Recommendations for the permissible stress design of reinforced concrete building structures

Amendment No. 2, August 2009 This amendment has been prepared in order to keep the document up to date, so that it may be used as an alternative to BS 8110 or Eurocode 2. This amendment covers changes made in Amendments 1-4 to BS 81101:1997, the introduction of BS EN 206-1, BS 8500-1 and BS 8500-2 and also changes in the Building Regulations. Because some of the latest changes in these documents affect items which were previously altered in Amendment Slip No. 1, for ease of use Amendment No. 2 is presented in consolidated form. It therefore supersedes Amendment No. 1. Background BS 8110-1: 1997 reduced the materials safety factor on steel reinforcement compared with previous editions. However the latest amendment to BS 8110 restores this partial safety factor to its previous value and the characteristic stress of high tensile reinforcement is also increased from 460N/mm to 500N/mm. In addition, the BS 8110 recommendations for specifying cover and concrete mixes for durability have been replaced by recommendations in BS EN206-1 and BS 8500-1. Amendments (the following text supersedes Amendment No. 1) General Throughout the document, all references to concrete grade should be changed to concrete strength class, in accordance with BS 8500. 2.1 Delete existing text and insert: The cement, or combinations of cement with ggbfs or pfa should be in accordance with BS 8500-2 Table 1. 2.2 Aggregates Delete all and insert: Aggregates should comply with BS 8500-2 Cl. 4.3. 2.3 Reinforcement Delete all and insert: Reinforcement should be designated by its type and effective diameter and should comply with BS 4449, BS 4482 or BS 4483 as appropriate. Characteristic yield strengths are given in these standards as 250N/mm for mild steel and 500N/mm for high yield steel. 2.4.3 Specification Delete BS 1014, insert BS EN 12878; delete BS 5075, insert BS EN 934. Cl.2.5 Concrete Delete existing text and insert: Guidance on specifying concrete is given in BS EN 206-1 and BS8500. Concrete compressive strength class is specified generally in terms of required 28 day cylinder strength and cube strength: e.g. strength class C32/40, means that the cylinder strength is 32N/mm and the cube strength is 40N/mm. The different types of mixes are listed below. 2.5.1, 2.5.2 and 2.5.3: delete and insert: 2.5.1 Designated concrete A range of designated concrete mixes to cover most normal applications is specified in BS8500-2. BS 8500-1 gives guidance on their use. Designated mixes are: (i) (ii) GEN0, GEN1, GEN2 and GEN3 for non-structural and unreinforced concrete; RC20/25, RC25/30, RC28/35, RC30/37, RC32/40, RC35/45, RC40/50 and RC40/50XF for reinforced concrete;

Recommendations for the permissible stress design of reinforced concrete building structures Amendment No.2, August 2009 The Institution of Structural Engineers Page 1 of 6

(iii) (iv)

PAV1 and PAV2 for external hardstandings and concrete subjected to freezing when wet. FND2, FND2Z, FND3, FND3Z, FND4, FND4Z and FND4M for foundation concrete subject to attack by chemicals including sulphates.

2.5.2 Designed concrete As an alternative to standard designated concrete mixes, designed concrete may be used. A designed concrete mix is specified by its strength class (e.g. C25/30) plus any other specific design requirements such as minimum cement content, maximum water/cement ratio, etc. 2.5.3 Prescribed concrete For prescribed concrete, the specifier prescribes the composition and constituents of the concrete mix. 2.5.4 Standardised prescribed concrete BS 8500-2 specifies a range of standardised prescribed concrete mixes for use on small sites where the concrete will be site-batched, or obtained from a supplier without third-party accreditation. 2.5.5 Proprietary concrete Proprietary concrete is designed and produced by a supplier to meet specified performance requirements. The supplier must produce evidence to the third-party certifier or the specifier to show that the mix meets the specified requirements. Table 2 For high tensile steel, amend heading to high yield steel to BS4449 and BS4483 and increase pst to 275N/mm and psc to 235N/mm. 3A.5 Loadings Delete and CP3: Chapter V. 3A.6.1 Table 1 delete grade of concrete, insert concrete strength class, in column 1 replace 15 ... 60 with C12/15, C16/20, C20/25, C25/30, C28/35, C32/40, C35/45, C40/50, C45/55, C50/60. 3A.6.4 Shear Stress Delete sentence: Where d exceeds 400mm, the term 4(400/d) should be taken as unity.. 3A.8 Delete existing text and insert: Increases of permissible stresses for wind forces or earth pressures The permissible stresses in concrete and in the reinforcement may exceed those given in subsections 3A.6 and 3A.7, respectively, by not more than 25% in the following situations: (i) (ii) where the increased stress is caused by wind loading, or where the increased stress is caused by earth pressure calculated in accordance with BS8002 and water pressure calculated on the basis of a maximum credible water level. (NB if water and earth pressures are calculated in accordance with CP2, no increase in stress is permitted.)

3A.11 In beams, where fst = 275N/mm, the clear distance between bars in tension should not exceed 170mm. Tables 5, 6 and 6c Replace with revised tables: Table 5 Anchorage bond and lap lengths as multiples of bar size for fully stressed bars reinforcement type grade 250 plain grade 500 deformed type 2 grade 500 fabric (see subsection 3A.6) concrete strength class 25/30 tension anchorage and lap length (see clause 3A.12.12) compression anchorage length compression lap length 25 31 26 33 20 25 36 38 29

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Table 6 Basic span/effective depth ratios steel tensile stress (N/mm) cantilever simply supported continuous 140 9 25 32 275 6.9 19.6 25.5

Table 6c Span/effective depth limits for slabs (pst = 275N/mm2) total dead and imposed load, kN/m2 slab 1-way simply supported 30 26 23 1-way continuous cantilever 2-way simply supported 34 30 26 2-way continuous flat slab no drops drops

5 10 20

41 35 31

12 11 9

47 42 37

38 33 29

42 37 32

Delete existing Note 1, insert: Note 1: For pst = 140N/mm, ratios may be increased by 20%. Intermediate stresses may be interpolated. 3A.12.6 Dimensions of hooks Delete existing text and insert: Where hooks are used, they should be of the U- or L- type shown in Fig. 4. In both types, for high-yield bars (type H): (i) the internal radius of the bend should be at least 2 bar diameter (bars up to 16mm diameter), or 3.5 bar diameter (bars 20mm or greater diameter); (ii) the length of straight bar beyond the end of the curve should be at least 4 bar diameter. Cl. 3B.2.1 Add at end: the Table 6a modification factors for br /b = 1 can be calculated from the formula: 0.55 + 1.18/(0.6 + M/bd) 1.6. The Table 6b modification factors can be calculated from the formula 1 + (100Asc/bd)/(3 + 100Asc/bd) 1.5. 3B.10.1 Table 10, Fig. 9 Delete d 400, insert d = 400. 3C.6.1 Shear at column face Delete 3B.12, insert 3B.11.

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3C.6.3 Shear reinforcement Amend first and second paragraphs to read: If the effective shear stress exceeds the permissible value pv, shear reinforcement should be provided. This may take the form of links, bent-up bars or fabricated components. However the effective shear stress on the critical perimeter should not exceed 2pv The design of bent-up bars or other components should be justified by established theory and/or test data. Links in flat slabs should be designed in a similar manner to those in beams, with Av taken as the total area provided on one perimeter of links (see Clause 3B.10.2). Spacing of link legs along the perimeter should not exceed 1.5d. Where the effective shear stress on the critical perimeter exceeds 1.75pv, the permissible stress pst in equation (19) should be reduced: where the effective shear stress is 2.0pv, pst should be taken as 0.75 times the normal value; intermediate values for stresses between 1.75pv and 2.0pv may be interpolated. 3J.1.6 Air Entrainment Delete When concrete lower than grade 50 is used ... aggregate and insert When concrete with strength class lower than C40/50 is used, the minimum air content by volume of fresh concrete at the time of placing shall be: 5.5% for 10mm max. aggregate, 4.5% for 14mm max. aggregate, 3.5% for 20mm max. aggregate, 3.0% for 40mm max. aggregate. Add paragraph at end: When air-entrained concrete is specified with a strength class of C32/40 or over, or with a cement content greater than about 350kg/m3, problems may be encountered in achieving the required strength, compaction and surface finish. The inclusion of air in concrete reduces the compressive strength and the concrete producer may increase the cement content to achieve the specified compressive strength." 3J.1.7 Requirements for durability of concrete Table 22 replace existing table with the following: Table 22 Durability and concrete cover Conditions of exposure (BS 8500-1 exposure class) Internal except poorly ventilated rooms with high humidity (XC1) External concrete (general) (XC3/4, XF1) External concrete in coastal areas (XS1) External concrete subject to saturation and freezing (no de-icing salts) (XF3) Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. Refer to BS 8500-1 for recommendations for other exposure conditions and guidance on specifying designed concrete. Where cover is controlled by suitable spacers and checked by a supervisor before concreting, stated nominal covers may be reduced by 5mm. In no case should the nominal cover to main bars be less than the diameter of such reinforcement. Concrete cast against blinding: nominal cover 50mm; concrete cast against earth faces: nominal cover 75mm. 45 PAV1 40 PAV2 30 RC40/50XF 50 RC40/50 40 RC28/35 35 RC32/40 30 RC40/50 Nominal cover to all reinforcement (mm) and designated concrete mixes cover 25 concrete RC20/25 cover concrete cover concrete

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Table 23 40mm aggregate: delete -30, insert -20. 3J.1.8 Reactive aggregates - alkali-silica reaction At end: delete Concrete Society Report 30, add BRE IP 1/02, BS8500-1 and BS 8500-2. 3J.2 Resistance to chemical attack Delete Table 24 indicates the requirements for concrete exposed to sulphate attack. Insert new para.: Table 24 gives recommendations in accordance with BS8500 for 20mm aggregate concrete at least 140mm thick exposed to sulphate attack in (i) natural ground with mobile water and pH > 5.5 or static water with pH > 3.5 or (ii) brownfield site with mobile water and pH > 6.5 or static water with pH > 5.5. For concrete over 450mm thick, the requirements of classes 2, 3 and 4 may be reduced by one class. A brownfield site is one which might contain chemical residues from previous industrial use or imported waste. For more detailed recommendations covering other conditions and concrete mixes, refer to BS8500-1 and BS8500-2 and BRE Concrete in Aggressive Ground, Special Digest 1. Delete existing Table 24 (p. 81) and replace with the following: Table 24 Recommendations for concrete exposed to sulphate attack Design sulphate class Concentration of sulphate1 In groundwater SO4 (g/l) In soil or fill By 2:1 water:soil/extract (SO4) 1 2 3 4 Notes: 1. Classification by groundwater samples is preferred. For analysis methods, see BS1377 Part 3 and BRE Research Report 279, which also gives methods for magnesium. To convert SO3 results to SO4, multiply by 1.2. 2. 3. 4. For sulphate class 4, designated concrete FND4m should be specified if Mg exceeds 1g/litre in groundwater or 1.2g/litre in water/soil extract. Designated concrete FND mixes are strength class C25/30. For more detailed guidance, including specification of designed concrete mixes, see BS 8500-1. <0.4 0.4 to 1.4 1.5 to 3 3.1 to 6 <0.5 0.5 to 1.5 1.6 to 3.0 3.1 to 6 RC28/35 FND2 FND3 FND4 Designated concrete

3K.1 General Add at end: Table 25 is based on the recommendations in BS8110-2. Alternatively, the cover recommendations in BS8110-1 may be used. 3L.1.5 Delete 3L.2 Ties (iii) Add at end: Horizontal ties should be connected directly and robustly to the vertical structure. For columns, this can generally be achieved by ensuring that a minimum of two bottom bars in each direction pass through the column. Where top bars are used as ties, they should be restrained by links.

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(iv) Delete and insert: Vertical ties Each column and wall carrying vertical load should be continuously tied from the lowest to the highest level. The tie should be capable of resisting a tensile force equal to the maximum load received by the column or wall from any one storey, calculated in accordance with 3L.4. Where a column or wall is supported at its lowest level by an element other than a foundation, the structural layout should be carefully checked to ensure that there is no inherent weakness and that adequate means exist to transmit the dead, imposed and wind loads safely from the highest supported level to the foundations. Insert: (v) Bars should be lapped, welded, or mechanically jointed together in accordance with 3A.12.11-16. A tie may be considered anchored to another tie at right angles if the bars of the former tie extend either 12 diameters or equivalent anchorage beyond all the bars of the other tie, or an effective anchorage length (based on the force in the bars) beyond the centre-line of the bars of the other tie. At re-entrant corners or at substantial changes in construction, care should be taken to ensure that the ties are adequately anchored or otherwise made effective. 3L.3 Acceptable limits of damage For buildings in Class 2B of Building Regulations Approved Document A which do not comply with the requirements of subsection 3L.2, the structure should be designed such that if any element of structure were to fail or be forcibly removed, due to misuse or accident, the structural failure consequent on such removal would be localized within an area not exceeding 70m or 15% of the area of the storey, whichever is less. Furthermore, the failure would be localized within the storey in which the element occurs, the storey next above (if any) and the next storey below (if any). Where the removal of such an element would result in an extent of damage exceeding the above limit, then the element should be designed as a key element in accordance with 3L.5. 3L.5 Key elements and Bridging elements (where required in buildings of Building Regulations Approved Document A Class 2B or Class 3)
Where a structural member is deemed to be a key element, the member and its supports should be capable of resisting a load of 34kN/m acting in any direction on the whole surface of that member plus any building components attached to it, with reactions from the latter limited to the maximum that might reasonably transmitted taking into account the strength of the attached components and their connections. If a vertical key element relies on a horizontal member for stability, the relevant horizontal member (or part of the horizontal member) should also be considered as a key element.

Bridging elements should be designed by considering, at each storey in turn, the loss of each vertical loadbearing element in turn (other than key elements). If catenary action is assumed, allowance should be made for the horizontal reactions necessary for equilibrium. In this analysis, the length of loadbearing wall considered as a single element should be either the length between adjacent lateral supports or between a lateral support and a free edge, subject to a maximum of 2.25 times the storey height. For the purposes of this analysis, a lateral support to a loadbearing wall is either (a) a stiffened section of the wall (maximum 1m length) capable of resisting a horizontal force of 1.5Ft kN/m, or (b) a partition (mass at least 100kg/m) at right angles to the wall, connected with ties capable of resisting 0.5Ft kN/m, where Ft = 20+4no < 60 (no = number of storeys). 5.1.1, 5.1.2 Delete BS 5328, insert BS 8500 5.2.2 Delete BS4466, insert BS8666. 6.1Methods of testing concrete After BS1881 insert and in BS EN 12350, BS EN 12390 and BS EN 12504; after BS 812 insert BS EN 933, BS EN 1097, BS EN 1367 and BS EN 1744. Delete last sentence. Appendix A replace references to BS 882 with BS EN 12620. TECHNICAL NOTES (p. 122) Delete note on Clause 3C.6.3.

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