181 Learning JAVA

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Tutorial
on JAVA
Dheeraj Mehrotra
City Montessori School & Degree College
Lucknow (India)
attention@computerscienceexpertise.com
www.computerscienceexpertise.com
Towards QUALITY IT LITERACY FOR ALL
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Concept of OOP
o OOP stands for Object Oriented
Programming. It is the latest trend in
programming languages supported by C++
and Java and has had the revolutionary
success in the race of OOP. The limitations
of the Procedure Oriented Programming
(POP) languages, have given place to the
development of the OOP.

CLASSES & OBJECTS
o Object :
o An object is an identifiable entity with some characteristic and behaviour.
o Class :
o A Class is a group of objects that share common properties and

relationships.
o The Objects are variables of type Class eg.
o If animal has been defined as a Class, then the statement;
o animal dog;
o will create an Object featuring dog belonging to the class animal.

CORE CONCEPTS OF OOP
o The basic concepts of Object Oriented
Programming (OOP) are :
n Abstraction
n Encapsulation
n Inheritance
n Polymorphism

Features of OOP
o Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without
including the background details or explanations.
o Encapsulation is an act of wrapping up of data and methods into a single

unit (called class). It is one of the most fundamental concepts of the Object
Oriented programming. The very insulation of the data from direct access
by the program is termed as Data Hiding. Encapsulation, is hence, just a
way to implement Abstraction.
o Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the

properties of objects of another class. This further provides an important
extension to the idea of reusability. i.e. a particular programmer can make
use of an existing class and without any further modifications, add
additional features and capabilities to it, by deriving a new class from the
existing one, through inheritance.
o Polymorphism is the capacity to allow objects having different internal

structures to share the same external interface. It is the ability for a
message or data to be processed in more than one form.

ADVANTAGES OF OOP
o Elimination of redundant coding system and usage of
existing classes through inheritence.
o Programs can be developed by sharing existing

modules.
o Security of data values from other segments of the

program through data hiding.
o Possibility of co-existence of multiple instances of an

object without any interference.

Few Examples of OOP Languages
o The different Object Oriented
Programming Languages are
C++, Java, Smalltalk, Simula, Eiffel
etc.

History of JAVA
o JAVA is an object oriented programming language. It
was developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991 as a part
of the research work to develop software for
consumer electronics. It was designed to be small,
simple and portable across platforms and operating
systems, both at the source and at the binary level. It
was developed as a full-fledged programming
language in which one can accomplish the same sorts
of tasks and solve the similar problems that one can
in other programming languages, such as C++,
BASIC etc.

About JAVA
o Modeled after C++, the Java
language was designed to be small,
simple, and portable across platforms
and operating systems, both at the
source and at the binary level.

Why JAVA
o The Java language was developed at Sun
Microsystems in 1991 as part of a research project to
develop software for consumer electronics devices-
television sets, VCRs, toasters, and the other sorts of
machines you can buy at any department store. Java's
goals at that time were to be small, fast, efficient, and
easily portable to a wide range of hardware devices. It
is those same goals that made Java an ideal language
for distributing executable programs via the World
Wide Web, and also a general-purpose programming
language for developing programs that are easily
usable and portable across different platforms. This is
the major reason why Java is said to be the most
successful platform independent language.

Advantages of Java
o Java as a language has significant
advantages over other languages and
other programming environments
that make it suitable for just about
any programming task. Some of them
are listed as follows:

o Applets
Applets appear in a Web page much in the
same way as images do, but unlike images,
applets are dynamic and interactive.
Applets can be used to create animations,
figures, or areas that can respond to input
from the reader, games, or other
interactive effects on the same Web pages
among the text and graphics. Java enabled
browsers can successfully run applets and
thus give a truly rich experience at the user
end.

o Platform Independence
Platform independence is one of the most significant
advantages that Java has over other programming
languages, particularly for systems that need to work on
many different platforms. Java is platform-independent at
both the source and the binary level. Platform-
independence is a program's capability of moving easily
from one computer system to another. Java binary files
called byte-codes are also platform-independent and can
run on multiple platforms without the need to recompile the
source. Byte-codes are a set of instructions that look a lot
like machine code, but are not specific to any one
processor. Because of them, compilation happens just once;
interpretation occurs each time the program is executed.
Java byte-codes help make "write once, run anywhere"
possible.

o Simplicity
In addition to its portability and object-
orientation, one of Java's initial design
goals was to be small and simple, and
therefore easier to write, easier to compile,
easier to debug, and, best of all, easy to
learn. Keeping the language small also
makes it more robust because there are
fewer chances for programmers to make
difficult-to-find mistakes. Despite its size
and simple design, however, Java still has a
great deal of power and flexibility.

o Better Cousin of C, C++
Java is modeled after C and C++, and much of the syntax
and object-oriented structure is borrowed from the latter. If
you are familiar with C++, learning Java will be particularly
easy for you, because you have most of the foundation
already. Although Java looks similar to C and C++, most of
the more complex parts of those languages have been
excluded from Java, making the language simpler without
sacrificing much of its power. There are no pointers in Java,
nor is there pointer arithmetic. Strings and arrays are real
objects in Java. Memory management is automatic. To an
experienced programmer, these omissions may be difficult
to get used to, but to beginners or programmers who have
worked in other languages; they make the Java language
far easier to learn.

o Applets and Applications
The most common types of programs written in the Java
programming language are applets and applications. If you've
surfed the Web, you're probably already familiar with applets. An
applet is a program that adheres to certain conventions that allow
it to run within a Java-enabled browser.
o An application is a standalone program that runs directly on the
Java platform. A special kind of application known as a server
serves and supports clients on a network. Examples of servers are
Web servers, proxy servers, mail servers, and print servers.
Another specialized program is a servlet. A servlet can almost be
thought of as an applet that runs on the server side. Java Servlets
are a popular choice for building interactive web applications,
replacing the use of CGI scripts. Servlets are similar to applets in
that they are runtime extensions of applications. Instead of
working in browsers, though, servlets run within Java Web servers,
configuring or tailoring the server.

Dual Utility of JAVA
o The programs developed in Java fall into two main
categories : applications and applets.
o The Java Applications are general programs like any other

programming language. They can perform any required
operation/task or application.
o The Java Applets are Java Programs that are downloaded

over the World Wide Web and are executed as a part of
Web page, by a Web Browser on the machine. The Applets
can create games, interactive programs, animations and
develop multimedia effects on the web page.
o A program written in JAVA can be either an application or

an applet or both, depending on the writing structure of the
program.

Character set of JAVA
o Letters A-Z and a-z, 0-9 digits,
special symbols like Space, +, -, *, /,
^, \, (, ), {, }, [, ], =, !=, <, >, ., ‘,
“, $, ;, :, %, !, &, ?, -, #, @, <=, >=
and white spaces like blank space,
horizontal tab, carriage return,
newline, form feed etc.

Tokens of JAVA
o JAVA comprises of tokens as smallest element of the
program. They implement various features within a
program.
They are as follows :
o Keywords
o Identifiers
o Literals
o Separators
o Operators

STRUCTURE OF A JAVA PROGRAM
o The program written in Java has two
main parts :
n Enclosure of the program in a class

definition.
n Enclosure of the body of the program in
the functions.

Example Program in JAVA
class exampleprogram
{
public static void main(string args[ ])
{
System.out.println(“Hail The World !”);
}
}

In the above program, the first line
{public static void main(string args[ ])
{System.out.println(“Hail The World
!”);}}
declares a class named exampleprogram, where class is the reserve word.
Exampleprogram is an identifier as supplied by the programmer.
This is followed by brace {, which indicates the beginning of the block of executable statements.
The third line :
public static void main(string args[ ])
defines the function main( ). The declaration of the main() function contains the following
keywords:
Public, Static and Void.
The Public keyword acts as an access specifier which declares the main function to be publically
accessible for other classes.
The Static definition declares that the very function or method is independent of the entire class
and does not figure as a part of any objects of the class. In the above program, the class
exampleprogram is unchanging or static, as a state. The term static means unchanging and
implicitly final.
The Void is a data type modifier which defines the main() function of no return type.
The argument of the main() function lies within braces eg. (String args[ ]), here String args[ ]
declares an argument parameter asattention@computerscienceexpertise.com
args containing an array of objects of the class type String.
It specifies that the main method takes an argument that is an object of string.

BlueJ Environment?
To make effective use of

BlueJ, one has to eliminate
the very un-object-oriented
public static void main and
replace it with other function
name so as to instantiate the
object and call the method for
execution.

Programming Instructions In JAVA
Output Statements:
The println( ) method or the function is used to display information on
the screen. It also provides a line feed i.e. transfers the control to the
next line of the output.
// Example program to utilize println( ) method
class output
{ public void display()
{int a=10;
int b=20;
int c=30;
int d=40;
System.out.println("The usage of println( ) method");
System.out.println("The value of a is "+a);
System.out.println("The value of b is "+b);
System.out.println("The value of c is "+c);
System.out.println("The value of d is "+d);
}}

Remark Statement of JAVA
The Java language offers provision of remark within its program in
the following three ways :
(i). Using /* and */

eg. /* This program prints the sum of two numbers */
(ii). Using // for a single line of comment.

eg. // This program prints the sum of two numbers
(iii). Using /** and */

eg. /** This program prints the sum of two numbers */

Data Types (int)
Type Size Min. Range Max.Range
byte One Byte -128 127
short Two Bytes -32,768 32,767
int Four Bytes -2,147,483,648 To

2,147,483,647
long Eight Bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 To

9,223,372,036,854,775,807

Data Types (float)
This type of data includes numbers with decimal part or fractional numbers.
It is further classified into two types as float and double with references as :
Type Size Min. Range Max. Range
float 4 3.4e-038 to 3.4e+038
double 8 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308

Escape Sequences in JAVA
Escape Meaning
\n Newline
\t Tab
\b Backspace
\r Carriage return
\f Formfeed
\\ Backslash
\’ Single Code
\” Double Code
\ddd Octal
\xdd Hexadecimal
\udddd Unicode Character

Declaration of Variables in JAVA
A Declaration of a variable refers to the following:
(i). Specification of the name of the variable.
(ii). Specification of the data type of the variable.
(iii). Specification of the scope of usage of the variable.
eg.
int age;
String name;
boolean isAbsent;

Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning Format
+ Addition a+b
- Substraction a-b
* Product a*b
/ Division a/b
% Modulus a%b
where a and b are the two numeric constants.

Assignment Operators
Operator/ Operation/ Format/ Meaning
= Assignment a=10 10 assigned to

the variable a
+= Add to the variable a+=5 a=a+5
-= Subtract from variable a-=5 a=a-5
*= Multiply to variable a*=5 a=a*5
/= Divide into a/=5 a=a/5
%= Modulus of a%=5 a=a%5

Shorthand Notation
Shorthand Operation Equivalence Operation
sum +=10; sum = sum + 10;

sum -=10; sum = sum - 10;
sum /=10; sum = sum / 10;
sum *=10; sum = sum * 10;
sum %=10; sum = sum % 10;
(Similarly a variable within an expression on the right can also

be used as :)
sum +=total; sum = sum + total;

Increment & Decrement Operators
The increment operator is indicated by ++ and is used to
increment the variable by 1.
eg. ++marks;
increments the value of the variable marks by 1.
It can be used in two ways : as a prefix, (++var), meaning that

the operator precedes the variable; and as a postfix, (var++),
where the operator follows the variable.
In prefix the variable gets incremented first where as in postfix

the variable gets incremented after the operation of function of its
associate operator.
Decrement Operators are similar to Increment Operators except

the fact for the operation of decrementation by 1. It can also be
used both as prefix and postfix forms of its format.
eg. --marks;
is used to decrement the value of marks by 1.

Ternary Operator of JAVA
This is an excellent substitute to the control statement like IF/THEN/ELSE

of BASIC language. It is denoted by the combinational characters ?: and
follows the usage with the following format/syntax :
value variable = (test expression) ? expression1 : expression2;
which indicates that if the test expression is true then the transfer value
for storage into the value variable is expression1 and if the test
expression is false the transfer value becomes the expression2.
for example:
grade = (total > 40) ? ‘P’ : ‘F’;
In the above example grade refers to the value variable, total>40 is the
test expression, ‘P’ is the expression1 and ‘F’ is the expression2. The ?
character follows the true condition and : follows the false condition.

Control Statements of JAVA
Selection control statements :
The Selection control statements refer to transfer of control or execution

depending on the given condition and a selection is made depending on
the given options. The different course of action are performed according
to the given condition. They are also termed as Decision Construct
Statements as they help in taking decisions for further execution of the
statements/instructions within the program.
Iteration control statements :
The Iteration Statements on the other hand act as an automatic looping

statements. Here the block/compound statement is executed again and
again until a given condition is met.

IF Statement
This statement acts as a conditional control statement of Java and

checks the specified condition. If the given condition is true the given
instruction is executed otherwise the instruction is ignored. There are
different formats of if statement and is widely used for computation,
logical reasoning and decision making within a program.
A simple if statement has the following format :
if (expression)
statement1;
where an expression is the condition which if found true executes

statement1 otherwise the control comes to the next statement.

IF – ELSE Statement
This conditional control statement of Java conducts the execution of the
statement if the condition is true and conducts other specified execution
if the condition is false. It consists of an if statement, followed by a
statement or block of statements, followed by the keyword else, followed
by another statement or block of statements. It has the following syntax :
if (expression)
statement 1;
else
statement 2;
If the expression is true, the statement 1 is executed otherwise the

statement 2 is executed. The statement 1 and statement 2 can be a
single statement or a block/compound statements.

Switch Statement
It has the following format :
switch(expression)
{
case value1:
block1
break;
case value2:
block2
break;
———-
default:
block
break;
}The break statement used at the end of each case acts as an exit point from the
switch statement. It works as a jumping statement and the execution is transferred
to the statement following the switch statement. The Default statement is the
executing condition in the condition when the value of switch does not match with
the case. It does not require any usage of break as it is always the last segment of
the switch structure.

Difference Between
SWITCH / IF-ELSE
i). The IF-ELSE statement is used for manipulating multiple conditions
whereas SWITCH touches upon only one conditional variable. And different
values of the variable passes the control to the required case.
(ii). The IF-ELSE statement uses both integer as well as floating type values
whereas the SWITCH statement only accepts integer values.
(iii). In SWITCH statement all the branches or compound statements are

executed depending on the value of the same variable on the other hand
IF-ELSE follows usage of long instruction based statements and may create
confusion within blocks.

While Statement of JAVA
The while statement is another looping statement of Java with an
entry control option for execution.
It acts as one of the simplest looping structures of Java and has the
following format.
Initialization;
while (test expression)
{
body of the loop
}
where the test expression is the conditional state which executes the
body of the loop if it returns the true value and terminates once the
value returned for the test condition is false. It acts as an entry
controlled loop and the given test expression is evaluated at every
execution of the body of the loop.

Do While Statement of JAVA
This format of the WHILE statement is an exit controlled iteration
statement. In this the condition which is to be checked lies at the
end of the execution statement/statements and is hence executed at
least once no matter the conditon is met or not.
do
{
body of the loop
}
while (test expression);

FOR LOOP IN JAVA
This acts as an automatic looping statement with all the control
elements/conditions placed in one place. It is equivalent to the
FOR/NEXT of BASIC high-level language.
for (initialization expression;testexpression;update expression)

{
loop body
}
It starts with the keyword for, followed by parentheses that contains

three expressions separated by semicolons. eg.for (s=1;j<11;j++)
The above segment assigns the loop variable s by 1, the test condition
is j<11 and the increment expression is j++. The loop executes for 10
times, with the value of s ranging from 1 to 10.

VISIBILITY LABELS/ ACCESS
MODIFIERS
The visibility labels are of two major types viz. public and private.
The method or a variable with modifier public is accessible wherever
the program has access to an object. Any instance variable or
method declared with class private is accessible only to methods of
the class.The instance variable private are accessible to methods of
the class. The instance variables are normally declared private and
the methods are declared as public.

CONSTRUCTORS
A class is a combination of member variables and methods. The
member variables are initialized by a constructor. All Java classes
have special methods called constructors that are used to initialize a
new object of that type.
A constructor is a method with the same name as a class. It is

invoked automatically each time an object of that class is initiated. It
does not return any value.
Java supports method name overloading, so that a class can have

any number of constructors, all of which have the same name. Like
other overloaded methods, constructors are differentiated from one
another by the number or type of their arguments.

CONSTRUCTOR TYPES
a. Overloaded Constructors:
Under this format the constructor methods are utilized to

initialize the object using the parameter argument. The
arguments are passed to the constructors and appropriate
constructor is invoked by matching the number, types and
order of the arguments specified in each method definition.
b. Default Constructors:
The default constructors are used to initialize all the variables

to a 0 value. As per the procedure in Java all variables must be
initialized when the object is initialized. This is compulsory and
it is done by use of a constructor.

STRING Manipulation
JAVA offers string manipulation using
the functions.
In order to declare a string variable

the following format is used :
Declaration of a String in JAVA:
String var-name;
var-name = new String(“value”);

String Functions (v). equals();
FORMAT:
in JAVA
i). toLowerCase;
a1.equals(a2);
USAGE:
FORMAT: This method gives ‘true’ if a1 string is equal to a2.
a2=a1.toLowerCase; (vi). length();
USAGE: FORMAT:
This function/method converts all the a1.length();
characters of the string in lowercase. USAGE:
(ii). toUpperCase; This function returns the length of characters
FORMAT: present in the string.
a2=a1.toUpperCase; (vii). ChartAt();
USAGE: FORMAT:
This function/method is used to convert all a1.ChartAt(n);
the characters of the string a1 into USAGE:
uppercase. This function/method returns nth character of the
(iii). replace(); string a1.
FORMAT: (viii). concat();
a2 = a1.replace(‘n’,’m’); FORMAT:
USAGE: a1.concat(a2);
This function replaces all the occurances of USAGE:
the character ‘n’ with ‘m’ in the string a1. This function concatenates a1 and a2 strings.
(iv). trim(); (ix). substring()
FORMAT: FORMAT:
a2=a1.trim(); a1.substring(n);
USAGE: This function is used to remove all USAGE:
the white spaces at the beginning and end of This returns substring starting from the nth
the string a1. character of the string a1.

String Functions (Cont.)
(xi). indexOf();
FORMAT: a1.indexOf(‘d’);
USAGE:
This returns the position of the first occurrence of ‘d’ in the string a1.
(xii). indexOf(); [another format]
FORMAT: a1.indexOf(‘d’,n);
USAGE:
This format gives the position of ‘d’ starting from the nth position in the
string variable a1.
(xiii). compareTo()
FORMAT: a1.compareTo(a2);
USAGE:
This function returns negative if a1 is less than a2, positive if a1 is greater
than a2 and zero if a1 is equal to a2.

Program Using String Functions
// Program to input a string and print the length of the string
// In uppercase, in lowercase and in reverse.
class stringisc
{
public static void inputstring(String name)
{
System.out.println("The entered string is "+name);
int len,words=0;
len=name.length();
System.out.println("The length of the string entered is "+len);
System.out.println("The string in reverse is ");
for(int i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
System.out.print(name.charAt(i));
// Printing the string in lower case
System.out.println("The name in lowercase is ");
System.out.print(name.toLowerCase());
System.out.println("The name in uppercase is ");
System.out.print(name.toUpperCase());
}
}

Math Functions of JAVA
(i). sin(): (vi). atan();
(xi). ceil()
FORMAT: FORMAT:
Math.sin(a); Math.atan(a); FORMAT: Math.ceil(a);
(ii). cos(); (vii). pow(); (x). floor()
FORMAT: FORMAT: FORMAT: Math.floor(a);

Math.cos(a); Math.pow(a,b);
(xi). rint()
(iii). tan(); (viii). exp()
FORMAT: Math.rint(a);
FORMAT: FORMAT:
Math.tan(a); Math.exp(a); (xii). abs()
(iv). asin(); (ix). log() FORMAT: Math.abs(a);
FORMAT: FORMAT: (xiii). max()

Math.asin(a); Math.log(a);
FORMAT: Math.max(a,b);
(v). acos(); (x). sqrt()
(xiv). min()
FORMAT: FORMAT:
Math.acos(); Math.sqrt(a); FORMAT: Math.min(a,b);

o End of Session.
n Thank you
§ Send your queries at
§ attention@computerscienceexpertise.com
§ Visit: www.computerscienceexpertise.com
§ Towards Quality IT Literacy for All.

181 Learning JAVA

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COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

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o An object is an identifiable entity with some characteristic and behaviour.

o A Class is a group of objects that share common properties and

o The Objects are variables of type Class eg.

o If animal has been defined as a Class, then the statement;

o will create an Object featuring dog belonging to the class animal.

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o Encapsulation is an act of wrapping up of data and methods into a single

o Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the

o Polymorphism is the capacity to allow objects having different internal

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o Programs can be developed by sharing existing

o Security of data values from other segments of the

o Possibility of co-existence of multiple instances of an

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o The Java Applications are general programs like any other

o The Java Applets are Java Programs that are downloaded

o A program written in JAVA can be either an application or

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They are as follows :

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n Enclosure of the program in a class

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The third line :

public static void main(string args[ ])

Public, Static and Void.

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To make effective use of

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// Example program to utilize println( ) method

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(i). Using /* and */

(ii). Using // for a single line of comment.

(iii). Using /** and */

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byte One Byte -128 127

short Two Bytes -32,768 32,767

int Four Bytes -2,147,483,648 To

long Eight Bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 To

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Type Size Min. Range Max. Range

float 4 3.4e-038 to 3.4e+038

double 8 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308

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A Declaration of a variable refers to the following:

(i). Specification of the name of the variable.

(ii). Specification of the data type of the variable.

= Multiply to variable a=5 a=a*5