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Fausto B. Libano, Domingos S. L. Simonetti and Javier Uceda Universidad Politkcnica de Madrid Divisi6n de Ingenieria Electrhica C/ Jos6 Gutienez Abascal, 2 - 28006 - Madrid - Spain phone: 34-1-336 31 91 fax: 34-1-564 59 66 E.mail: fausto@upmdie.upm.es
Abstract: Hybrid filter topologies are becoming more important to improve harmonic performance in industrial systems. Hybrid filters are composed by active and passive filter associations taking advantage of both filter schemes. As a consequence of their complexity the analysis and design requires an optimization process to set up the most important parameters. In this paper the most important filter configurations are analyzed in the frequency domain. The analysis helps in the selection process of the main parameters, specially the value of the equivalent active filter impedance, which affects strongly the filter behavior. This study provides a good support in the analysis and design of hybrid filters. I . INTRODUCTION
The extensive application of nonlinear loads has contributed to increase the harmonic pollution into power systems. Besides, the quality degradation of the supplied power can be caused by different reasons like unbalanced three phase currents, sub-synchronous frequency currents, magnetic saturation of electrical machines, etc. Nowadays, hybrid power line conditioners have been researched and developed to compensate the reactive current at the fundamental frequency and to suppress harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. Utilities are recently beginning to consider harmonic standards such as IEEE 519 [ l ] (recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems), EN 60555-2 (harmonic current value limits for household appliances and similar electrical equipment with less than 16 A per phase), EN 60555-4 (for equipment with line currents above 16 A per phase presently in development phase). A general rule in the electric power distribution, is that individual low-power end users and high-power consumers are responsible for limiting the harmonic currents caused by power electronics equipment or any other type o f nonlinear loads, injected into the power system, while electric utility companies are responsible for limiting harmonics voltage distortion at the point of common coupling, by making sure system resonant conditions do not cause excessive magnification of the harmonic levels in power transmission and distribution systems [2-31. Hybrid filter topologies consist of both active and passive filters in different structures [2-81. The hybrid active filters improve the compensation characteristics of the passive filters having as main function to provide harmonic compensation. By improving the compensation characteristics of the passive filters, hybrid active filters get a reduction in the rating of the active filter [4,6,9,10]. Another motivation to develop hybrid structures is based on their suitability to work on high voltage networks. The control strategies of the power hybrid filters are in continuous development. The first approach was proposed on the basis of the Instantaneous Reactive Power based on Theory [ 1 1- 121. Later, control schemes Synchronous Reference Frame approach were proposed [9101. This paper presents a frequency-domain analysis for some hybrid topologies with special attention to associations employing series active filtering. The focus is on the influence of the active filter impedance on the harmonic voltage and current performance.
11. HYBRID ACTIVE FILTERS To overcome some of the problems shown by active and passive filters, hybrid topologies have been proposed. An hybrid filter is an association of active and passive filters. The aim is to combine passive filter robustness with active filter performance, improving system reliability. Also, as a practical result most viable and costeffective hybrid active filter topologies enable the use of VA rating) significantly small rated active filters (4% compared to pure parallel or series active filter solutions [ 191. Additionally, they offer several value-added features such as line voltage regulation, reactive power compensation and harmonic isolation. Some topologies and their main characteristics are summarized in table I using single line diagram. In this table, the comparison is always taken respect to a classical pure shunt active filter. 111. FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS
All systems will be analyzed based on the singlephase equivalent circuit considering balanced three-phase nonlinear load. Let us assume that the active filter is an ideal controllable voltage source Vc or VAF(depending of the topology) by applying a gain K in the measured magnitude (current or voltage). The load is a current source IL, Zs is the source impedance and Z, is the equivalent total impedance of the passive filter cells.
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>+
"Q
5
?
* " *
cl
* 3
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The filtering characteristics are presented normalized on a per-phase base, with basis on the load power (Sb=20 kVA), system voltage (Vb=200 V) and frequency (fb=50 Hz). At fundamental frequency the active filter do not act. In the analysis, all the variables with the subscript "h" (VSh, VCh, Ish, IFh, V T h , ILh, etc) account for the harmonic content of these voltages and currents. 3.1 - Hybrid series active filter structure ( 2 ) Let us consider the single-phase equivalent circuit shown in figure 1, where the voltage sources Vch (K*Ish), account for the behavior of active filters, proportional to source harmonic current IStl.
15
h=0.02 pu
K=0.05 pu
10 lot
5-
0.1
E/fb
100
..........
.....
, .
,.............
SOURCE
HYBRID FILTER
LOAD
Fig. I
*t
(1)
0.1
\
'I
I =
'
ufb
lo
From equation ( I ) , assuming vsll=O, ratio ISh/ILh is the plotted in figure 2. In the same way, assuming ILh =o the function ISl,NSI, is also plotted in figure 3. Both families of curves for the typical Ls=0,02 pu and different values of K are shown. Figures 2 and 3 the show filtering characteristics by means of the source harmonic current Ish as a function of the load harmonic current ILlland the source harmonic voltage VSh. It can be seen that for values of K>>IZ,I , the load current harmonics are constrained to flow into the shunt passive filter. The possibilities of resonance are strongly damped.
0. I
From figures 4 and 5, it can be seen that if K is much larger than the source impedance IZ,l and IZJ, it will exist a voltage drop in the passive filter, VTI,,mainly proportional to ILh. A large value of K in some cases increases Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the passive filter terminal voltage, which may exceed the IEEE-5 19 voltage THD standards.
'
f/fb
lo
100
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4-
L
0I .
f/fh
lo
1 Illli
IVTIflShl
Ls=0.02 pu
0
0I
f/fb
")
l(X)
Figures 6 and 7, show the required harmonic compensation voltage Vcll, in the series active filter to generate the complete compensation. For K>>IZs+Ztl, it is necessary to generate a short voltage peak to compensate the load harmonics. This peak is very difficult to be implemented practically.
Fig. I O - Ratio VT,Jv,yi,. From these figures, it can be seen that for values of K>>IZs*Zflthe harmonic voltage VTllis practically equal to the source voltage Vsll. 3.3 - Hybrid series and parallel active filters structure {4}
Let us to consider the single-phase equivalent circuit shown in figure 1 1, where the voltage sources VAFl(K1*Isl,)and VAF2 (K2*VFh), account for the behavior of two active filters, as a function of source harmonic current I,,I, and the source harmonic voltage Vsll,respectively. ....................................................................................
I,,,
.............................................
SOUKCE
IlYBRiD FILTER
LOAD
Fig. I I
. . . . . . ........................................
..................
SOIIRCE
I~YRKID FLLTER
LOAD
z f
.IIh
For this configuration of hybrid filter, equations for Ish and Vcllare equal to the equations (1) and ( 3 ) ,and consequently same characteristics are obtained. However, the harmonic voltage, VTh,shows a different equation producing the following characteristics:
Ish =
Z S + K I + ( I - K2 ) Z f
Z~+K~+(~-
~~1.z~
ISh/ILh
."Sh
(5)
is
plotted in figure 12. In the same way, assuming ILI,=Othe function ISh/VSh also plotted in figure 13. Both families of is curves for Ls= 0,02 pu and K2= 0,9S pu (approximately the ideal
value) and different values of K, shown. are
.f
" b z
() 4
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of series resonance between the source and the passive filters, mainly considering the harmonic current load.
h=0.02 pu
Following the same procedure with the equations (6), (7) and (8) as it was done with (5), some new family of curves can be shown in figures 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
Fig 13 - Ratio Isi/vsil. From figures 12 and 13 the filtering characteristics in terms of the source harmonic current Is,, as a function of the load harmonic current 1~1,and the source harmonic voltage Vsl, show that for Kz-l and K,>>IZ,I the load current harmonics are constrained to flow into the shunt passive filter. The possibility of resonance is strongly damped. Assuming K,=2 pu (practical value to avoid instability), L,=0,02 pu and different values of K2, the same functions IsI,/ILl, ISl,NSh plotted again in figures 14 and and are IS.
1.5
c
, pu nu
KI=2pu
7 --
il
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The value of ZvILhis very small, and disappears on the load bus for K I higher than 1 and K p l . In this case, the active filter VAFZprovides a zero impedance path to the harmonic current and no harmonic current is injected into the power system.
from the point of view of The active filter 1 (VAFI), the load harmonic current, for higher values KI needs to generate fast variations of low magnitude voltages in the main resonant harmonic frequencies.
K2. (Zsf K1). Zf
K2. Zf .IB .VYt
Kl
v ,=
.V%
a + K / + ( I -Kd.Zf
a+K]+(l- Z j Kd.
(7)
IX
(8)
15
L.5a.02 pu
K~a.95d p
Ill
I 1
Fig. 20 - Ratio V A ~ - ~ / I L ~ , .
I
\
!4=0.02 pu K1=2 PU
Fig. 23 - Ratio V A F ~ N ~ , , .
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The voltage of active filter 2 (VAF~) be able to will cancel the harmonic voltage appearing across the passive filter, thus providing a compensation for the harmonic voltage at the load terminals. Both active units are low nominal VA rate.
was shown that there are no-ideal K values which allow to keep a good harmonic performance with limited harmonic generation. The study is of importance in the harmonic analysis of an hybrid filters, specially in the selection of the main operation parameters.
REFERENCES
[ I ] S. Bhattachaiya, D. M. Divan and B. Banejee, "Active Filter Solutions for Utility Interface", IEEEIISIE95, Vol. I , pp. 53-61, 1995. [2] H. Akagi, "Trends in Active Power Line Conditioners", IEEE/PESC, pp. 12-24, 1992. [3] H. Akagi."New Trends in Active Filters", EPE95, Vol. 0. pp. 017-026, 199s. [4] H. Fugita, H. Akagi and A Nabae, "A Combined System of Shunt Passive and Series Active Filters - an Alternative to Shunt Active Filters", EPE91, Vol. 3, pp. 12-17, 1991. [5] T. Tanaka and H. Akagi, "A New Combined System of Series Active and Shunt Passive Filters Aiming at Harmonic Compensation for h r g e Capacity Thyristor Conveiters", IEEEhECON, pp. 723-728, 1991. [6] H. Fugita and H. Akagi, "A Practical Approach to Harmonic Compensation in Power Systems - Series Connection of Passive and Active Filters", IEEE Trans. on Ind. App., Vol. 27. No. 6, pp. 1020-1025, November/December 199 I [7] H. Akagi and H. Fujita, "A New Power Line Conditioner for Harmonic Compensation in Power Systems", IEEEKHPS VI, pp. 236-24 I , September 1994. [ 8 ] S. Bhattacharya and D. M. Divan, "Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Series Active Filter Systems", IEEE/PESC, Vol.1, pp. 189.195, 1995. [9] S. Bhattachaiya. D. M. Divan and B. B. Banerjee, "Synchronous Frame Harmonic Isolator Using Active Series Filter", EPE, Vol. 3, pp. 30-35, 1991. [IO] S. Bhattachaiya, D. M. Divan and B. B. Banwjee, "Control and Reduction of Terminal Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a Hybiid Seiies Active and Parallel Passive Filter System", IEEE/PESC, pp. 779-786, 1993. [ I I ] H. Akagi, Y.Kanazawa and A. Nabae, "Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive Power in Three-phase Cii-cuits",Pro.JIEE-IPECTokio, pp. 13-75,1983. 1121 H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa and A. Nabae, "Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components", IEEE Trans. on Ind. App., vol. IA-20, No. 3, pp. 625-630, May/June 1984. 1131 M . Takeda, K. lkeda and Y. Tominaga, "Harmonic Current Compensation With Active Filter", IEEE/PESC, Vol. I , pp. 808-815, 1987. [ 141 S. Fukudn and T. Endoh, "Control Method and Characteristics of Active Power Filters", EPE93, Vol.l,pp.139-144. [I51 N. Balbo, R. Penzo, D. Sella, L. Mnlesani, P. Manttavelli and A. Zuccato, "Hybrid Active Filter for Parallel Harmonic Compensation", EPE93, Vol. I,pp. 133-138, 1993. 1161 N. Balbo, K. Penzo, D. Sella, L. Malesani, P. Manttavelli and A. Zuccato, "Simplified Hybiid Active Filters for Hal-monic Compensation in low Voltage lndustiial Applications", IEEE/ICHPS VI, pp. 263-269, September 1994. [ 171 M. Rastogi, N. Mohan and A. Edris, "Filtering of Harmonic CuiTents and Damping of Resonances in Power Systems with a Hybrid-Active Filter", IEEE/APEC'95, pp. 607-612, 1995. [l8] J . Janczak and J. K . Feinro, "Voltage Waveshape Improvement by Means of Hybrid Active Power Filter", IEEEKHPS VI, pp. 250.255, September 1994. 1191 P. T. Cheng, S. Bhattacharya and D. M. Divan, "Hybrid Solutions for Improving Passive Filter Performance In High Power Applications", APEC'96, Vol. II, pp. 91 1-917, 1996.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The use of active-passive filters association improves current and voltage harmonics performance of t h e s y s t e m . The active filter acts as an impedance inserted in the system, changing its harmonic behavior. The ideal impedance value is straightforward obtained from harmonic equations, but unfortunately it usually leads to system instability. Therefore, no ideal values must be used, worsening harmonic performance. The analysis presented in this paper shows the harmonic behavior of active filtering associations under variation of the active-filter harmonic-impedance. Mainly it
Mr. Fausto Bastos Libano is in his doctoral work at UPM with a scholarship from the Brasilian Foundation CAPES. Mr. Fausto Bastos Libano is with the Dep. Eng. ElCtrica Escola PoiitCcnica - Pontificia Universidade Catdica do Rio Grande do SUI. Porto Alegre, AV. Ipiranga 6681, predio 30 sala 150 - Caixa Postal 1429 -CEP: 906 19-900 - Brasil.
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