INPUT DEVICES 1.

Imaging Devices These are input devices which provide data related to human bodily features, functions and activities in the form of images to medical information processing systems. These devices are usually integrated within large electronic frameworks, and are commonly operated by experts and trained personnel. Some of the commonly used medical imaging devices include: X-ray machines; CT or computerized tomographic scanning machines; MRI or magnetic resonance imaging machines; ultrasound or medical ultrasonography machines; and PET or positron emission tomography facilities. 2. Pointing Devices In everyday computing, devices like a mouse, a joystick, a trackball or remote control systems are usually called pointing devices, as they generally generate a pointing cursor on the visual display units of computer systems. Similarly, in the medical field, there are some specialty pointing devices which are used in controlling information-processing systems of hospitals and medical facilities. These are not like common pointing devices, and their physical features as well as functions are far more advanced in terms of applications. These pointing devices are usually hand-held, and are used to perform operations over medical imaging equipment. 3. Medical Keyboards These are advanced keyboards which are used to enter text-based commands and functions into information-processing systems at medical facilities. Medical keyboards usually contain some specific keys that instruct computers or other facilities to perform specific medical operations over the human subjects, and mostly have touchpad systems integrated within their architecture. Furthermore, these keyboards come under different brand names, are larger in size as compared to conventional keyboards and are built according to specific medical-field specifications. 4. ECG Electrodes This is one of the oldest forms of input devices used in the area of medical sciences. ECG or electrocardiography is the process of measuring human cardiac activities, and for this purpose, specifically designed electrical equipment called an ECG machine is used. An ECG machine takes its input information in the form of electrical pulses, which are provided by small metallic pads known as electrodes. These electrodes serve as input devices of an ECG machine by sticking on the human body , and perform the task of converting mechanical waves from heartbeats into electrical pulses, which are interpreted by the ECG machine. Saifuddin Abdullah, eHow updated June 24, 2011:Input Devices Used in the Medical Field | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8643379_input-devices-used-medicalfield.html#ixzz1dIefMN86 5. X-ray generator is a device used to generate X-rays. These devices are commonly used by radiographers to acquire an x-ray image of the inside of an object (as in medicine or non-destructive testing) but they are also used in sterilization or fluorescence. Zhang, J; Yang, G; Cheng, Y; Gao, B Qiu, Q; Lee , YZ; Lu, JP and Zhou, O (2005). "Stationary scanning X-ray source based on carbon nanotube field emitters". Applied Physics Letters 86 (May 2): 184104. Bibcode 2005ApPhL..86r4104Z.doi:10.1063/1.1923750: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_generator 6. MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field to align the magnetization of some atoms in the body, and radio frequency fields to systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization. This causes the nuclei to produce a rotating magnetic field detectable by the scannerand this information is recorded to construct an image of the scanned area of the body. Lee, S. C. et al. (2001). "One Micrometer Resolution NMR Microscopy". J. Magn. Res 150 (2): 207 213. Bibcode2001JMagR.150..207L. doi:10.1006/jmre.2001.2319 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging

7. CT scan machine (Computed Tomography) is a medical imaging method employing tomography by using a digital geometry process to generated a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. Computed Tomography (CT), actually known as computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) and body section roentgenography. By Mammo, at October 05, 2010: http://medical-equipment-info.blogspot.com/2007/09/ctscan-machine.html 8. Pointing device is an input interface (specifically a human interface device) that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. CAD systems and graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures point, click, and drag for example, by moving a hand-held mouse across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes. mouse." FOLDOC. 19 September 2006. <http://foldoc.org/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?mouse 9. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a threedimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule Ter-Pogossian, M.M.; M.E. Phelps, E.J. Hoffman, N.A. Mullani (1975). "A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PET)". Radiology 114 (1): 8998. OSTI 4251398: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography 10. Transducer probe is the main part of the ultrasound machine. The transducer probe makes the sound waves and receives the echoes. It is, so to speak, the mouth and ears of the ultrasound machine. The transducer probe generates and receives sound waves. Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.: http://science.howstuffworks.com/ultrasound2.htm

OUTPUT DEVICES 1. Cardiac monitor is a device that shows the electrical and pressure waveforms of the cardiovascular system for measurement and treatment. Parameters specific to respiratory function can also be measured. Because electrical connections are made between the cardiac monitor and the patient, it is kept at the patient's bedside. Cardiac Monitor - blood, time, operation, heart, rate, Definition, Purpose, Description, Preparation, Aftercare, Normal results http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/A-Ce/CardiacMonitor.html#ixzz1dIXMSthQ 2. Pulse oximeter (saturometer) is a medical device that indirectly monitors the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a photoplethysmograph. Key Portable Medical Device Vendors Worldwide". China Portable Medical Devices Report (Beijing: ResearchInChina). December 2008: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximeter 3. Glucose meter is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. Portable Meter To Aid Diabetics", Pittsburgh Press, November ,1981, pA-6: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_meter

4. X-ray film - photographic film used to make X-ray pictures http://www.thefreedictionary.com/X-ray+film 5. Holter monitor (often simply "Holter" or occasionally ambulatory electrocardiography device) is a portable device for continuously monitoring various electrical activity of the cardiovasular system for at least 24 hours. Hilbel, Thomas; Thomas M Helms, Gerd Mikus, Hugo A Katus, Christian Zugck (01/10/2008). "Telemetry in the clinical setting".Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 19 (3): 14664. ISSN 0938-7412. Retrieved 2009-Aug-04: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holter_monitor 6. Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to overcome both the limitations of minimally invasive surgery or to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. Kwoh, Y. S., Hou, J., Jonckheere, E. A. and Hayall, S. A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng, February 1988, 35(2), 153161: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgery 7. Computer assisted surgery (CAS) represents a surgical concept and set of methods, that use computer technology for presurgical planning, and for guiding or performing surgical interventions. Mischkowski RA, Zinser MJ, Ritter L, Neugebauer J, Keeve E, Zoeller JE (2007b) Intraoperative navigation in the maxillofacial area based on 3D imaging obtained by a cone-beam device. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36:687-694: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery 8. Thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers can print both black and an additional color by applying heat at two different temperatures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printer 9. Mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing. Colice, Gene L (2006). "Historical Perspective on the Development of Mechanical Ventilation". In Martin J Tobin. Principles & Practice of Mechanical Ventilation (2 ed.). New York: McGrawHill. ISBN978-0071447676: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation 10. Mobile Cardiac Outpatient Telemetry (MCOT) provides continuous outpatient ECG monitoring for periods ranging up to several weeks, if necessary. https://www.harvardpilgrim.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PROVIDERS/MEDMGMT/STATE MENTS/MOBILE_CARDIAC_OPT_TELEMETRY_2.11.

Saint Louis University Baguio City

INPUT AND OUTPUT

DEVICES

JOSE, Carina Jean D. BSNIII-D1