Cezar Doca - Quasi Static Bending of Beams

QUASISTATIC BENDING OF BEAMS SOME GENERALIZED
ANALYTICAL MODELS APPLICABLE TO NPPS MECHANICAL

STRUCTURES

CEZAR DOCA, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

Addressing the problem of the quasistatic bending of homogenous straight beams
(bars), the paper presents, from simple to complex, the analytical models for a total of
24 ( ) 2 2 3 2 = general situations, individualized by the combination of: (a) the
absence / presence of an elastic base (bed, support), i.e. 2 cases; (b) the absence /
presence of a compressive / tensile axial force, i.e. 3 cases; (c) beam with constant /
variable moment of inertia, i.e. 2 cases, and (d) beam with constant / variable distributed
load, i.e. 2 cases. The generality of these (mathematically both beautiful and powerful)
models enables their application in the study of the quasistatic bending of any
mechanical structure equivalent to a homogeneous straight beam (bar), examples for a
NPP being: fuel elements, pressure tubes, pipes, structural beams etc.

INTRODUCTION

It is known that, in the classical theory concerning the quasistatic bending of beams, we have
the (adapted / simplified) differential equation of second order:

(1)
( ) ( )
( )
0
2
2
= +
x EI
x M
dx
x w d

where: x is the axial coordinate; ( ) x w is the beams deflection; ( ) x M is the bending moment
acting on the beam; E is the beams elastic modulus, and ( ) x I is the beams moment of
inertia. The product ( ) x EI is the flexural stiffness.

If the bending moment ( ) x M is unique determinate by the equilibrium conditions, then the
general solution of equation (1) is provided by the algorithm:

( )
( )
( )

|
|
\
|
+ =
x
d d
EI
M
x C C x w
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 0
1

where
0
C and
1
C are two integration constants. We only mention here that an exact
expression of (1) is:

( )
( )
( )
( )
0
1
2
3
2
2
2
= +
+
x EI
x M
dx
x dw
dx
x w d

If ( ) x M is not unique determinate, then we must solve the differential equation of fourth
order:

(2) ( )
( )
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
=
(
x q
dx
x w d
x EI
dx
d

where ( ) x q is the distributed load. Knowing the functions ( ) x I and ( ) x q , the general solution
of equation (2) is provided by the algorithm:

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ + =

x
d d
EI
d q d q
I
C
I
C
x C C x w
1
1
1
2
2
1
3 3 3
1
3 3 2
2
2 3
2
2
1 0
1
2 2

where, usually, the four integration constants
0
C ,
1
C ,
2
C and
3
C are determinate from the
support conditions at the beams ends 0 = x and L x = ; here L is the beams length .

BENDING OF BEAMS SUPPORTED ON ELASTIC BASE (BED, SUPPORT)

If the beam is supported on an elastic base (bed, support) characterized by the elastic constant
b
k , then the equation (2) becomes:

( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0
2
2
2
2
= +
(
x q x w k
dx
x w d
x EI
dx
d
b

BENDING OF BEAMS WITH AXIAL FORCE

If a compressive or tensile axial force N ( ) 0 > N acts on the beam, then the equation (2)
becomes:

( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
(
x q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
x EI
dx
d

where N is substituted by N + for compressive axial force, and by N for the tensile axial
force.

EQUATIONS, ALGORITHMS AND GENERAL ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS

Now, combining the above last two situations, the equation (2) acquires the general form:

(3) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +
(
x q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
x EI
dx
d
b

and can be particularized, from simple to complex, as below:

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with constant moment of
inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 = N , ( )
0
I x I = and ( )
0
q x q = , the
equation (3) becomes:

( )
0
0 4
4
0
= q
dx
x w d
EI

and has the general solution:

( )
4
0
0 3
3
2
2 1 0
24
x
EI
q
x C x C x C C x w + + + + =

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with constant moment of
inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 = N , ( )
0
I x I = and ( ) x q q = , the

( )
( ) 0
4
4
0
= x q
dx
x w d
EI

and has the general solution provided by the algorithm:

( )
( )

(
(
|
|
\
|
+ + + + =
x
d d d d
EI
q
x C x C x C C x w
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
0
4 3
3
2
2 1 0
1 2 3

For example, in the particular cases ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = we have:

( )
5
0
1 4
0
0 3
3
2
2 1 0
120 24
x
EI
q
x
EI
q
x C x C x C C x w + + + + + =

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with variable moment of
inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 = N , ( ) x I I = and ( )
0
q x q = , the

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 2
0 2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + q
dx
x w d
dx
x I d
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI


( )
( ) ( ) ( )

(
(
|
|
\
|
+ + =
x
d d
EI
q
I
C
I
C
x C C x w
1
1
1
2
2
2
2 0
2
2 3
2
2
1 0
1
2

For example, in the particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
we have:

( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
x
e
EI
EI x C C C q x x
x C C x w

+ + + +
+ + =
1
4
1 3 2 3 0
2 2
1 0
2
2 2 4 6

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with variable moment of
inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 = N , ( ) x I I = and ( ) x q q = , the

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + x q
dx
x w d
dx
x I d
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ + =

x
d d
EI
d q d q
I
C
I
C
x C C x w
1
1
1
2
2
1
3 3 3
1
3 3 2
2
2 3
2
2
1 0
1
2 2

For example, in the particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
we have:

( )
( ) ( )

)
(
(
+ + + + + =
x
d d d
EI
p
d
EI
p
C C e x C C x w
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
3 3
2
1
3
1
3 3
2 3 2 1 0
1 2 2
2

Forwards, for ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = the solution becomes:

( ) ( ) { ( )
( ) [ ] }
1
5
3
1 3 2
3
1
2
0
2
3 1
2
1 0 1 0 1 1 0
6
6 3
2 2 6 18 24
EI
e
EI x C C x q x q
C EI x q x q x q q q x C C x w
x
+ + +
+ + + + + + + =

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with compressive axial force, with constant
moment of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 > N , ( )
0
I x I = and
( )
0
q x q = , the equation (3) becomes:

( ) ( )
0
0 2
2
4
4
0
= + q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] x sin C x cos C x
N
q
x C C x w +
+ + =
3 2 2
2 0
1 0
1
2

where
0
EI
N
= .

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with compressive axial force, with constant
moment of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 > N , ( )
0
I x I = and
( ) x q q = , the equation (3) becomes:

( ) ( )
( ) 0
2
2
4
4
0
= + x q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI


( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1
3 3 3
2
1 1 1
3 3 3
2
2 3 2 2 1 0
2
1 2
(
(
+

+ + + =

d d d cos q
N
sin
d sin q
N
cos
sin C cos C x C C x w
x

where
0
EI
N
= . For example, in the particular case ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = we have:

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] x sin C x cos C x
N
q
x
N
q
x C C x w +
+ + + =
3 2 2
3 1 2 0
1 0
1
6 2

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with compressive axial force, with variable
moment of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 > N , ( ) x I I = and
( )
0

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 2
0 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + + q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI

but the author did not find a general analytical solution or algorithm. However, in the
particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
, we have:

( )
1 2
1
3
2
0
2
0
1
3
2
0
2
0
1
0
1 1
3
2
0 2
2
0 1 0
2 3 2 2 3 2 2
1 2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
|
|
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ + =

d d d e Y e J d e J e Y
EI
e q
C e Y e C e J e x C C x w
x

where
1
EI
N
= . Here ( ) z J
0
and ( ) z Y
0
are the Bessel functions of first and second order; we
know that ( ) z J
n
and ( ) z Y
n
are the solutions of the differential equation
( ) 0
2 2 2
= + + y n z ' zy ' ' y z .

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with compressive axial force, with variable
moment of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 > N , ( ) x I I = and

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + + x q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI

particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
, we have:

( )
( )
( )
1 2
1
3
2
0 3
2
0
1
3
2
0 3
2
0
1
1 1
3
2
0 2
2
0 1 0
2 3 2
2 3 2 2
1 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
|
|
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ + =
d d d e Y q e J
d e J q e Y
EI
e
x

where
1
EI
N
= . Forwards, for ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = the solution becomes:

( )
( )
( )
1 2
1
3
2
0 3 1 0
2
0
1
3
2
0 3 1 0
2
0
1
1 1
3
2
0 2
2
0 1 0
2 3 2
2 3 2 2
1 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
|
|
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ + =
d d d e Y q q e J
d e J q q e Y
EI
e
x

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with constant moment
of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 < N , ( )
0
I x I = and ( )
0
q x q = ,
the equation (3) becomes:

( ) ( )
0
0 2
2
4
4
0
= q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI


( ) ( )
x x
e C e C x
N
q
x C C x w

+
+ + =
3 2 2
2 0
1 0
1
2

where
0
EI
N
= .

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with constant moment
of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 < N , ( )
0
I x I = and ( ) x q q = , the

( ) ( )
( ) 0
2
2
4
4
0
= x q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI


( ) [
( ) ( )
1 2
1
3 3
1
3 3
1 1
3 2 1 0
2
3 2
2
3 2
1
2 2
2
(
(
(
|
|
\
|

+ + + + =

d d d e q e d e q e
N
e C e C x C C x w
x

where
0
EI
N
= . In the particular case ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = we have:

( ) ( )
x x
e C e C x
N
q
x
N
q
x C C x w

+
+ + =
3 2 2
3 1 2 0
1 0
1
6 2

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with variable moment
of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 < N , ( ) x I I = and ( )
0
q x q = ,
the equation (3) becomes:

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 2
0 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI

particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
, we have:

( )
1 2
1
3
2
0
2
0
1
3
2
0
2
0
1
0
1 1
2
0 3
2
0 2 1 0
2 3 2
2 3 2 2
1 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
|
|
(
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ + =
d d d e K e I
d e I e K
EI
e q
e K e C e I e C x C C x w
x

where
1
EI
N
= . Here ( ) z I
0
and ( ) z K
0
are the Bessel functions of first order; we know that
( ) z I
n
and ( ) z K
n
are the solutions of the differential equation ( ) 0
2 2 2
= + + y n z ' zy " y z .

Beam without elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with variable moment
of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 =
b
k , 0 < N , ( ) x I I = and ( ) x q q = , the

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + x q
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI

particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
, we have:

( )
( )
( )
1 2
1
3 0 3 0
1
3 0 3 0
1
1 1
3 0 2 0 1 0
2
3 2
2
3 2
2
1
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
|
|
(
(
\
|
\
|
\
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ + =

d d d e I q e K
d e K q e I
EI
e
C e K e C e I e x C C x w
x

where
1
EI
N
= . Forwards, for ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = :

( )
( )
( )
1 2
1
3 0 3 1 0 0
1
3 0 3 1 0 0
1
1 1
3 0 2 0 1 0
2
3 2
2
3 2
2
1
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
|
|
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ + =

d d d e I q q e K
d e K q q e I
EI
e
C e K e C e I e x C C x w
x

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with constant
moment of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 >
b
k , 0 = N , ( )
0
I x I = and
( )
0

( )
( ) 0
0 4
4
0
= q x w k
dx
x w d
EI
b


( ) ( ) ( )
b
x x
k
q
e C e C x cos C x sin C x w
0
3 2 1 0
+ + + =

where 4
0
EI
k
b
= .

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with constant
moment of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 >
b
k , 0 = N , ( )
0
I x I = and

( )
( ) ( ) 0
2
2
0
= x q x w k
dx
x w d
EI
b


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

+
+ + + + =

x x
x x x x
b
x x
d cos q x sin d sin q x cos
d q e
e
d q e
e
k
1 1
1 1
3 2 1 0
2 2 2

where 4
0
EI
k
b
= . In the particular case ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = we have:

( ) ( ) ( ) x
k
q
k
q
b b
x x 1 0
3 2 1 0
+ + + =

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with variable
b
k , 0 = N , ( ) x I I = and
( )
0

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 2
0
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + q x w k
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI
b

particular case ( )
x
e I x I

=
1
and 0
0
= q we have:

( ) { } { } { }{ } { } { }{ } { }
{ } { } { } { }{ } { } { } { } { } { } { } { }
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|

+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=

1
4 3
1
4 2
1
4
1
1
4
0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 2 2 1
EI
k e
, , , , , , , G C
EI
k e
, , , , , , G C
EI
k e
, , , , , , G C
EI
k e
, , , , pFq C k e x w
b
x
b
x
b
x
b
x
p
x

where pFq is the generalized hyper-geometrical function:

{ }{ } ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=
=
0 1
1
1 1
1
k
k
p k
k
p k
p p
b ... b
a ... a
! k
z , b ,..., b , a ,..., a pFq

Here G is the Meijer function defined, for any real number r, as:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +
+ +
+ +
=
|
|
\
|
ds
z rs b ... rs b rs a ... rs a
rs b ... rs b rs a ... rs a
i
r
b ,..., b
a ,..., a
z G
s
q m p n
m n
q
p
mn
pq
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
1
1

where ( )

=
0
1
dt e t z
t z
.

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), without axial force, with variable
b
k , 0 = N , ( ) x I I = and

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + x q x w k
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI
b

but the author did not find a general analytical solution or algorithm.

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), with compressive axial force, with
constant moment of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 >
b
k , 0 > N ,
( )
0
I x I = and ( )
0

( ) ( )
( ) 0
0 2
2
4
4
0
= + q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI
b


( )
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
p
b b
b b
e C e C
e C e C
k
q
x w
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
+
+ + + =
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
4
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
0
0

constant moment of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 >
b
k , 0 > N ,
( )
0
I x I = and ( ) x q q = , the equation (3) becomes:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0
2
2
4
4
0
= + x q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI
b


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
+
+
+
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
+
+ + + + =

x
x
x
x
b
b
x
x
x
x
b
b
x x x x
d q e e d q e e
k EI N
N
k
d q e e d q e e
k EI N
N
k
e C e C e C e C x w
1 1
0
2
1 1
0
2
3 2 1 0
4
1
4
4
1
4

where ( )
b
k EI N N
EI
0
2
0
4
2
1
+ + = and ( )
b
k EI N N
EI
0
2
0
4
2
1
+ = . In the
particular case ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = we have:

( )
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
b b
b b
b b
e C e C
e C e C x
k
q
k
q
x w
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
+
+ + + =
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
4
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
0
1 0

variable moment of inertia and with constant distributed load: for 0 >
b
k , 0 > N ,
( ) x I I = and ( )
0

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 2
0 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + + q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI
b


variable moment of inertia and with variable distributed load: for 0 >
b
k , 0 > N ,
( ) x I I = and ( ) x q q = , the equation (3) becomes:

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + + x q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI
b


Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with constant
b
k , 0 < N , ( )
0
I x I = and
( )
0

( ) ( )
( ) 0
0 2
2
4
4
0
= q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI
b


( )
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
b
b b
b b
e C e C
e C e C
k
q
x w
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
+
+ + + =
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
4
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
0
0

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with constant
b
k , 0 < N , ( )
0
I x I = and

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0
2
2
4
4
0
= x q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
EI
b


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
+
+ + + + =

x
x
x
x
b
b
x
x
x
x
b
b
x x x x
d q e e d q e e
k EI N
N
k
d q e e d q e e
k EI N
N
k
e C e C e C e C x w
1 1
0
2
1 1
0
2
3 2 1 0
4
1
4
4
1
4

where ( )
b
k EI N N
EI
0
2
0
4
2
1
+ = and ( )
b
k EI N N
EI
0
2
0
4
2
1
+ + = . In the particular
case ( ) x q q x q
1 0
+ = we have:

( )
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
x k EI N N
EI
b b
b b
b b
e C e C
e C e C x
k
q
k
q
x w
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
+
+ + + =
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
4
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
0
1 0

Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with variable
b
k , 0 < N , ( ) x I I = and
( )
0
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 2
0 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI
b


Beam supported on elastic base (bed, support), with tensile axial force, with variable
b
k , 0 < N , ( ) x I I = and

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
= + + x q x w k
dx
x w d
N
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
dx
x dI
E
dx
x w d
x EI
b


CONCLUSIONS

The generality of the above (mathematically both beautiful and powerful) models enables
their application in the study of the quasistatic bending of any mechanical structure equivalent
to a homogeneous straight beam (bar), examples for a NPP being: fuel elements, pressure
tubes, pipes, structural beams etc.

REFERENCES

[1.] BUZDUGAN GH., Strength of Materials (in Romanian), Editura Tehnic (publishing
house), Bucharest, 1980
[2.] CASE J., CHILVER A.H., and ROSS C.T.F, Strength of Materials and Structures,
Arnold (publishing house), London, 1999, ISBN: 0-340-71920-6
[3.] DEUTSCH I., Strength of Materials (in Romanian), Editura Didactic i Pedagogic
(publishing house), Bucharest, 1979
[4.] DOCA C., Bending of Beams; a falsifiable Essay (in Romanian), University from
Piteti (publishing house), 2007, ISBN: 978-973-690-683-1
[5.] POSEA N., Strength of Materials (in Romanian), Editura Didactic i Pedagogic
(publishing house), Bucharest, 1979
[6.] RADE M., Strength of Materials (in Romanian) Vol. I, Editura Printed (publishing
[7.] RADE M., Strength of Materials (in Romanian) Vol. II, Editura Printed (publishing
[8.] da SILVA V.D., Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2006, ISBN: 10 3-540-25131-6
[9.] WOLFRAM S., The MATHEMATICA
Book, WOLFRAM MEDIA (publishing

house), Champaingn, IL, USA, 2003, ISBN: 1-57955-022-3

Cezar Doca - Quasi Static Bending of Beams

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QUASISTATIC BENDING OF BEAMS SOME GENERALIZED

ANALYTICAL MODELS APPLICABLE TO NPPS MECHANICAL

Book, WOLFRAM MEDIA (publishing

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