PETE 331-Session 2-07 - 10 - 2011

PETE 331 Petroleum Production Engineering I Session 2 07.10.
2011
PETE - 331
Course Outline:
Introduction to Petroleum Production Systems Basic Oilfield Operations and Nomenclature Components of Production Systems Role of Production Engineer in Field Life Cycle Reservoir Deliverability Flow Regimes Inflow Performance Relationship Vertical and Horizontal Flow in Pipes Choke Performance Well Deliverability Production System Optimization-Nodal Analysis
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Reservoir Deliverability
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PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability
Objective:
Understand the flow regimes in the reservoir and review the equations which describe the fluid flow for each flow regime. Understand the Inflow Performance Curve and its use in Production Engineering. Learn how to generate the Inflow Performance Curve for single phase and two phase flow in the reservoir. Learn to generate Inflow Perfromance Curve for multi layered reservoirs.
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References for Reservoir Deliverability

Main Text:
B. Guo, W.C.Lyons, A.Ghalambor, Petroleum Production Engineering, Elsevier, 2007, Chapter 3, pp 29 to 43
Additional References:
M.J Economides, A.D.Hill, C.E.Economides, Petroleum Production Systems, Prentice Hall, 1994, Chapter 2 and 3, pp 17 to 55. SPE Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Production Operations Engineering, Volume 4, 2007
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Reservoir Deliverability is :
Oil or gas production rate which the reservoir can deliver at a given bottom hole flowing pressure. Important: Reservoir Deliverability alone does not tell how much the well can produce. It only gives the flow capacity of the reservoir into the wellbore. The reservoir deliverability needs to be coupled with well deliverability to calculate the actual production rate from the well. The well deliverability and the coupling of the well deliverability with reservoir deliverability will be covered in future lectures.
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PETE 331
Simplified Schematic Production System for a Single Flowing Oil Well

Gas
T
psp Separator pwhf
Oil
M
pst Stock Tank
Sales
Water pr, p pe pbhf pwhf psp pst Ppl q
Pump
pe
pr, p
q
pbhf
= Reservoir pressure, average reservoir pressure = Pressure at the reservoir boundary = Bottom hole flowing pressure = Wellhead flowing pressure = Separator pressure = Stock Tank pressure = Pipeline Pressure = Oil Production Rate
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Why do we need to know about Flow Regimes and Reservoir Deliverability as a Production Engineer?
Understanding of the flow regimes helps us to:
Identify different flow periods (transient, steady-state, pseudosteady-state). Distinguish between stabilized and unstabilized flow conditions. Use the correct equation derived for the specific flow regime that takes place in the flow period we are investigating, in our engineering calculations.
(1/3)
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Why do we need to know about Flow Regimes and Reservoir Deliverability as a Production Engineer? (2/3)
Understanding of the Reservoir Deliverability (Inflow Performance Relation) helps us to:
Decide how much the production rate can be increased if we decrease the flowing bottom hole pressure by artificial lift methods. Estimate the maximum production rate without exceeding the bubble point pressure at bottom hole flowing conditions. Estimate the effect of two phase flow on the production rate. Understand the contribution of different layers to production and potential for crossflow.
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Why do we need to know about Flow Regimes and Reservoir Deliverability as a Production Engineer? (3/3)
Understanding of the Reservoir Deliverability (Inflow Performance Relation) helps us to:
Evaluate the success of stimulation treatments (acidizing, fracturing) by testing the reservoir deliverability (productivity index) before and after the treatments. Control any reduction in deliverability (productivity index) due to any damage around the wellbore (sand, asphaltene deposition, scaling etc) by repeating the deliverability tests during the production. Predict the change in well deliverability (productivity index) with time, due to reservoir pressure decrease.
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Regimes in the Reservoir:

Transient Flow Steady State Flow Pseudo-Steady State Flow
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Transient Flow:
Flow regime where the radius of pressure wave propagation from wellbore has not reached any boundaries of the reservoir. In the transient pressure analysis, the reservoir is treated as an infinite acting reservoir, because the reservoir boundary is not reached yet.
t1t2 t3
Dp = f (t ) Dt
At any point within the radius of wave propagation (also called radius of investigation), the pressure is changing (decreasing) as a function of time.
(Transient flow regime is valid until the first boundary is reached, at time = t3)
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Stabilization Time:
Flow time required for the radius of the pressure wave to reach the circular boundary.
t pss
fmo ct re = 1,200 k
where
tpss = time for the end of transient flow period, hrs f = porosity, fraction mo = oil viscosity, cp ct = total compressibility, psia-1 re = effective drainage radius, ft k = permeability, md
In determining the stabilized bottom hole flowing pressure (pbhf) for a well corresponding to a flow rate, the flow rate must be maintained until the producing time exceeds the stabilization time (until the transient flow period is finished). If the stabilization time is not reached, measured the bottom hole flowing pressure will be higher than the stabilized pressure. This will give optimistic results for the calculated productivity index of the well.
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Transient Flow:
For single phase oil flow in the reservoir, following analytical solution is used for describing the transient flow period. The equation gives the bottom hole flowing pressure of the well pbhf, when the well is producing oil with a constant flow rate q.
pbhf = pi where
162.6qBo m o k log t + log - 3.23 + 0.87 S 2 kh fm o ct rw
pwf = Flowing bottom hole pressure of the well, psia pi = Initial reservoir pressure, psia q = Oil production rate, stb/d mo = Viscosity of oil, cp k = effective horizontak permeability to oil, md h = reservoir thickness, ft t = flow time, hour
f = porosity, fraction ct = total compressibility rw = wellbore radius to sandface, ft S = skin factor Log = 10 based logarithm
15
Transient Flow:
Oil wells are normally operated with constant bottom hole pressure (or constant well head pressure), rather than constant rate. Therefore, it is more convenient to use an equation which gives the oil production rate for a constant bottom hole pressure.
The equation developed for constant bottom hole pressure is:
q=
kh( pi - pbhf ) k 162.6 Bo m o log t + log - 3.23 + 0.87 S fmo ct rw 2
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Transient Flow:
For gas wells, the transient equation is developed as:
qg =
kh(m( pi ) - m( pbhf )) k log t + log 1638T - 3.23 + 0.87 S 2 fmo ct rw

qg = Gas Production rate, Mscf/d T = Temperature, oR z = Gas compressibility factor m(p) = Real gas pseudo-pressure defined as:
where
m( p ) =
2p mz dp pb
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Steady-State Flow:
Flow regime after the transient flow period is finished, if the radius of pressure wave propagation from wellbore has reached a constant pressure boundary. During steady state flow, pressure at any point in the reservoir remains constant.
Dp = zero Dt
At any point within the drainage radius of the well, the pressure is constant (does not change with time).
Sketch of a reservoir with constant pressure boundary

(figure from Guo et al, 2007)
18
Steady-State Flow:
Examples for Constant Pressure Boundaries:
The constant pressure boundary may be because of an aquifer (water influx) or water/gas injection wells which maintain a constant pressure at the wells drainage boundaries. Aquifer (water influx) keeping the pressure constant at drainage boundary of the producer:
Injectors keeping the pressure constant at drainage boundary of the producer:
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Steady-State Flow:
For steady state flow condition because of a circular constant pressure boundary at a distance re from the wellbore, the following relation can be used for single phase oil flow :
q=
kh( pe - pbhf ) re ln + S 141.2 Bo m o rw

pbhf
re pe
ln is natural logarithm.
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Constant pressure boundary, pe at re

20
Pseudo-Steady-State Flow:
Flow regime after the transient flow period is finished and the radius of pressure wave propagation from wellbore has reached all of the no flow boundaries. During pseudo-steady-state flow, pressure at any point in the reservoir declines at a constant rate.
Dp = Constant Dt
At any point within the drainage radius of the well, the pressure is decreasing with a constant rate.
Decrease of pressure with time
Sketch of a reservoir with no flow boundaries

(figure from Guo et al, 2007)
21
Examples for No-Flow Boundaries:
A No Flow boundary can be a sealing fault, pinch out of pay zone or boundaries of the drainage areas of production wells. Sealing fault Pinchout
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Examples for No-Flow (Drainage) Boundaries:
No flow boundaries between wells : In a homogeneous system with constant thickness, each well drains an area proportional to its rate.
(figure from Matthew and Russel, Pressure Build-up and Flow Tests in Wells, 1967)
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For pseudo steady state flow condition because of a circular no-flow boundary at a distance re from the wellbore, the following relation can be used for single phase oil flow :
q=
kh( pe - pbhf ) r 1 141.2 Bo mo ln e - + S r 2 w

re pe pbhf
ln is natural logarithm.
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Because the pe is not known at any given time, the following expression using the average reservoir presure is more useful:
q=
kh p - pbhf
)
where
re 3 141.2 Bo mo ln - + S r 4 w
= average reservoir pressure, psia
For Gas Wells: If a gas well is located at the center of a circular drainage area with no-flow boundaries, the equation for the pseudo-steady state flow is:
qg =
kh m p - m( pbhf )
(()
)
where D = non-Darcy flow coefficient, d/Mscf
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r 3 1,424T ln e - + S + Dq g r 4 w
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If the no flow boundaries delineate a non-circular shape, the following equation, which contains a shape factor (CA), the pseudo steady state solution in given as:
q=
kh p - pbhf
1 4A 141.2 Bo m o ln +S 2 gC r 2 A w
A = Drainage Area, ft2 g = 1.78 (Eulers Constant) CA = Drainage area shape factor (31.6 for a circular boundary)
where
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PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability Shape Factors (CA) for different Reservoir Shapes and Well Locations:
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(from Guo et al, 2007) 27
Horizontal Wells:
The transient flow, steady state flow and pseudo-steady state flow can also exist in reservoirs penetrated by horizontal wells. Most widely used relationship for the flow equation was presented by Joshi (1988) for steady state flow of oil in the horizontal plane and pseudo-steady state flow in the vertical plane:
q= k H h( pe - pbhf ) I h I h ani + ani ln r (I + 1) L w ani
a + a 2 - (L / 2 )2 141.2 Bm ln L/2 where
1 re 4 L 1 a= + + H 4 L/2 2 2 I ani = kH kV
where kH = average horizontal permeability, md kV = vertical permeability, md reH = radius of drainage area, ft L = length of horizontal borehole (L/2<0.9reH),ft
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Inflow Performance Relationship
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Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) is used for evaluating reservoir deliverability in production engineering. The IPR Curve is a graphical presentation of the relation between the flowing bottom hole pressure (pbhf) and liquid production rate (q). The magnitude of the inverse slope of the IPR curve is called Productivity Index (PI or J).
5000
q J= ( pe - pbhf )
Straight line (constant J) for single phase (oil) flow
pbhf (psia)
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J is not constant for two phase (oil+gas) flow
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qo (stb/day)
Single Phase Liquid (Oil) Flow:

Single Phase Flow p > pbp
Producing Well pr re pr pbhf pbp re pbhf re pr
Average Reservoir Pressure and Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure are above the Bubble Point Pressure. Therefore, second phase (gas) does not come out of solution. All of the flow is single phase liquid.
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IPR for Single (Liquid) Phase Reservoirs:

In undersaturated oil reservoirs, if the pressure does not fall below the bubble point in the reservoir and at the bottom hole, single phase (oil) flow takes place every where in the reservoir, including the near wellbore area. In such systems, Productivity Index can be defined for radial transient flow around a vertical well as:
J=
q = ( pi - pbhf )
kh k 162.6 Bo mo log t + log - 3.23 + 0.87 S fmo ct rw 2
For radial steady state flow around a vertical well:
J=
q ( pe - pbhf ) =
kh r 141.2 Bo m o ln e + S r w
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For pseudo steady state flow around a vertical well in a circular drainage area:
J=
q = p - pbhf
kh r 3 141.2 Bo m o ln e - + S r 4 w
For pseudo steady state flow around a vertical well in a non-circular drainage area:
J=
q = p - pbhf
kh 1 4A ln 141.2 Bo m o +S 2 2 gC A rw
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For steady state flow in horizontal plane and pseudo steady state flow in vertical plane around a horizontal well :
J= q ( pe - pbhf ) = kH h a + a 2 - (L / 2 )2 141.2 Bm ln L/2 I h I h ani + ani ln r (I + 1) L w ani
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Two Phase (Oil + Gas) Flow:

Two Phase Flow p < pbp
Producing Well pbp pr re pr pbhf re pbhf re pr
Average Reservoir Pressure and Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure are below the Bubble Point Pressure. Therefore, second phase (gas) always exists in the reservoir. All of the flow in the reservoir is two phase (Oil + Gas).
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IPR for Two Phase (liquid +gas) Reservoirs:
(1/3)
The average reservoir pressure ( p ) for two phase reservoirs are at or below the bubble point pressure. As soon as the production begins and pressure drops in the reservoir, gas comes out of solution. Two phases (gas and oil) exist everywhere in the reservoir and near wellbore area. When two phase flow takes place, the oil rate is less than the oil rate for single phase (oil) flow because: 1. Free gas occupies some portion of the pore space and this reduces the oil flow (reduced oil relative permeability). 2. As the gas leaves the oil, the remaining oil becomes heavier (more viscous) and it is more difficult to flow.
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(2/3)
The reduction in oil rate makes the IPR curve deviate from the linear trend after the bubble point pressure is reached.
Undersaturated Reservoir (pr>pbp)

5000
pbhf (psia)
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000
pbp
pr > pbp
pr < pbp Decrease in qo due to two phase flow.

37
qo (stb/day)
(3/3)
If the reservoir is a saturated reservoir (reservoir pressure is equal to or less than bubble point pressure), there is no linear section in IPR curve. Saturated Reservoir (pi <= pbp)
5000
pbp
pbhf (psia)
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 38 Can S. Bakiler 38
pr < pbp Decrease in qo due to two phase flow. qo (stb/day)
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Equations for modeling two phase reservoirs are empirical (based on observations). Vogels equation is widely used for two phase flow:
pbhf q = qmax 1 - 0.2 p

or,
pbhf - 0.8 p
- 1
pbhf
q = 0.125 p 81 - 80 q max
Where qmax is the maximum value of reservoir deliverability (AOF). For Pseudo-steady state flow:
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q max
J* p = 1 .8
39
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Absolute Open Flow (AOF) Potential: AOF Potential of an oil or gas well is the expected production of the well when the flowing bottom hole pressure is zero (pbhf=0). Practically, zero pressure can not be achieved as the bottom hole flowing pressure, therefore AOF is the theoretical maximum rate which a well is capable of producing.
5000
pbhf (psia)
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 40
AOF
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qo (stb/day)
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Fetkovichs empirical equation for two phase flow:
pbhf q = qmax 1 - p
or,
q = C p
- p 2 bhf
Used for gas reservoirs
Where C and n are empirical constants and:
C=
qmax p
2n
Fetkovichs Equation is more accurate than Vogels equation for IPR modeling and prediction.
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Partial Two Phase (Oil + Gas) Flow:

Two Phase Flow p < pbp
Producing Well pr pbp pbhf pbhf re re pr
re pr
Average Reservoir Pressure is above the Bubble Point Pressure (Undersaturated Reservoir). Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure is below the Bubble Point Pressure. Therefore, there are two regions in the reservoir. Before the pressure falls below the bubble point pressure, one phase exists in the reservoir. After the pressure falls below the bubble point, gas comes out of oil and there is two phase (oil+gas) flow.
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IPR for Partial Two Phase Oil Reservoirs:

If the reservoir pressure is above the bubble point pressure but the flowing bottom hole pressure is below the bubble point pressure, some of the flow in the reservoir is single phase (oil), but some of the flow is two phase (oil+gas). In such reservoirs, the linear (one phase) IPR line can be combined with Vogels IPR model for the two phase flow . According to the linear IPR model, the flow rate at bubble point is:
qbp = J * ( p - pbp )
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Based on Vogels IPR model, the additional flow rate caused by a pressure drop below the bubble point pressure is expressed as:
p 1 - 0.2 bhf Dq = qv p bp
p - 0.8 bhf p bp
Therefore, the flow rate when the bottom hole flowing pressure (p bhf) is less than the bubble point pressure (pbp) is expressed as:
p 1 - 0.2 bhf q = qbp + qv p bp
p - 0.8 bhf p bp
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Because
q max
J* p = 1 .8
The final equation for the flow rate, when the bottom hole flowing pressure (pbhf) is less than the bubble point pressure (pbp) becomes:
q = J p - pbp
p J * pbp 1 - 0.2 bhf + p 1.8 bp
p - 0.8 bhf p bp
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Generalized Vogel IPR model for partial two phase reservoirs:
pi
qbp = J * p - pbp
pbhf
pbp
J * pb qv = 1 .8
qb q
AOF
46
Construction of IPR Curves Using Test Points:

The IPR curves can be theoretically constructed using reservoir, fluid and well parameters such as: f, k, h, ct, B, m, re, rw, S. Most of the time, these parameters are not available and need to be estimated. Therefore, most reliable method to obtain IPR relations is using actual well test data where the well is produced at different rates and the stabilized bottom hole flowing pressures are recorded.
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Calculating the Productivity Index using Test Points:

The productivity index can be back-calculated from the test data.
For a Single Phase (undersaturated oil) reservoir:
J* =
q1 p - pbhf 1
where
q1 = Tested production rate pbhf1 = Tested flowing bottom hole pressure p = Average reservoir pressure (from Shut-in Data)
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Calculating the Productivity Index using Test Points:

For a Partial Two Phase Reservoir: When the tested bottom hole flowing pressure is above the bubble point pressure (single phase flow):
q1 J = p - pbhf 1
*
When the tested bottom hole flowing pressure is below the bubble point pressure (two phase flow):
J* =
q1 pbp p - pbp + 1.8
2 pbhf 1 pbhf 1 - 0.8 1 - 0.2 p p bp bp
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Composite IPR of Layered Reservoirs:

Most of the reservoirs are layered. Instead of having a single producing zone with constant rock and fluid properties, multiple layers with different properties contribute to the well flow rate. The observed well flow rate is based on the contribution of each layer, depending on their rock and fluid properties and pressures. If the flowing bottom hole pressure is below the reservoir pressure of each layer, each layer contributes to flow based on their individual properties. If the flowing bottom hole pressure is above the reservoir pressure of any of the layers, cross flow may occur and some of the fluid produced from high permeability layers may be injected into the low pressure layer, causing loss in the wells total production rate.
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Composite IPR of Layered Reservoirs: Example 1

A B C
Pr=1600 psi
k=10 md k=100 md k=1 md
Impermeable Barriers
Pr=1250 psi Pr=2000 psi
Example for Two Phase Flow
Composite IPR (A+B+C)
pbhf A q B
51
C
Composite IPR of Layered Reservoirs: Example 2

A B C
Pr=2000 psi
k=10 md k=100 md k=1 md
Impermeable Barriers
Pr=2000 psi Pr=2000 psi
Example for Single Phase Flow
Composite IPR (A+B+C)
pbhf B q
C
52

Composite IPR Model can be generated for following assumptions: 1. Pseudo-steady state flow in all the layers 2. Formation fluids of all layers have same properties 3. Pressure losses in the wellbore between the layers are negligible 4. IPR of each layer is known (by individually testing each layer, or by calculation using rock and fluid data of the layers) For steady flow from a well, material balance dictates: Addition of Mass Flow rate from all layers = Mass flow rate at the wellhead or
n
where
i i
r q
i =1
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=r wh qwh
ri = density of the fluid from/into layer i qi = flow rate from/into layer i rwh = density of fluid at wellhead qwh = flow rate at wellhead n = number of layers
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Fluid flow from reservoir to wellbore is indicated by positive qi. Fluid flow from wellbore to reservoir is indicated by negative qi. Ignoring density change from bottom hole to wellhead, the previous equation reduces to:
n
qi =qwh
i =1
(Total well production rate is the summation of production rates from individual layers)
or,
J (p
i i =1
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- pbhf =qwh
where Ji is the Productivity Index of layer i.
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For Single Phase Liquid Flow: (Undersaturated reservoirs - Reservoir Pressure and bottom hole flowing pressure are both above the bubble point).
n i =1
J *i p i - pbhf =qwh
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For Two Phase Flow: (Saturated reservoirs - Reservoir Pressure and bottom hole flowing pressure are both below the bubble point. Two phase flow takes place in the reservoir).
pbhf J i pi 1.8 1 - 0.2 p i =1 i

n *
pbhf - 0.8 p i
=qwh
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For Partial Two Phase Flow: (Under Saturated reservoirs - Reservoir Pressure is above the bubble point but bottom hole flowing pressure is below the bubble point. Both single and two phase flow takes place in the reservoir).
pbpi * J i pi - pbpi + 1.8 i =1

n
pbhf 1 - 0.2 p bpi
pbhf - 0.8 p bpi
=qwh
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Predicting Future IPR:

Reservoir deliverability declines with time for transient flow and pseudo steady state flow regimes. Transient flow: The decline in reservoir deliverability is because of the increase in the radius of pressure wave propagation in time. Pseudo steady state flow: The decline in reservoir deliverability is because of the reservoir pressure decrease due to the production from limited reservoir volume (no-flow boundaries). If the reservoir pressure is reduced below the bubble point, gas comes out of solution and two phase flow begins. This decreases the relative permeability to oil and also increases the oil viscosity, impairing oil mobility. Therefore, these factors need to be considered in predicting future IPR of the reservoirs.
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Predicting Future IPR:

Future IPR can be predicted by Vogels and Fetkovichs method. Vogels Method:
Jf Jp
* *
k ro B m o o f = k ro B m o o p
*
or
Jf
k ro B m * o o f = Jp k ro B m o o p
pbhf Jf pf 1 - 0.2 q= p 1 .8 f
pbhf - 0.8 p f
where
Jp* = Present Productivity Index Jf* = Future Productivity Index pf = Reservoir Pressure in a future time
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PETE 331-Session 2-07 - 10 - 2011

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PETE 331 Petroleum Production Engineering I Session 2 07.10.

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

References for Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Simplified Schematic Production System for a Single Flowing Oil Well

pst Stock Tank

Water pr, p pe pbhf pwhf psp pst Ppl q

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Flow Regimes in the Reservoir:

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

162.6qBo m o k log t + log - 3.23 + 0.87 S 2 kh fm o ct rw

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

The equation developed for constant bottom hole pressure is:

kh( pi - pbhf ) k 162.6 Bo m o log t + log - 3.23 + 0.87 S fmo ct rw 2

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

kh(m( pi ) - m( pbhf )) k log t + log 1638T - 3.23 + 0.87 S 2 fmo ct rw

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Sketch of a reservoir with constant pressure boundary

(figure from Guo et al, 2007)

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Injectors keeping the pressure constant at drainage boundary of the producer:

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

kh( pe - pbhf ) re ln + S 141.2 Bo m o rw

Constant pressure boundary, pe at re

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Decrease of pressure with time

Sketch of a reservoir with no flow boundaries

(figure from Guo et al, 2007)

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

kh( pe - pbhf ) r 1 141.2 Bo mo ln e - + S r 2 w

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

= average reservoir pressure, psia

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

(from Guo et al, 2007) 27

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

a + a 2 - (L / 2 )2 141.2 Bm ln L/2 where

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Inflow Performance Relationship

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

J is not constant for two phase (oil+gas) flow

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Single Phase Liquid (Oil) Flow:

Producing Well pr re pr pbhf pbp re pbhf re pr

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

IPR for Single (Liquid) Phase Reservoirs:

kh k 162.6 Bo mo log t + log - 3.23 + 0.87 S fmo ct rw 2

For radial steady state flow around a vertical well:

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

IPR for Single (Liquid) Phase Reservoirs:

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

IPR for Single (Liquid) Phase Reservoirs:

PETE 331 Reservoir Deliverability

Two Phase (Oil + Gas) Flow: