Teaching Note PBL 3

Thomy Dj. Vollmer

Universitas Indonesia

Ideal Rankine Cycle

If we have a system, and its working fluid passes through the various components of the simple vapor power cycle without irreversibilities, frictional pressure drops would be absent from the boiler and condenser, and the working fluid would flow through these components at constant pressure. Then when the pump and turbine heat transfer with the surroundings is absent it would be called isentropic (constant entropy). A cycle we specify to this options is the ideal Rankine cycle.
Temperature - entropy Diagram of the ideal Rankine cycle.

The ideal Rankine cycle also includes the possibility of superheating the vapor, as in cycle 1'2'341'. The ideal Rankine cycle consists of internally reversible processes, so it can be interpreted as heat transfers per unit of mass flowing. Because the pump is idealized as operating without irreversibilities, the normal equation can be invoked as an alternative to

for evaluating the pump work. That is

which then equals due to v3 as constant for the process to

Different Types of Feed Water Heaters

A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs. In a steam power plant (Rankine cycle), feedwater heaters allow the feedwater to be brought up to the saturation temperature very gradually. This minimizes the inevitable irreversibilities associated with heat transfer to the working fluid (water)

Teaching Note PBL 3

Thomy Dj. Vollmer

Universitas Indonesia

There are 3 types of Feed water Heaters:

- Open Feedwater Heaters - Closed Feedwater Heaters - Multiple Feedwater Heaters Open Feedwater Heaters. Short, a part from the Working fluid coming out of the turbine is streamed directly to the Open Feedwater Heater while a part is streamed to the condenser. In a Rankine Cycle the Feedwater Heater is almost able to heat the water at the boiling point before it enters the Steam Generator.

Closed Feedwater Heater. Closed heaters are shell and a tube in which the feedwater temperature increases as the extracted steam condenses on the outside of the tubes carrying the feedwater. In the left picture, we use a pump whose function is to pump the condensate forward to a higher-pressure point in the cycle. In the right picture, the condensate is allowed to pass through a trap into a feedwater heater operating at a lower pressure or into the condenser. A trap is a type of valve that permits only liquid to pass through to a region of lower pressure.

Teaching Note PBL 3

Thomy Dj. Vollmer

Universitas Indonesia

Multiple Feedwater Heaters. We can also mix these two types of heater and also add more of them together, which we can base on economic in line with thermal efficiency that we get with adding each of the heater that also must justify the added capital costs. example of multiple Feedwater heaters:

Efficiency of the Plant:

The efficiency of the Plant is based on the Work out - the Work in. Basically with more work in we can get more work out, so more energy and more money. but to keep these good efficiency we have to keep the work in low, so checking that there is no energy loss of the working fluid on its way in the Power Plant. a good example of keeping the energy low when it should condense in the condenser is using the feedwater heater. because of that the feedwater is already hot enough and then the boiler doesn't have to work that hard or much to heat the water for becoming a steam. another boundary would be the environment, sometimes we have to keep the condensing water at a low temperature for an example keeping the fish in the water alive, or other animals that are depended on the water that we are using for our plant.

Boiler:
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. The pressure vessel in a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that will not be exposed to liquid boiler water. In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity.

Teaching Note PBL 3

Thomy Dj. Vollmer

Universitas Indonesia

The efficiency of the heat generation side is known as the combustion efficiency. The efficiency of the heat transfer process is known as the transmission efficiency. The overall efficiency is known as the boiler efficiency. Boiler Operation Energy is continuously added to water in a closed system and the water evaporates to steam and the pressure and temperature increases as long as the strength of the containment is not exceeded. If the contained steam is released to drive a turbine or engine the pressure will tend to fall allowing increased evaporation. So long as the temperature is maintained constant the pressure will also be constant as it supplies steam, under steady conditions, to the plant being driven. In modern boilers over 80% of the heating value of the fuel is transmitted to the fluid in the boiler. The rest of the heating value is lost in the exhaust gases or is lost by conduction radiation and convection on the external surfaces of the boiler system. as example are shown two tube boilers:

Fire Tube Boilers, are widely used in small installations to heat buildings and to provide power for factory processes. Fire-tube boilers are also used in steam locomotinves Fire-tube boilers have the advantage of being easy to install and operate. The main disadvantage of the fire tube boiler is that the steam is generated in a large containment vessel which is at risk of catastrophic failure due to the high stresses developed at high pressures.

Water tube boilers, were developed to satisfy the the demand for large quantities of steam at pressures and temperatures far exceeding those possible with fire-tube boilers. The tubes are outside the steam drum, which has no heating surface and is much smaller than in the fire-tube boiler. For this reason, the drum of the watertube boiler is better able to withstand higher pressures and temperatures. A wide variety of sizes and designs of watertube boilers are used in power stations, ships and factories.