.
Weak spots are pinpointed and rapidly eliminated with additional exercises. As a
result they will type three to five faster without errors and acquire better working
ergonomy through decreased muscular stress.

Typing Master adapts to the participants' personal needs by giving
immediate feedback on their progress and focusing particularly on those areas
that need extra training. They can advance in their own schedule and choose
freely the length of each training session. n addition, it adapts to the person's
unique needs. The program provides customized exercises and helpful feedback
to guide step by step to professional keyboarding. As a result, the typing speed
will increase significantly saving you a lot of valuable work time.

The procedures conducted by the experimenters are going to measure the
specified length of time and compare how many words the students have typed
before ingesting caffeine and afterwards. The experimental group A take the
caffeinated beverage. After forty five (4) minutes, the respondents took the
typing test. The experimental group B took the decaffeinated coffee and wait
thirty (30) minutes before taking the said typing test for five minutes.
After the intervention, the experimenters compared the number of words
and errors the freshmen students have typed. Also, they calculate words per
minute by dividing the total number of words that were typed by the number of
minutes (e.g., 120 words in 2 minutes would be 60 words per minute).

Data Gathering Procedure
Upon the approval of the questionnaire and the go signal of the adviser of
this experimental study, the researchers shall submit a request undersigned by
the adviser to be passed on the office of the administrator of University of Makati
for them to permit the researchers to conduct this experiment on selected first
year Associate in Contact Center Services under the College of Arts, Sciences
and Education of the said university. The letter of recognition shall be made for
them to know that this study is to be conducted on their school.







$tatisticaI Treatment
The researchers will evaluate and interpret the data that has been
gathered through the use of statistical treatment as follows:
T Test for dependent means



egree of freedom
df = n 1
Where:
D = (Y X): difference between the paired observation
n = sample size

2. T Test for independent means




egree of freedom
df = (n
1
n
2
) 2
Where:
x
1
= mean of the first sample
x
2
= mean of the second sample
n
1
= size of the sample
s
1
= standard deviation of the first sample
s
2
= standard deviation of the second sample
n
2
= size of the second sample








Table 1 presents the respondents profile in terms of their age.
CHAPTER IV
Presentation, AnaIysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter analyzes and interprets the data gathered out of the
instruments used in the study presented according to the specific problem.

1. ProfiIe of the respondents
a. Respondents in terms of:
a.1 Age

TabIe 1
ProfiIe of Respondents in terms of Age

AGE REQUENCY PERCENTAGE
16 8 26.67%
17 13 43.33%
18 4 13.33%
19 1 3.33%
20 and above 4 13.33%
TOTAL 30 99.99%

Table 1 explains the respondents profile in terms of age wherein 43.33%
of them are in the age of 17 and 26.67% are 16 years old. On the other hand,
students with the age of 18 and in 20's have both percentage of 13.33% and
3.33% are in the age of 19. Since the respondents are adolescents,
According to Heishman and Henningfield, individuals who do not consume
caffeine on a regular basis appear to be more susceptible to the effects of
caffeine than regular consumers. Based on the study of Hogervorst et. al (1998),
caffeine intake had a greater performance enhancing effect for older people (3
years) than younger people (16 34).

a.2 Gender
Table 2 shows the respondents profile in terms of their gender.

TabIe 2
ProfiIe of Respondents in terms of Gender

GENDER REQUENCY PERCENTAGE
MaIe 10 33.33%
emaIe 20 66.67%
TOTAL 30 100%
Table 2 illustrates the total number of students who participates in the
study which are composed of ten (10) male participants with the percentage of
33.33% and twenty (20) females which is equivalent to 66.67%. As stated by
Heishman and Henningfield (1992, 1994), with respect to gender, because of
their small lean body mass, women may be more affected by a given dose of
caffeine than men.

A book entitled "n California State Science Fair (2003)in terms of gender
type results that females may have a faster metabolism and the caffeine works
quicker.
2. What is the typing speed and accuracy of experimentaI group A and
experimentaI group B before the intervention?
3. What is the typing speed and accuracy of experimentaI group A and
experimentaI group B after the intervention?
4. Is there a significant difference between the typing speed and
accuracy of experimentaI group A and experimentaI group B before and
after the intervention?
5. Is there a significant difference between the typing speed and
accuracy of experimentaI group A to the typing speed and accuracy of
experimentaI group B?



CHAPTER V
$ummary, ConcIusions and Recommendations
$ummary
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of caffeine to the
typing speed and accuracy of selected freshmen Associate in Contact Center
Services students at the University of Makati during the academic year 2011
2012.
Specifically, this sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the typing speed and accuracy of experimental group A and
experimental group B before the intervention?
2. What is the typing speed and accuracy of experimental group A and
experimental group B after the intervention?
3. s there a significant difference between the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group A and experimental group B before and after the
intervention?

4. s there a significant difference between the typing speed and accuracy of
experimental group A to the typing speed and accuracy of experimental
group B?
This study made use of the experimental method of research using two
experimental group design.