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This article will give you a little more information about them and how they are displayed on a spectrogram.
USED FREQUENCIES
From the VDEW, which is the main German Electricity Company we have the following table about used frequencies : Frequence [Hz]
110 168 175 183,3 190 194 206 216,7 228 232 267 270 283,3 316,7 383,3 425 -2...+1 -2...+1 -2...+1 -2...+1 -0,5...+0,5 -0,5...+0,5 -2...+1 -0,5...+0,5 -0,5...+0,5 -2...+1 -0,5...+0,5
Bandspread [%]
Amplitude [%]
1,7 1,7 2,5 3 2,5 2 2 3 2 1,7 1,7 3 3 3 3 3
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485 582 600 725 750 1050 1350 1600 -2...+1 -2...+1 -2...+1 -2...+1 -2...+1
4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2,5
The bandspread indicates the allowable variation of the transmitter frequency upward and downard in percentage of their respective nominal frequency. The amplitude level is indicated in percent of the 50-Hz-main voltage. The odd frequency data originates from the time, when the audio frequency achievement was produced with mechanical converters. At this time, an engine activated an audio generator over the main wave. The number of pairs of poles of this generator amounts to a multiple opposite the propelling 50Hz machine. From that, the frequencies explain themselves as whole multiple, which were used before the introduction of the heavy current semiconductor technology. Thus e.g. a generator for 500 cycles per second has 10 times the pair of poles of its propelling engine. The driving motors are partly synchronous engines, partly synchronous motors. Synchronous engines due to their slip never reach the nominal frequency. Thus the produced audio frequency cannot reach their nominal value at such plants. It was usual with such plants to indicate not the nominal frequency but the lowest frequency still permissible for the enterprise with a slip of 3%. Thus one spoke of the frequencies e.g. 194, 485, 582 and 725 cycles per second. The always varying load of the generator led also to a varying slip of the synchronous engine and thus again to a varying transmitter frequency. This is also the reason, why couplings for these frequencies are arranged as broadband filters.
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The diagram of figure 1 represents a standard frame. We show two missing pulses there, the 2nd and the 4rd. The decoding of the screen thus requires to fulfill the following functions: detect signal 175 Hz locate the starting signal define the moments envisaged of appearance of the awaited impulses note their presence or their absence carry out the actions which result from this.
A simple and secure Mains Power detector: practical realization and electric scheme
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October 2003, 183 Hz pulses analysed with Spectrogram, received in Belgium. But those signals, using the electric network as antenna, can be received many distance from the origin place and with different reception antennas, as shows below:
June 1999, Received in Italy with RS4 receiver and 1m wip. Over the statics and 50 Hz harmonics, two different signal at 470 Hz (with a dot of 125 mS) and 1025 Hz (with a dot of 650 mS) are visible. The two signals, probably coming from two different network, overlap for a short time.
18 June 1999, Received in Italy with Marconi vertical antenna compared with a big loop placed orizontally on the ground. Strong and clear the 1024 Hz tone. With the loop the signal at 1024 Hz is much weaker but two harmonics at 1125 Hz and 825 Hz are visible. This particular one seems to come from Switzerland (more than 300 km from reception place in Italy).
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15 July 1999, 20:00 Marconi antenna compares with signals received with a transformer on the electric line. 'On air' the signal at 1025 is not present, low harmonics of 50 Hz and good sferics are seen. On the mains the sferics are not present, harmonics are strong and the binary signal is clear with image at 1125 Hz. The result is different at different time: two hours before the situation at 1025 Hz was opposite.
The signal injection levels usually takes place at the medium - voltage level (10, 20 or 35 kV) symmetrically, in all three phases, so that propagation can penetrate right down to the low voltage level. But it can operate at any voltage level between 0,4 and 110 kV. The choice of injection level depends mainly on the size of the network to be controlled as well as the type of network ( rural or municipal ). System can be designed for parallel or series injection of audio frequency in the network. In the case of parallel injection, impedances of high voltage network and that of power transformer are in parallel with impedances of the network to be controlled. When series injection is applied, the both networks are connected in series and impedances of the power transformer and high voltage network must be much lower than that of the network to be controlled.
Here beside a "PULSE TRACKER" device, used for network maintenance and control. . It enables supervision and analysis of the telegrams quality from 160 to 500 Hz (Pulsadis 40/50, Semagyr 50a/50b/52/56, Versacom or Customized) either locally or from a distant location. This device records and analyses all characteristics: rate, offset, width and interfering pulses and enables detailed recording of 175Hz telegrams corresponding to the pre-set. tariffs. It enables setting detection and supervision thresholds locally or remotely ans identifies the different faults for each single order.
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REFERENCES
More details about this argument can be found at: http://www.scle-france.com/ang/produits/gestion-energie/controleur/produits/pulse.htm http://www.elstermetering.com/en/796.shtml http://www.actaris.com/elect/lmtrans.shtml http://www.tel.hr/hdc-itd/Engleski/RCS.htm#Choice%20of%20control%20frequency
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