STRATEGIC SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA Roby Ardiwidjaja1 ABSTRACT The quality of the environment is essential for tourism.

However, tourism's relationship with many activities has negative environmental effects. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. Increasing evidence shows that an integrated approach to tourism planning and management in Indonesia is now required to achieve sustainable tourism. Nowadays most countries believe that true sustainable tourism development must involve the people and local communities in which sustainable tourism attractions are being developed. For emerging Indonesia as tourism destinations, the adoption of policies for sustainable tourism development is important. It is widely recognized that tourism development brings benefits, but also has the potential to destroy the delicate ecological and cultural balance of host communities. For Indonesia, policy development and strategic sustainable tourism development are the key success to guide the development of Indonesian tourism industry for generations to come. Keywords: Sustainable Development-Tourism, Conservation, protection environment, policy, communities, economic BACKGROUND Country Overview, Indonesia is the worlds largest archipelago. After the New Order Era has ended in 1998, the face of Indonesia has been changed. The whole nation has to face the economic turbulence and crisis everywhere. On the order hand, freedom of the press and freedom of speech are developing. People are more aware and critical about social, economical and political situation. This is a part of a learning curve about democratization. Indonesias archipelago with a tropical climate and very humid, has a richness and diversity of natural resources (beaches, volcanoes, tropical forests, and wildlife) that is unique in the world. As well as the natural beauty of Indonesia, visitors are able to see and appreciate Indonesias cultural and social legacies. They will know how Buddhism, Hinduism Islam, and Christianity have all contributed to Indonesias built heritage and its living culture.

Researcher at the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Indonesia

Indonesias position is between Asia and Australia and this country is as wide as the European continent. The sea, with the major islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua, occupies fourth-fifths of the area. Even Papua and Kalimantan rank as the second and third largest island in the world after Greenland. This country is the worlds 14th largest nation with cultural and nature diversity. For culture diversity can be seen from more than 200 million people with 250-300 ethnic groups live in and scattered over 17,000 islands spread across 5,120 km of the tropical ocean. Most of them have their own language and dialects, but Bahasa Indonesia is the national language and is spoken throughout the archipelago. For natural diversity can be seen from some areas such as Java and Bali have the most fertile islands and rice plantations are concentrated in these two regions. Whereas Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua are the place of the tropical rainforest, and open savannah grassland is in the Nusa Tenggara. Moreover various animal species comes from three different sources. Asian mammals are from the west, Australian marsupial species and birds are from the east and the endemic species are in the middle of archipelago. Orangutan, tigers, one homed rhinos, elephants, dugongs, anoas, komodo dragons are the proud of Indonesia. Besides on land, deep down the sea, there are more than hundred marine species as a part of the archipelagos treasure. Overview of Culture and Tourism Department Inter-sectoral and multi-disciplinary culture and tourism development in a cooperative effort is not only expected to encourage not only employment generation and revenue enhancement in Indonesia. It is also expected to bring other benefits are appreciation of our national culture and diversity, increase in our contribution to global civilization, encouragement of nationwide unity, and improvement in relationships and understanding among countries. In the long run, the Ministry of culture and Tourism carried out important tangible strategic activities in the cultural sector based on a scale of priority in order develop the publics appreciation of our national art and culture. Moreover, those efforts are also means to optimally enhance our culture heritage as tourist attraction in regional destinations. But while there are definite tourism benefits to promoting cultural heritage, it must be emphasize that the national culture development is not to be treated as a cultural commodity. Cultural heritage is a vital to development of the Indonesian character and national aspiration as well as culture enhancement each region

Indonesias Tourism development policy is an integral part of national sustainable development aimed to enhance Indonesia ability to utilize science and technology in the term of global challenges. So in effort to boost the acceleration of that international and domestic tourist movement, department already create 2 promotional tourism theme entitled Indonesia, Ultimate in Diversity for international level and Ayo, Tamasya Jelajahi Nusantara for domestic that both will show the unique status of Indonesia. With the Vision of culture and tourism development stated Promote and develop dynamic environmentally sustainable culture and tourism able to educate the nation, increase civilization, encourage nationwide unity, generate employment and revenue, and improve peaceful relationships among countries. So it is obvious, if the Indonesian government through its Culture and Tourism Ministry drive the development of culture and tourism along with others sectors. The structure organization of Department Culture and Tourism consist of 4 directorate general which in charge of and responsible to the technical substance in the field of Culture tourism. These directorate generals should coordinate and facilitate with others sector in order to integrate the strategic program related to the tourism development. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA It is not easy to Indonesia as a developing country to gain economic benefit from tourism development, because of limited funding, the geographical position, and the quality of human resources. In an international context, Indonesia achieves only a relatively low number of tourists coming from its neighboring countries. This is probably due to a very small chance to promote the short-vacation market due to the geographical location of Indonesia, which is relatively far from a potential market such as the European Union or Japan. Further, a low quality of the human resources involved in the tourism industry in Indonesia and various changes in the national tourism development such as uncertainty policies causes negative impacts and consequently results in a low performance in their tourism development. It can be said that the main indicator of low tourism performance in Indonesia might have contributed to the fact that Indonesia has failed to increase tourist visit quota in the last decade. Regarding that, the government nowadays was put forward that in the future the orientation of the national tourism development would focus tourism development based on nature and culture. The Indonesian government believes those natural and cultural are the potential tourism assets that could bring benefits to the local people and the country, if the proper roles of government prepare designated regions for tourists by good planning, minimizing the harmful influences of tourists

and protecting the local culture and way-of-life. This has been adopted as the template for tourism planning and development throughout the country, which consist of around 400 autonomous regencies that want to gain economic benefit from tourism sector. Furthermore the national government realized both the potential and pitfalls of tourism as an engine of economic and social development for Indonesia. To avoid the negative effects of unregulated and uncontrolled growth, a national master plan for sustainable tourism development for the entire country was mapped out, supported by international agencies such as UNDF UNESCO, WTO, and ILO working closely with the appropriate government departments. Moreover, provincial master plans for tourism development that assess tourisms social, economic, cultural and environmental impacts in detail and guide its growth also have been produced for selected provinces. PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION It is strongly believed that there are many economic benefits of tourism development, and there is also no doubt that Indonesia has a high potential of tourism resources. At least it has thousands of islands and millions of hectares of tropical forests with a very high bio-diversity as a natural tourism potential of tropical regions. Hundreds of ethnic groups and their culture can also be regarded as an extraordinary tourism potential. However, there are some basic questions that certainly need to be answered. Firstly: how should the resources be used based on sustainable? Although the above question seems to be very simple, the answer is not. Without a profound knowledge of tourism resources, it will be difficult to determine the natural and cultural potentials resources for tourism, market potentials, and quality of human resources needed to plan and to run the development. The second fundamental question, which requires some solution, is: how could the sustainable tourism development concept be fitted into other running development processes. It is not an easy task to introduce a new sect oral concept into the running development process, which encompasses many other aspects. In general, an introduction strategy will always require the evaluation of the existing development processes. Success or failure of the development will also be determined by a careful and precise planning that follows a clear orientation with coherent development steps. Thirdly, how to change perception, attitude and motivation of stakeholder to get in line with the directions and criteria for the new tourism development. This obviously also requires specific knowledge, but is needed to achieve a high selling price for the tourism products.

These fundamental problems would be even more crucial for any local government. With various essential limitations such as capital and human resources, the local governments cannot solve various crucial problems just through autonomy euphoria. One of the crucial obstacles is natural resource exploitation (including tourism resources), which is promoted just to finance short-term development programs. With this consideration in mind, it is regarded as necessary to perform a study on sustainable tourism planning in Indonesia especially at the local autonomous region level. Another factor that easily becomes a main obstacle for Indonesia is limited funding. To restore a former mass tourism destination, the government needs to work hard to collect the funding from various levels of tourism businessmen who are trying to survive with a decreasing number of tourists in their post mass tourism destination. On the other hand, the new destination development in several regions also needs big funding to be able to fulfill various existing requirements and criteria such as to perform environmental impact assessment (EIA) or water treatment, etc. If all the costs are calculated in the investment, then the price of the product will tend to be too expensive and will only be afforded by certain exclusive consumers. Meanwhile, exclusiveness is contradictory with the criteria of the new paradigm of participatory development approach; that also become an important criteria towards sustainability. The obstacle of limited funding is crucial in Indonesia. On the one side, it really expects to have economic benefit from tourism, on the other side, Indonesia generally to finance various requirements and criteria of sustainability. International investors are one of the opportunities that Indonesia dream of grabbing. However, international investment will always end up with capital-loss or capital flight, which is a characteristic of economic and politic situation. Concern to all obstacles above, there is one question to answer: What should and could Indonesia does to be able to afford a sustainable tourism development for gaining an optimum benefit. One of the possible answers to that question is by developing a good planning through good governance. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Concepts and Terminology Since the last decade, the tourism development paradigm in this world has moved from a mass tourism concept towards a new one whose term and meaning has not really been comprehended well by scholars and practitioners. For various similar ideas or concepts about the importance of considering ecological, and socio-cultural aspects in tourism development, some of the terms used are ecotourism, soft tourism, nature based tourism, forest tourism, responsible tourism, alternative tourism,

green tourism, small scale tourism, sustainable tourism, low impact tourism, low density tourism, ecological tourism, discreet tourism, etc. Although the terminologies used vary, the various proposed concepts generally involve three pillars of sustainability, namely ecologically and environmentally friendly, socio-culturally friendly, and economically efficient. The paradigm changes could be recognized by the changes occurred due to a natural shift of trend and a result of political pressure of world wide environmental movement. The paradigm change stemmed from back to nature movement that started widely since the declaration of the World Conservation Strategy in 1980. The conservation pillar then not only become unavoidable concepts for any stakeholder but also become better equipped as an important tool for implementing sustainability concept in each development process. In Indonesia, at a national, regional or at local levels, the concept of sustainability equipped with the three pillars has to be adopted and implemented in each existing development sector, including the tourism sector. However, it is far from easy to adopt and implement this new tourism concept. There are too many directly or indirectly related factors that the tourism as a multi-sector must also simultaneously adapt and adopt the sustainability concept, without an adequate both process, it will be hard for the tourism sector to be able implement the new paradigm. There are many terms and concepts of sustainable tourism from many experts, but the Brundtland concept can probably be seen as one of sustainable development concept, which has been adopted, developed and become in an international parameter in any development of the tourism sector for the last two decades. Although the terms vary, the ideas and concepts behind them are basically similar. The Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism clearly stated that in order to reach sustainability, Travel and Tourism areas should base their activities on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Important guidelines stated in the Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism are as follows: Travel and tourism should assist people in leading healthy and productive lives in harmony with nature, should contribute to the conservation, protection, and restoration of the Earths ecosystem, should be based upon sustainable pattern of production and consumption. Nations should co-operate to promote an open economic system, in which international trade in Travel and Tourism services can take place on sustainable basis. Travel and tourism, peace, development, and environmental protection are independent. For Indonesia, the term sustainable tourism has recently earned to be implemented sectoral in any development activities. Various sustainability ideas of nature (natural and cultural) related tourism have tended to be

blended into one term, namely ecotourism. On the other hand, sustainability that is intended for various comprehensive aspects and components of tourism has tended to be referred as sustainable tourism. Sustainable Tourism Principales Sustainable tourism is one approach to development of the tourism industry designed to provide a context that can guide choices, bring together stakeholders so they act in the common interest and help decision-makers see more clearly how to balance the positive and negative impacts at present and in the future. When decided to develop the tourism industry, there are many different forms of tourism that vary according to the location, the interests of the tourists and the tourism resources that are available. However, there are certain positive impacts of tourism that are expected to contribute to development. For example, economy support of a community, new employment is created, community stability can be maintained, amenities in the area are enhanced and the community can build a sense of pride and local identity. At the same time, planners and stakeholders have to take into account possible negative impacts from tourism. One definition of sustainable tourism states that it is tourism developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) based on the main principles include the following: 1. Residents must maintain control over tourism development and planning requires broad-based community input. 2. Quality employment must be provided for the community along with education and training programme. 3. Distribution of the benefits must be broad-based and cooperation among local stakeholders is essential. 4. Intergenerational equity must be provided and tourism businesses and other tourism agencies must adopt long-term planning horizons. 5. Tourism strategies and plans must be linked to broader initiatives reflected in economic development plans of the community, region or nation and move away from the traditional growth-oriented model. 6. Harmony is required between the needs of the visitor, the place and the community in order to promote appropriate uses and activities. 7. The scale and type of tourism facilities must reflect limits of acceptable use, and this means guidelines are needed for tourism operations and impact assessments must be required. 8. The community heritage and natural resources must be maintained and enhanced using internationally acceptable criteria and standards. 9. Marketing for sustainable tourism must provide for a high quality tourist experience.

Moreover, the practice of sustainable tourism development is based on management of capacities and sites, namely carrying capacity that will measure the level of use that is sustainable. However in the management of tourism, carrying capacity approach becomes more important to be implemented by focusing a number of issues to be addressed. Say that every environment serves multiple purposes and sensitivity to different use levels depends on the values of all users in terms of any different types of use has different impacts. Carrying capacity can be useful because it draws attention to limits and thresholds beyond which a site should not be developed. There are a number of ways to measure carrying capacity, including tangible resource limits, tolerance by the host population, visitor satisfaction, rates of growth, and other quantifiable indicators. One important aspect on carrying capacity that should be concerned is site management. This management involves managing visitors, educating visitors and having a visitor use plan. There are a variety of means that can be used to manage visitors by controlling or restricting access. Visitors can be educated through interpretation of local cultural values, by providing cultural guidelines, having discussions and briefings on arrival about appropriate behavior and by using advertising and promotion campaigns. A visitor use plan can be prepared to indicate and control the physical access to sites. While there are a set of principles and practices to help guide sustainable tourism development, stakeholders still face a number of challenges are as follows: 1. Getting the public sector, including governments at all levels, 2. To get involve actively in the process of conserving and developing cultural heritage sites; 3. Obtaining the funds needed to develop products and getting the government to serve as a joint venture partner where appropriate; 4. Ensuring that tourism strategies and plans are integrated and linked to broader development plans, especially at the community level; encouraging local businesses, tourism operators and other stakeholders to cooperate; 5. Requiring impact assessments, including monitoring and indicators, where tourism development involves heritage resources and communities; 6. Making interpretation an essential part of the development process; 7. Finding creative financing appropriate to developing countries and areas of Asia and the Pacific where financial resources might be limited. TOURISM POLICY The most important challenge for sustainable tourism development concerns the perspective and expectations that all stakeholders,

particularly government policy-makers, have about tourisms contribution at the local, regional and national levels. Indonesian government view tourism as a vehicle for economic development, given its potential to earn foreign exchange, create employment, reduce income and employment disparities, strengthen linkages among economic sectors and help to alleviate poverty. In order to sustain tourism, it is necessary for government to address various issues arising from tourisms contribution to development in a comprehensive, systematic way. Issues of policy-making, planning, management and the participation of the private sector and other stakeholders must be addressed in terms of opportunities for action and possible constraints that need to be overcome by concerted efforts. The challenge facing by government as policy-makers is to have a broader perspective and better understanding that there can be both positive and negative effects from tourism development. Moreover, a broader perspective challenges all stakeholders involved with tourism from the community level to the national level to find the means to work together in more proactive ways that will increase the positive effects and minimize the possible negative effects of tourism development. Some creations that we can get from sustainable tourism development are as follows: 1. Sustainable tourism development provides the opportunity to take proactive approaches based on broad participation by stakeholders, which would contribute to more effective policies and plans. This would increase the opportunities to realize the full social and economic potential of the tourism industry. 2. Sustainable tourism development creates the opportunity for governments and all stakeholders in the tourism sector to aim at ensuring long-term prosperity and quality of life for future generations. 3. Sustainable tourism development also creates opportunities to preserve natural and cultural heritages for tourists and local people in ways that address development problems and reduce risks to the environment and ways of life. The government realize the aspect on how important to make proper use of local resources, how to develop human resources for community-based tourism and management of cultural and heritage sites and where to find the financial resources to support environmental protection and promote community-based tourism in more remote areas that are less developed. Another aspect relates to what Indonesia need in order develop tourism that would be economically viable, socio-culturally acceptable and environmentally sustainable. This involves process of enhancing national capabilities to take actions to tourism that would bring benefits to wide segments of society, and finding ways to ensure that benefits should be shared equitably among various stakeholders.

Since last view years, government facilitates broad participation of all relevant stakeholders from the national to the community level in the process of tourism development planning and implementation. This is a major program for addressing many issues related to sustainable tourism development. Integrate tourism planning through a new tourism master plan that incorporate principles of environmental management, becomes first priority of Indonesian government to enhance participation capabilities at local levels and community-based tourism of all stakeholders in order to arrive at efficient and effective solutions, plans and projects that are sustainable. In Indonesian where authority is being decentralized and greater public participation is being encouraged, the government at national and regional level might also evaluate investment policies and regulations to encourage a wide variety of arrangements that could enhance private sector participation in sustainable tourism development. This will involve careful decision-making and planning to balance accessibility with carrying capacity at all levels, especially in communities. Sustainable tourism development should also be responsive to rapid changes and new demands in the international tourist market. STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Goals and Actions for Sustainable Tourism Development Resources and tourism demand are not only viewed from the viewpoint of the needs of the tourists coming from outside but also of the local community in spending their leisure time and fulfilling their recreational need. The orientation of the planning for the tourists coming from outside is not only focused on foreign tourists but is also focused on the national tourists coming from various parts of Indonesia. The Criteria towards Sustainability Various available literatures on sustainable tourism are abundant and valuable to adopt when deciding about the sustainability criteria that should be applied in designing a Sustainable Tourism Master Plan in a national and regional level. We defines the term of sustainable tourism as various forms of tourism offers which can provide an optimum satisfaction to the tourists in a way predictable and well measurable means so that optimum environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability can be achieved in each region. With this definition, an optimum satisfaction for tourist, however, is also an essential aspect when talking about a sustainable tourism development Then for practical reason the understanding of sustainable tourism above

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needs to be further interpreted into applicable indicators that are considered to be appropriate and necessary for Indonesia to achieve sustainability in its tourism development. Regarding the definition of sustainable tourism above, the set of criteria includes tourist aspect, ecological aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and economic aspects that should be oriented on an easy practice to be identified and measured in the field by the local people. For instance the criteria for environmental aspects are also chosen including the idea to improve the environmental through tourism activities. Preserving the customs and traditional culture is the main orientation of the criteria on socio-cultural aspects. Similarly, the criteria made for the economic aspects are oriented more on economic business that can be performed by the community as a group. The Choices towards Sustainable Tourism Deciding about choices for the development direction is turned out to be the most difficult part in the process of designing the Master Plan as a part of strategy. One of the difficulties is to bring various proposed sustainability criteria into a tourism development scenario that can fulfill various differing interests among the stakeholders. Basically, it can be shown that the tourism resources exist in almost all components of the peoples living environments throughout the region in Indonesia, and of course this will create the risk that negative impacts of tourism activities may touch all parts of their lives. Any further measures and activities are focused on tourism development in Indonesia, which can be said as ideal pictures of tourism conditions that will be implemented within the framework of national, and regional tourism development visions and missions of missions. SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MASTER PLAN 1. The Target of Sustainable Tourism Development Based on the visions and missions describe above, the target of the sustainable tourism development as identified in the master plan covers the aspects of increasing the number of tourists, improving the quality of the environment, empowering the local community, increasing the Original Regional Income, and developing throughout Indonesian regions. Increasing the number of tourists as the main target, for example, is in line with the high necessity to obtain economic benefit from tourism. This target also includes the efforts to increase the length of stay of each tourist group. The total number of tourists going to visit Indonesia in 2007 reaches 5.5 million tourists. These tourists come through the main gateways, such as Soekarno-Hatta airport, Ngurah Rai airport and Batam.

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In terms of the length of stay, is intended to get increased to 6-9 days. This target implicates the need to provide transportation facilities and services from the some gateways to any tourism destination in Indonesia, and to the development strategies of tourism products and the provision of tourism supporting facilities and services. In terms of Improvement Environment Quality, the following development goals are targeted by government is intended to be achieved through various management strategies on both natural and cultural environment such as: conservation and preservation of natural areas and features, which are important as tourism attraction, improvement of visual environment quality through landscape management, building design and allocation, conservation and preservation of traces having historic value, and ancient buildings having distinctive characteristics. Furthermore, controlled of possible pollution resulting from the development of tourism supporting facilities, prevention of land destruction as a result of the development of tourism supporting facilities and services by utilizing them in accordance to the land/areas supports capacities, controlled of the land use to prevent a change of land functions, which may support the tourism development. Finally, Conservation and preservation of karsts ecosystems. In terms of Empowering the local community, the target of local community empowerment can be achieved as soon as the local communities are ready to participate in tourism development processes by increasing the quality of the human resources who are or might be involved in tourism development; through formal or informal capacity-building amongst the community. It is then possible to create the Community Based Tourism Development (CBTD). The strategy to Increase Original Regional Income can be increased through various types of taxes and retributions of the business related to tourism. This is parallel with the expected increase of the number of tourists visiting Indonesia. It can be assumed from this strategy that the more tourists come for a visit, the bigger the income obtained from various tourism retributions and taxes will be. Basically, the tourism development in Indonesia must be able to support the regional development in general in the way that the tourism development plan in any area can be integrated with various other development plans in other sectors. The fulfillment of the need of tourism supporting facilities and services such as electricity network, telephone network, and financial institutions must also become a supporting factor for the developing region either directly or indirectly. In addition the improvement of the transportation facilities and services from one tourism destination to other tourism destination should be directed to provide easy flow and distribution of people and commodities.

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Development orientations To develop sustainable tourism in Indonesia, the government has formed the development orientations as a guidelines which cover tourism spatial structures, tourism products, accommodation, quality improvement of the human resources and related institutions that are involved in tourism development, and environmental management in the context of tourism development. Spatial Structure Development is needed to be formed in order to increase the quality and intensity of tourism services to the tourists as well as to create varieties of different tourism activities in each spatial management unit. Secondly to prevent the over construction development in a development region. Thirdly to anticipate changes and development of a rural area into an urban area. It can be said this spatial structure will motivate the villages to develop this tourism potential and take advantage of the development. Moreover, a regional system was also implemented to facilitate the location selection for tourism supporting facilities. In this system the development of each region is based on the specific character of the tourism attraction it has. One of the characteristics of tourism is that the product sold is more or less abstract. Regarding Tourism Product Development, the government tries to identify sort of attractive tourism product in Indonesia. It is believed that the more varied the experience can be obtained in tourism activities, the higher the satisfaction and accordingly the selling power will be. So to give experience that tourists needed, the tourism resources must be well packaged. With this condition the target of tourism product development is to increase the number of visits and the length of stay. To support this target, the product development strategies will focus on firstly diversifying the tourism activity types that can be developed something new and managing the tourism routes. Several main considerations to diversify activity types and to design tourism routes are: (1) different attractions of each existing tourism resource, (2) limited time the tourists have, (3) optimum satisfaction that can be gained by the visitors, (4) visitors distribution, and (5) the seasonality of resources availability. Secondly is intensifying and revitalizing the existing tourism objects. The intensification and revitalization of existing objects and facilities aims at maximizing their capacity without generating negative side effects. For his purpose a development program needs to be conducted to increase the object quality, increase the attractions and create variations for the revisiting tourists.

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Amenities Development The development of amenities facilities aims at providing easiness to the tourists in fulfilling their specific needs of amenities when they visit Indonesia. Furthermore, this amenities development is directed to support the development of tourism service centers, which will in turn play a role in the regional development in general. Basically the development of amenities must use ecological approaches to contribute to the improvement of the environment quality. Moreover, the amenities development must refer to the need of facilities required by tourism activity types. The strategies used to develop the amenities are: (1) intensification and revitalization of the existing facilities, and (2) diversification and extensification of amenities. A government regulation that administers the tourism amenities especially accommodation permit is absolutely required to achieve the environmental target. The development of amenities especially accommodation should only be allowed at the less attractive locations and based on the land capacity. With this regulation the business people/investors will need to redesign the amenities land and transfer it into a more attractive one, which will have a high selling power. With this regulation the exploration and exploitation of natural areas with high esthetic value can be avoided. The Strategic development for human resource aim to produce highly qualified and creative people who are ready to participate in tourism industry. Since they are needed to support the community-based tourism development and to empower the local community, community members should also get opportunities to improve their knowledge and skills. The strategy to improve the quality of human resources is conducted either through formal or informal education through such as revitalization the existing a tourism training center, increasing the teaching quality of the existing tourism schools by increasing the quality and quantity of the available educational facilities and services, and training the community group in managing the small tourism business. Environmental Management The Strategic development for environment management involves two parts, namely physical and non-physical environment (social and cultural) of a tourism activity. The objective of the environment management is to optimize the benefit/positive impact and monitoring the impact of tourism development. In the context of physical environment, there are several tasks need to be done to support the tourism development such as implementing multi-function land use concepts, regulating and designing the building establishment along the corridors having beautiful panorama. In relation to the cultural tourism resources as one of the typical tourism

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characteristics in Indonesia, it is necessary to generate an ethic guideline for tourism. As known, Indonesia has historical, cultural and natural attractions. Smallscale tourism development projects that are community-based, focus on an ethnic group at a remote location and involve NGOs are less well known. For the last several years, a community-based sustainable tourism project has been implemented in some tourism destination. There are a number of reasons why sustainable tourism in terms of ecotourism should be community based in Indonesia. Perhaps the main reason is the General Guideline of National Development (PROPENAS) in tourism aspects, where the government mandates that tourism development is a goal and that communities should increase their welfare through sustainable community development. In order to achieve sustainability when implementing community-based development, the important issues are participation in decision-making and access to the market. At the same time, communities will need capacity building through training to provide additional new skills to manage tourism base on sustainable and related services. CONCLUSION A fundamental question to be answered by Indonesian government related to tourism development is how tourism resources should be developed to achieve a sustainability development. There are many literatures sources about various guidelines to achieve sustainability in tourism development. Each destination has a distinctive feature as well as specific potentials and problems, which require a specific planning strategy and unique measures to achieve sustainability. However, construction and development opportunities of a destination in a regional context cannot be separated from the condition and the framework of the tourism development at the national level. In terms of tourism planning at a national level is that a single major destination development strategy cannot be conducted in Indonesia as an archipelagic country. Although a single major destination development has really been one of the efficient ways to accelerate the promotion and marketing process of a tourism destination in a national level, it needs to be realized that destination variations are important in tourism, which is in line with the variety required in the tourism demand itself. Various resources in a destination must be viewed holistically either for the need of tourism or to fulfill the life necessities of the local community. Moreover the socio-cultural and economic dynamics in a destination have very important impact on the achievement of the three pillars of sustainability. Although the local community can be said to have enough awareness of the potential benefit of a sustainable development, their

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mean time daily life necessity cannot merely be neglected. Without economic improvement, the two major survival patterns of the local community extensive exploration of natural resources and migration to urban areas will equally lead to negative impacts and counteract all three pillars of sustainability. Various alternatives are needed that can provide optimum economic benefit as well as maximum positive impact to the environment conditions. Daftar Pustaka: Proceeding Makalah pada Diskusi Panel Kajian Pariwisata Berkelanjutan, Gedung Sapta Pesona 23-28 Agustus 2003. UNEP/CBD, Convention on Biological Diversity: Framework for the development of guidelines for activities related to sustainable tourism development and biological diversity in vulnerable terrestrial, marine and mountain ecosystems Santo Domingo, 2001. Inskeep, Edward. Tourism Planning. An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach, 1991. Environment Ministers on Biodiversity and Tourism, International Conference, The Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism, Berlin, 1997. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. Agenda 21 Tourism Kementerian Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dengan Strategi Kemitraan. Naskah Kebijakan, 2002. The English Tourism Council (ETC), 20 National Sustainable Tourism Indicators, England, 2002. Clare A. Gunn, Tourism Planning, Basic Concepts Cases Chris Cooper, John Fletcher, David Gilbert and Stephen Wanhill. Tourism Principles and Practice. Longman Group Limited, Malaysia, 1996 Draft Internasional Guidelines on Sustainable Tourism, CBD, 2002. John Minnery, Myra P Gunawan, Michael Fagence, Darryl Low Choy, Planning Sustainable Tourism, ITB, Bandung, 1997 Kebijakan dan strategi Nasional Pengembangan Wisata Ekologi Alam (draft IV), kantor Menteri Negara LH, 1998 Martin Mowforth and Ian Munt, Tourism and Sustainability, New York, 1988 Pedoman Umum Pengembangan Ekowisata Daerah, Direktorat Jenderal Pembangunan Daerah, Direktorat Sumber Daya Daerah, Jakarta, 2000. Sustainable Tourism Development Guide for Local Planners, USM and the Envvironment Pubication, Spain, 1993

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