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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CONTROL METHODS ON THE AERODYNAMIC SURFACES

Florin FRUNZULICA*,**, Alexandru DUMITRACHE**, Octavian PREOTU ***, Horia DUMITRESCU** * POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Polizu 1-7, 011611 Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: ffrunzi@yahoo.com ** Gheorghe Mihoc-Caius Iacob Institute of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Calea 13 Septembrie no. 13, 050711 Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: alex_dumitrache@yahoo.com *** University of Craiova, st. A. I. Cuza no.13, 200585, Craiova, Romania
Abstract. Flow control refers the ability to alter flows with the aim to achieve a desired effect: examples include delay of

boundary layer separation and drag reduction, noise attenuation, improved mixing or increased combustion efficiency among many other industrial applications. The main objective of this paper is to investigate ways of keeping the flow attached to a larger length of a Coanda surface, with application in aerospace and wind energy. We investigated two possibilities: one passive, which uses a slot, and an active one, based on the principle of synthetic jet. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations (RANS) with shear stress transport k- (SST model) of Menter have been used to compute the two-dimensional turbulent flow. The numerical results are presented for the two methods considered. Keywords: active control, passive control, turbulent flow, RANS 1. Introduction In the field of aerospace engineering, the aerodynamic design of future civilian and military aerospace vehicles will be greatly influenced by flow control technologies available for high-lift devices, flight at high angle of attack, jet engine inlet and exhaust systems, thrust vectoring, jet noise reduction, etc. The flow control devices will be used in a variety of flow situations: to energize the boundary layer and to control of boundary layer transition in low and high speed regimes, to modify the shear layers, to produce jet deflections and to control oscillations of different structural parts of the aircraft. In the field of wind energy, aerodynamic control is achieved by variable pitch blades and in present by stall control; however, other control concepts for efficiency improvement become a substantial source of study. The approaches for separation control can be broken in: (1) passive control (vortex generators, flaps/slats, slots, absorbant surfaces and riblets) and (2) active control (mobile surface, planform control, jets, advanced controls magnetodynamics). The circulation control as active control technique is know as beneficial in increasing the bound circulation and hence the lift coefficient of airfoil. This technology has been investigated both experimentally and numerically in the last decade [1]. Circulation control is implemented, usually, by tangential blowing a small high-velocity jet over a highly curved surface, such as a rounded trailing edge. This causes the boundary layer and the jet to remain attached along the curved surface due to the Coanda effect (the tendency of a moving fluid to attach itself to a surface and flow along it) and causing the jet to turn without separation. Forced jets have a few disadvantages: complexity of internal piping from a source of pressure or vacuum, and the parasitic cost to produce this pressure. A currently challenge is to reduce the power consumption to produce the jet and using efficiently the jet to control flow separation. The active control without additional net mass flow can be achieved by synthetic jets or small vibrating flap. A synthetic jet is a concept that it consists of an orifice or neck driven by an acoustic source in a cavity [2]. At sufficiently high levels of excitation by the acoustic source, a mean stream of flow has been observed to emanate from the neck. The excitation cycle increase the ability of the boundary layer to resist separation. Another technique of increasing the lift of airfoils is the use of passive devices, one of these being known as Gurney flap [3]. The Gurney flap is a small tab attached perpendicular to the lower surface of the airfoil in the vicinity of the trailing edge, with a height that can vary from 1% to 5%. The results showed a significant increment in lift compared to the baseline airfoil. Another passive device uses a slot between lowerpressure and high-pressure points (near the separation

point) on the upper surface of the thick airfoil (at positive angle of attack). Mounting on the slot a controlled hydraulic resistance we can control the separation point of the boundary layer [4]. In this paper we investigate three issues related to flow control with applicability in aerospace and wind energy: appropriate turbulence model for the study of jets on convex surfaces, passive control using a slot and active control using synthetic jet at medium frequencies on Coanda surfaces. 2. Coanda effect. Computational analysis The main goal is to provide a systematic survey of the performance of selected eddy-viscosity models in a range of curved flows and to establish more clearly their potential and limitations. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations (RANS) with different turbulence models have been employed to compute the two-dimensional turbulent wall jet flowing around a circular cylinder: (1) Spalart and Allmaras (SA - one equation turbulence model) [5], (2) Launder and Spalding k- model [6], (3) Wilcox k- model [7] and (4) Menter k- SST model [8]. The predictions of the simulations were compared to available experimental measurements in the literature. The particular configuration shown in figure 1 is considered since cylindrical wall jet properties have been reported by Neuendor and Wygnanski [9] and provide a means for evaluation of simulation results (diameter d=0.2032 m, nozzle height b=2.34 mm and jet-exit velocity Vjet=48 m/s). For the turbulence models used in these calculations the laminar sublayer needed to be resolved. The y+ values of the wall-next grid points were between 0.2 and 1, and the x+ values were between 50 and 300. The grid resolution in the jet was between 40 and 180 times the local Kolmogorov length scale. The computational grid consists of 720 nodes (on cylindrical wall) x 150 nodes (on radial direction).A fully developed channel velocity profile was prescribed at the nozzle inflow. The ambient was quiescent.

One weakness of the eddy-viscosity models is that these models are insensitive to streamline curvature and system rotation. Based on the work of Spalart and Shur a modification of the production term has been derived, which allows to sensitize the standard k-, SST model to these effects.

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b. Figure 2 Streamlines: k- (a) and k- SST c.c. (b)

For the k- SST model (with curvature correction c.c.) the separation location was slightly closer to the experiment. When the k- and Spalart-Allmaras models were used, the jet remained attached to the cylinder for more than 270 deg (figure 2). For some of these turbulence models the jet-velocity decay and jet-half-thickness are plotted in figure 3 against streamwise angle. When the k- SST c.c. model was used a close match of the jet-velocity decay with the measured data was achieved. Because the predicted half-thickness was small for all models, the normalized velocity profiles do not match the experimental velocity profiles, either in the mild pressure region or in the adverse pressure region.

Figure 3 Jet velocity decay and jet-half-thickness Figure 3 Configuration used in analysis

3. Passive control using a slot The first computational case uses a simple convex surface and the second computational case uses the same convex surface with a slot between over-pressure point on the surface and under-pressure point on the surface (placed in separation boundary layer region). The tendency of equalization of pressures leads to blow in the first oriffice of slot, while in the second oriffice we have the suction. The jet is developed in a rectangular channel with 9 mm height and it has velocity Vjet=25 m/s. For computation we use steady RANS with k- SST c.c. turbulence model and computational grid has 219,300 nodes. The suction-blowing phenomenon has a beneficial effect on keeping boundary layer attached on 82% of the surface compared to the case without the slot when boundary layer is attached to the 58% of the surface. The figure 4 shows the two situations mentioned. The jet is deflected by 20 degrees from the original direction. Using a hydraulic resistance on the slot we can control the separation point of the jet and the jet orientation (the problem will be investigated in a future work).

Figure 5 Boundary layer interacting with SJ One parameter found useful in the normalization of the jet velocity is the maximum inviscid jet velocity which for the prescribed membrane motion (sinusoidal oscillation) is given by
inv Vmax = AW / (2d ) =6.3 m/s.

The simulation includes the dynamic mesh model using a spring network near the membrane for interacting between membrane and adjacent fluid. In figure 6.a the instantaneous profiles downstream of the slot (40 mm) at the peak of the in-stroke and peak of the out-stroke are shown versus the baseline. The in-stroke profile illustrates the wall removal of the low-momentum fluid at the same time with a freestream velocity decrease, and the out-stroke profile illustrates the high-momentum injection at the same time with a freestream velocity increase. The time-averaged controlled boundary versus the baseline profile is given in figure 6.b which shows the energization effect of the synthetic jet with a net diffusion of the freestream.

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b. Figure 4 Velocity vectors without (a) and with (b) slot 4. Active control using synthetic jet (SJ) concept 4.1. Laminar boundary layer interacting with SJ on flat plate The concept is shown in figure 5, where the synthetic jet is embedded in the wall of a boundary layer for which separation control is desired. The cavity is provided at the bottom with a mobile surface that oscillates sinusoidally with 1 mm amplitude and 50 Hz frequency. The flow (15 m/s) over plate is laminar with Blasius velocity profile.

b. Figure 6 The velocity profile: Instantaneous velocity profiles on flat plate with and without control (a) and timeaveraged velocity profiles on flat plate with and without control (b).

4.2. Turbulent boundary layer interacting with SJ over Coanda surface The configuration is the same as in section 3 but it has an actuator with lateral slot placed at the point of the detached boundary layer. The diaphragm oscillates sinusoidal with 100 Hz and 1 mm amplitude. For simulation we used unsteady RANS, k- SST turbulence model with curvature correction. The computational grid has 160,000 nodes and the y+ values of the wall-next grid points were between 0.05 and 1, and the x+values were between 10 and 100. In this investigation did not completely suppress the separation, boundary layer not enough energized by the vortical structures generated. We observed a small unsteady deviation on the jet, about 3 degrees (figure 7).

change the jet orientation and the system become an active control device. - An active one, based on the principle of synthetic jet, created through an orifice located near the point of detachment of the jet. The synthetic jet concept and a numerically investigation of interacting jet with boundary layer were investigated. Numerically investigation of medium frequencies of synthetic jets hasnt led to expected results on the Coanda surface. Future work: we will introduce the active control on the slot and we will investigate the using of the piezoactuators on the Coanda surface. References 1. Slomski, J.F., Chang, P.A.: Large Eddy Simulation of a Circulation Control Airfoil. AIAA Paper 2006-3011, 3rd AIAA Flow Control Conference, 5 - 8 June 2006, San Francisco, California 2. Glezer, A., Amitay, M.: Synthetic Jets. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 34, 2002, p. 503-529 3. Van Dam, C.P., Yen, D.T., Vijgen, P: Gurney flap experiments on airfoil and wings. Journal of Aircraft (0021-8669), 36 (2), 1999, p.484486 4. Frunzulica, F., Dumitrache, A., Preotu, O.: Control of two-dimensional turbulent wall jet on a Coanda surface. 82nd Annual Scientific Conference of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM), Graz, Austria, April 18 - 21, 2011 (to be published in PAMM J.) 5. Spalart, P.R., Allmaras, S.R.: A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. AIAA Paper 92-0439, 1992 6. Launder, B.E., Spalding, D.B.: The numerical computation of turbulent flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 15, 127, 1974 7. Wilcox, D.: Simulation of transition with a twoequation turbulence model. AIAA Journal, 32, 1192, 1994 8. Menter, F.R.: Eddy viscosity transport equations and their relation to the k- model. ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, 119, 876, 1997 9. Neuendorf, R., Wygnanski, I.: On a turbulent wall jet flowing over a circular cylinder. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 381, 1, 1999 10. Shur, M. L., Strelets, M. K., Travin, A. K., Spalart, P. R.: Turbulence Modeling in Rotating and Curved Channels: Assessing the Spalart-Shur Correction. AIAA Journal, 38, No. 5, 2000, p. 784-792 Acknowledgement: This paper was supported by National Research Program 543 IDEI/2008.

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b. Figure 7 Velocity vectors at maximum expulsion (a) t = 0.02 s, and maximum ingestion (b) - t=0.03s 5. Conclusions The Coanda wall jet developing on a circular cylinder was investigated numerically. This configuration was used to evaluate turbulence models for steady RANS of flows over curved surfaces. The main conclusion was that none of the models tested correctly predicted all relevant aspects of the flow. Relatively speaking, the k- SST model with curvature correction performed best. Two methods for flow control were presented: - One passive, which uses a slot that connects the low pressure and high pressure points on the Coanda surface. Adding a controlled resistive device on the slot we can

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