Grammar

What Does Lexical Mean? The word "lexical" is the adjective form of the noun "lexicon." Lexicon is a synonym for "dictionary." Lexical words: are nouns that represent names of persons, places, animals or things. The lexical words can be: proper nouns, concrete nouns and abstract nouns. Proper nouns: refer to a particular object or person. Concrete nouns: are used in reference with physical objects. Abstract nouns: concepts, feelings and ideas. Lexical words point to a certain category of things, like for instance animals or trees. They can also refer to abstract concepts like laughter, anger, guilt etc. Lexical items or the items in a dictionary can consist of words, collocations (compound words like central bank, mercantile bank, river bank, etc), expressions etc. In other words, all the word forms which have a meaning or making grammatical sense are termed as "lexical." 2. function Word:
Definition:

A word that expresses a grammatical relationship. Also known as a grammatical word. Function words include determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions. Contrast with content word. Determiners: A word or a group of words that introduces a noun. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, and possessive determiners. Determiners are functional elements of structure and not formal word classes. Conjunctions: Definition: The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The common conjunctions--and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so--join the elements of a coordinate structure. A sentence style that employs many coordinate conjunctions is called polysyndeton. A sentence style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses is called asyndeton. In contrast to coordinating conjunctions, which connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank, subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal rank. Prepositions: Definition: A word (one of the parts of speech and a member of a closed word class) that shows the relationship between a noun orpronoun and other words in a sentence.

The combination of a preposition and a noun phrase is called a prepositional phrase. A word group (such as in front of or on top of) that functions like a simple, one-word preposition is called a complex preposition. Prepositions convey the following relationships: agency (by); comparison (like, as . . . as); direction (to, toward, through); place (at, by, on); possession (of); purpose (for); source (from, out of); and time (at, before, on). See "Observations," below.

Simple Prepositions:
aboard about above across after against along amid among around as at atop before behind below beneath beside between beyond by despite down during for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past regarding round since than through throughout till to toward under unlike until up upon with within without

Pronouns: Definition:

A word (one of the traditional parts of speech) that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause. See "Observations," below. Adjective: pronominal. A pronoun can function as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. Pronouns are a closed word class in English: new members rarely enter the language. There are several different classes of pronouns:

Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Intensive Pronouns Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns

Articles:

Definition: In grammar, a type of determiner that precedes a noun. Basically, there are two types of articles in English: the definite article (the) and the indefinite (a/an). (For information about a short work of nonfiction, see Article [Composition].) See also:

Notes on the Definite Article

Quantifier: Definition: In grammar, a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a contrast in quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All have returned). Zero Article:

Definition: An occasion in speech or writing where a noun or noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). In general, the zero article is used with proper nouns, mass nouns where the reference is indefinite, and plural count nounswhere the reference is indefinite. Also, the zero article is generally used with means of transport ("by plane") and common expressions of time and place ("at midnight," "in jail"). Modal or auxiliaries: Definition: (auxiliaries) A verb (such as have, do, or will) that determines the mood,tense, or aspect of another verb in a verb phrase.

Auxiliary verbs always precede main verbs within a verb phrase. Auxiliaries are also known as helping verbs. Contrast withlexical verbs. Definition: (modal) A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood ortense. Also known as a modal auxiliary. The modals in English are can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. Also, in some dialects of African-American English, invariant be is used to indicate future time. Unlike other auxiliaries, modals have no -s, -ing, or -en forms. Connectors: Function Words in Speech "Most monosyllabic function words, unlike content words, are unstressed . . .. Prepositions, conjunctions, and articles are regularly unstressed, and auxiliary verbs and adverbs are usually unstressed--though note that auxiliaries are often used for emphasis, in which case they are stressed: "I did pay the bills."
http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/functionword.htm 3. inserts:

words:
Depend: temporal situation: depend-ing. To: to + -ing (not backwards)

Past perfect continuous: past progressive. Determiners Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something specific or something of a particular type. Determiners are different to pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by a noun. Therefore personal pronouns ( I , you , he , etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners. The definite and indefinite articles a/an/the are all determiners. You use a specific determiner when people know exactly which thing(s) or person/people you are talking about. The specific determiners are: the definite article : the demonstratives : this, that, these, those possessives : my, your, his, her, its, our, their For example:-

"The dog barked at the boy." "These apples are rotten." "Their bus was late." You use general determiners to talk about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are. The general determiners are: the indefinite articles : a, an few fewer less little many more most much

a few a little all another any

both each either enough every

neither no other several some

There are three classes of determiners: Predeterminers: Some determiners which only appear at the front position of a noun phrase are called predeterminers. They include: a. all, both, and half. e.g: all (the) girls, both those cars, half an hour. b. those words which express the meaning of times, e.g., double the sum, twice my salary. c. the fractions such as one-third, one-fifth, etc., one-third the time. d. such, what Such a surprise! What a fine day! In the same noun phrase, there can only be one predeterminer before one head: all girls, both girls BUT NOT: *all both girls half the sum, double the sum BUT NOT: *half double the sum
Central determiners: Some determiners always appear in the

middle of several determiners. They are called central determiners. The most common and typical central determiners are articles, the, and a/an. other central determiners include: this, that, these, those; my, your; Mary's, my father's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose. In a noun phrase, there can be only one central determiner before the head. For example, we do not say * a some boy, *a the boy. Central determiner can be used in the following cases: a. Some can be used before singular countable or plural nouns, and uncountable nouns. They include: the, my, our, your, his, her, its, their, whose, which(ever), who(ever), no, e.g.

Have you seen my suitcase/my suitcases/my luggage?

The lady whose car you hit was furious. Call again at 11, by which time the meeting should be over. Vote for whichever proposal you think most favourable. For whatever reason, don't be late again. What colour? Which information? We have no problem with violence here. The sign said "no parking".

b. Some central determiners are always used before plural nouns and uncountable nouns. They are some, any, enough, e.g.

I want some rolls/bread please. Have we got any rolls/bread for breakfast tomorrow? I haven't got enough equipment/tools to do the job.

Post determiners: Some determiners always appear at the end of several determiners. They are called post determiners. They usually follow predeterminers or central determiners. But they go before any adjective and other element before the heads of noun phrases, e.g. One, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, least, other, another, etc.; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great/large number of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount of; such. Note that such can be a predeterminer: Such a fine day! It can also be a post determiner: Few such cases have been reported. All such factors should be considered.

There may be more than one post determiner appearing before the same head of a noun phrase: all these last few days several hundred guests a few more examples another twenty years