BGP_Notes:BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol (port 179). RIP updates use UDP port 520.

EIGRP uses RTP. OSPF does not use a layer 4 protocol.

BGP exchanges routing information in the form of routing updates that include the following information: X Network number X List of autonomous systems that the routing information has traversed (the Autonomous System path) X List of path attributes Public/Private AS number:0 reserved 1-64,495 assignable for public use 64,512-65,535 private use 65,535 reserved EBGP MultihopFor EBGP, the next hop is always the IP address of the neighbor specified in the neighbor command. In some special cases, the Cisco router could be running external BGP with a third-party router that does not allow the two external peers to be directly connected. In this case, EBGP multihop is used to allow the neighbor connection to be established between two indirectly connected external peers. The multihop is used only for external BGP and not for internal BGP.
BGP Neighbor:-

Two BGP-speaking routers trying to become neighbors will first bring up the TCP connection between one another and then send open messages to exchange values such as the AS number, the BGP version they are running (version 3 or 4), the BGP router ID, the keepalive hold time, and so on. After these values are confirmed and accepted, the neighbor connection will be established. Any state other than established is an indication that the two routers did not become neighbors and hence the BGP updates will not be exchanged. Keep alive time change:Router(config_router)#timers bgp keepAliveHoldTime BGP path selection:-

It is possible for a routing table to contain multiple routes to the same destination. The BGP decision process uses the following rules (tie-breakers) to choose between two equal BGP routes: X BGP Path Selection starts; if the next hop is inaccessible, do not consider it. X Consider larger BGP administrative weights first. X If the routers have the same weight, consider the route with higher local preference. X If the routes have the same local preference, prefer the route that the specified router originated. X If no route was originated, prefer the shorter AS path. X If the AS paths are of the same length, prefer external paths over internal paths. X If all paths are external, prefer the lowest origin code (IGP [Interior Gateway Protocol] <EGP <INCOMPLETE). X If origin codes are the same, prefer the path with the lowest MULTI_EXIT_ DISC METRIC. A missing metric is treated as zero. X If IGP synchronization is disabled and only an internal path remains, prefer the path through the closest IGP neighbor. X Prefer the route with the lowest IP address value for the BGP router ID.

Multihoming options It means to have an AS connecting to more than one ISPs or connected with one ISP using redundant paths. There are 3 multihoming options that can be used: a. advertise only default routes to the AS b. advertise default routes and provider owned specific routes c. advertise full routes AS numbers AS numbers are 16 bit numbers ranging from 1 to 65535. Note: - BGP is the only routing protocol using tcp as its transport layer. Ospf,eigrp, igrp reside directly above IP layer. RIP.1 and RIP.2 uses UDP as their transport. BGP database

a. Neighbor table List of bgp neighbors b. BGP table (forwarding database) List of all networks learned from each neighbor Can contain multiple paths to destination networks Contains BGP attributes for each path c. IP routing tablelist of best paths to destination networks

Note: - BGP sends the BGP/TCP keepalives by default every 60 seconds Ebgp routes (learned from an external AS) have an AD of 20. Whereas ibgp routes (learned from within the AS) have an AD of 200. If negotiated hold-time interval is set to 0, then periodic keepalive messages are not sent.

Note: - Unlike IGP the network command does not start BGP on specific interfaces, rather, it indicates to BGP which networks it should originate from this router. The neighbor command tells BGP where to advertise and network command tells what to advertise. BGP States:The states that 2 bgp routers are going through to establish a session can be observed by using debug ip bgp ipv4 unicast or on earlier Cisco IOS versions using debug ip bgp events command. In the output of show ip bgp summary command, if state column has a number, the route is in established state. The number is how many routes have been learned from this neighbor. BGP attributes:-

BGP path selection:

Video on tuning part1 at 14.31

BGP states:open:- verifying route to neighbor active:- attempting connectivity to neighbor open sent:- open message(hello) sent to neighbor open confirm:- neighbor replied with open message active:- neighbor failed to reply or mismatched parameter established:- established (completed)

Auto-summary:Mainly occurs during redistribution.

Commands:show ip bgp summary shows output of neighbor states [on own cbt bsci bgp part1 video at time 14:31] Access-list, route-map filtering shown on own cbt bsci bgp part 2 video at 11.03. show route-map command shows route map.

Show ip bgp command displays the BGP tables that means it shows all the networks it has learned. show ip route command displays the routing table. show ip bgp rib-failure shows the routes that are shown on show ip bgp command but not on show ip route command. It also shows the reason. Bgp-peer group: - view part 3 video at 6.30. Local preference: # router bgp as_number # bgp default local-preference 700 For specific route configuration it is needed to configure access-list (route-map) - video on 2nd tune attribute 29:51- 40:00 minutes