MUL1ILLkING 1LCnNIULS

MUL1ILLkING
O rocess of slmulLaneously LransmlLLlng Lwo or more lndlvldual slgnals over a slngle
communlcaLlon channel
O Comblnlng of several slgnals passlng Lhrough a glven channel orlglnaLlng from Lhe same source
use of slngle channel by more Lhan one slgnal
O ls Lhe Lransmlsslon of lnformaLlon from more Lhan one source Lo more Lhan one desLlnaLlon
over Lhe same Lransmlsslon medlum
MUL1ILL ACCLSS SS1LM
O When slgnals from several dlfferenL sources are comblned on a slngle channel use of a slngle
channel by more Lhan one LransmlLLer
1ypes
1 Space ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (SuM)
2 hase ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (uM)
3 lrequency ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (luM)
4 1lme ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (1uM)
3 WavelengLh ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (WuM)
6 uense WavelengLh ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (uWuM)
7 ulLradense WavelengLh ulvlslon MulLlplexlng (ulLradense WuM)
8 SCnL1/SuP
A SACL DIVISICN MUL1ILLkING lnvolves Lhe physlcal connecLlon of one paLh Lo anoLher Slgnals
are propagaLed from dlfferenL sources on dlfferenL cables 1hls klnd of swlLchlng was used ln all Lhe
earllesL exchanges and sLlll an essenLlal parL of modern dlglLal exchanges
8 nASL DIVISICN MUL1ILLkING uses CSk where slgnals are propagaLed on Lwo daLa channels (l
and C channels) whlch modulaLes Lhe same carrler frequency LhaL has been shlfLed 90
o
ln phase (eg
Lhe lchannel blLs modulaLe a slne wave carrler whlle Lhe Cchannel blLs modulaLe a coslne wave
carrler)
C IkLULNC DIVISICN MUL1ILLkING
SysLems LhaL are used Lo deal wlLh analog lnformaLlon An avallable channel bandwldLh ls
dlvlded lnLo a number of nonoverlapplng frequency sloLs
1he lnformaLlon enLerlng an luM sysLem ls analog and lL remalns analog LhroughouL Lhe
Lransmlsslon luM uses SS8SC
xomples AM lM and 1v 8roadcasLlng cable 1v hlgh volume Lelephone sysLem eLc

CCMCSI1L 8ASL8AND SIGNAL
8aseband lL ls a slngle message channel lL descrlbes Lhe modulaLlng slgnal ln a communlcaLlon
sysLem
Compos|te baseband s|gna| lL ls Lhe LoLal lnLelllgence slgnal prlor Lo modulaLlon of Lhe flnal
carrler

IDM nILkAkCn A11 CCI11 8ANDWID1n IkL SLC1kUM
Messaged channel 8aslc bulldlng block 4kPz(v8ch) 3003400 kPz
8aslc Croup 12 ch 12 ch 48 kPz 60108 kPz
Supergroup 60 ch 60 ch 240 kPz 312332 kPz
MasLergroup 600 ch 300 ch
2320
kPz
(u600)
2728
kPz
(u600)
1264 kPz

364
3084
(u600)
60 2788
kPz
(u600)
812 2044 kPz
(CCl11)

SupermasLer group 900 ch 3872 kPz
8316 12388 kPz
(CCl11)
!umbo group 3600 ch 16984 kPz 364 17348 kPz
Super[umbo group 10800 ch 37442 kPz 3124 60363 kPz

Iormat|on of 8as|c Groups (A11) f
c
112 4n kPz
f
ouL
(f
c
4 kPz) Lo f
c

||ot Carr|er 10408 knz
Iormat|on of Supergroups (A11) f
c
372 + 48n kPz
f
ouL
(f
c
108 kPz) Lo (f
c
60 kPz)

||ot Carr|er S4792 knz
Iormat|on of Mastergroups and Supermastergroups
A11 U600 Mastergroup CCI11 Mastergroup
Supergroup Carrler frequency Supergroup Carrler frequency
13 1116 kPz 4 1364 kPz
14 1263 kPz 3 1612 kPz
13 1612 kPz 6 1860 kPz
16 1860 kPz 7 2108 kPz
17 2108 kPz 8 2336 kPz
18 2336 kPz Cuard band 8 kPz
Cuard band 36 kPz CCl11 SupermasLergroup
u23 2632 kPz 7 10360 kPz
u26 2900 kPz 8 11880 kPz
u27 3148 kPz 9 13200 kPz
u28 3396 kPz Cuard band 88 kPz
Cuard band ls 8 kPz beLween all oLher supergroups

A11 D600 Mastergroup
Supergroup Carrler lrequence (f
c
)
1 612
Cuar band 12 kPz
2 ulrecL
3 1116
Cuard band 8 kPz
4 1364
3 1612
6 1860
7 2108
8 2336
Cuard band 28 kPz
9 2724
Cuard band 36 kPz
10 3100
Cuard band ls 8 kPz beLween all oLher supergrops

Iormat|on of a kad|o Channe|
adlo Channel comprlse elLher a slngle L600 masLergroup or up Lo Lhree u300 masLergroups
(eg 1800 volceband channels)

U600 Mastergroups Carr|er frequency
1 ulrecL
Cuard band 80 kPz
2 6248 kPz
Cuard band 80 kPz
3 8848 kPz

D 1IML DIVISICN MUL1ILLkING
SysLem used for dlglLal lnformaLlon Lach lnformaLlon channel occuples Lhe enLlre frequency
specLrum for a glven perlod of Llme
1ypes of 1e|ephone 1ransm|ss|on Systems
1 CM24 1ransmlsslon SysLem uSA (eg law or Lhe 13segmenL characLerlsLlcs")
2 CM30 1ransmlsslon SysLem Lurope (eg Alaw or Lhe 13segmenL characLerlsLlcs")
u|se Code Modu|at|on (CM) Lhe lnformaLlon conLalned ln Lhe lnsLanLaneous samples of an
analog slgnal ls represenLed by dlglLal words ln a serlal blL sLream
O AdapLlve CM ls a varlaLlon of convenLlonal CM ln whlch slgnal sLrengLh lnformaLlon
ls LransmlLLed perlodlcally ln addlLlon Lo sample values
O ulfferenLlal CM necesslLaLes LransmlLLlng several ldenLlcal CM values Lo prevenL
propagaLlon of errors
O AdapLlve uCM comblnes Lwo prevlously descrlbed meLhods ACM and uCM
O uelLa ModulaLlon CM uses a slngle blL CM code Lo achleve dlglLal Lransmlsslon of
analog slgnal
NCk1n AMLkICAN DIGI1AL nLIkAkCn (A11)
LlnL 1?L
(CAlL)
ulCl1AL SlCnALS vClCL CPAnnLL
uA1A
SlCnALLlnC
A1L (Mbps)
uS0 8000 samples/sec x 8 blLs/sample 064
11 (LwlsLed palr) uS1 24 + 1 framlng blL 1344
11C (LwlsLed palr) uS1C 48 + 10 syn blLs 3132
12 (LwlsLed palr) uS2 96 4 uS1 6312
13 (coax Wave) uS3
672 (uS)
480 (!ap)
7 uS2 or 28
uS1
44736 (uS)
32064 (!apan)
14M (coax flber) uS4
4032 (uS)
1440 (!ap)
12 11 frame
274176 (uS)
97728 (!apan)
13 (flber) uS3
8064 (uS)
3760 (!ap)
336 11 frame
240 11 frame
360160 (uS)
400332 (!apan)
*lramlng blLs ls added Lo enable Lhe recelvlng end Lo ldenLlfy Lhe beglnnlng of each frame lL helps Lo
synchronlze Lhe LransmlLLer and recelver
*1he formaL used Lo frame LransmlLLed daLa ln Lhe 11 sysLem ls called uS1
LUkCLAN DIGI1AL nLIkAkCn (CCI11)
S?S1LM vClCL CPAnnLL
LlnL SLLu
(Mbps)
L 0 (CL1 0) 1 0064
L 1 (CL1 1) 30 2048
L 2 (CL1 2) 120 8448
L 3 (CL1 3) 480 34368
L 4 (CL1 4) 1920 139264
L 3 (CL1 4) 7680 363148
*CL1 Conference of Luropean and osLal 1elecommunlcaLlons AdmlnlsLraLlon
ILA1UkLS CI CM24 AND CM30
CCMMCN CnAkAC1LkIS1ICS CM 24 CM 30
Sampllng frequency 8000 Pz or 8 kPz 8000 Pz or 8 kPz
number of samples per Lel slgnal 8000 sample/sec 8000 sample/sec
ulse frame perlod 1 / (8000/sec) 123 sec 1 / (8000/sec) 123 sec
number of blLs ln CM word 8 blLs 8 blLs
8lL raLe of Lelephone channel 8000/sec x 8 blLs 64 kbps 8000/sec x 8 blLs 64 kbps
SLCIIIC CnAkAC1LkIS1ICS
Lncodlng/uecodlng Law A Law
number of segmenLs characLerlsLlcs 13 13
no of channel Llme sloL per pulse frame 24 32
no of blLs per pulse frame (8 blLs x 24) + 1 193 blLs 8 blLs x 32 236 blLs
erlod of an 8blL channel Llme sloL
(123 sec x 8) / 193 32
sec
(123 sec x 8) / 236 39
sec
8lL raLe 1uM slgnal
8000 x (8x24+1) 1344
Mbps
8000 x (8 x 32) 2048 Mbps

*lor the l2 chonne/ PcM l0 one word {8 bits) is odded for bunched frome o/iqnment siqno/ word in
the time s/ot in 0 ond one word for the siqno/inq chonne/ in chonne/ 1
uiqito/ corrier 5ystem ls a communlcaLlon sysLem LhaL uses dlglLal pulses Lo encode lnformaLlon
11 uiqito/ corrier 5ystem ls Lhe norLh Amerlcan Lelephone sLandard A 11 carrler Llmedlvlslon
mulLlplexes CMencoded samples from 24 volceband channels (eg Lhe sysLem does noL become a 11
carrler unLll lL ls llne encoded and placed on speclal condlLloned cables called @ lloes twlsteJ polt
osloq AM coJe)
D|g|ta| 1erm|na| Lqu|pments
D1 1erm|na| Lqu|pment Lhe u1 equlpmenL was Lhe flrsLgeneraLlon Lermlnal equlpmenL
broughL lnLo Lhe markeL lL accepLs a 24 volcefrequency channels and Lhe lnpuL ls sampled
sequenLlally aL a raLe of 8000 samples per second lL uses 8blL codlng and Alaw compandlng
D2 1erm|na| Lqu|pment lL uses 8blL codlng and law compandlng 1he use of law resulL ln
lower quanLlzaLlon dlsLorLlon 1he u2 Lermlnal equlpmenL ls noL compaLlble wlLh Lhe u1 buL
may be used wlLh Lhe u3 and u4 Lermlnals
D3 1erm|na| Lqu|pment Lhls ls a cosL and deslgnlmproved verslon of Lhe u2 Lermlnal
equlpmenL lL ls capable of mulLlplexlng 24 v8 channels uslng CM Lechnlques for Lransmlsslon
over a 11 carrler sysLems of 134 Mbps 1hls sysLem ls used ln Loll lnLerLoll Loll connecLlng local
and speclal servlce Lrunks
D4 1erm|na| Lqu|pment capable of mulLlplexlng 48 volce channels uslng Lhe 11 or 11C llnes lL
can use flber opLlc faclllLles of 6312 Mbps bandwldLh when equlpped wlLh 96 volce channels

D|g|ta| 1ransm|ss|on Systems
11 and 11C carrler sysLems uLlllze CM and 1uM Lechnlques Lo provlde shorLhaul Lransmlsslon
of 24 v8 and 48 v8 slgnals respecLlvely 1he lengLh of 11 Carrler SysLems range from 3 mlles Lo
30 mlles A 11 carrler uses 8AMl wlLh regeneraLlve repeaLers placed every 6000 fL When a
uS1 slgnal ls LransmlLLed over LwlsLedpalr llne uslng AM1 llne code Lhe whole sysLem ls known
as 11 carrler
12 carrler uLlllzes CM Lo Llmedlvlslon mulLlplexes 96 v8 channels lnLo a slngle 6312 Mbps daLa
slgnal for Lransmlsslon up Lo 300 mlles over a low capaclLance cable uses 86S encodlng
meLhod
13 carrler Llmedlvlslon mulLlplexes 672 CMencoded v8 channels for Lransmlsslon over a
slngle meLalllc cable aL a raLe of 44736 Mbps uses 83S encodlng meLhod
14M carrler Llmedlvlslon mulLlplexes 4032 CMencoded v8 channels for Lransmlsslon over a
slngle coaxlal cable up Lo 300 mlles aL a llne speed of 274176 Mbps
13 carrler sysLem Llmedlvlslon mulLlplexes 8064 CMencoded v8 channels and LransmlLs Lhem
aL a 360160 Mbps raLe over a slngle coaxlal cable
S1LS IN ANALCG1CDIGI1AL CCNVLkSICN
1 8andllmlLlng Lhe 8l or anLlallas fllLer llmlLs Lhe frequency of Lhe lnpuL analog slgnal Lo Lhe
sLandard volce frequency band of 0 Lo 4 kPz
2 Sampllng sample and hold clrculL perlodlcally sample Lhe conLlnually changlng analog lnpuL
volLage and converL Lhese samples Lo a serles of consLanL ampllLude AM volLage levels
1wo Methods of Inter|eav|ng CM 1ransm|ss|on 1uM provides severo/ woys in which to perform
somp/inq
a Word lnLerleavlng lf Lhe enLlre word from Lhe flrsL channel ls senL Lhen Lhe word from Lhe
second Lhen Lhe Lhlrd eLc 11 carrler sysLems use word lnLerleavlng SufflclenL Llme ls
allowed so LhaL 8blLs form each channel are Laken ln sequence lnLo a slngle 24channel
1uM frame
b 8lL lnLerleavlng lf Lhe blLs are lnLerleaved such LhaL Lhe flrsL blL ls Laken from Lhe flrsL code
word ln sequence Lhen Lhe second Lhen Lhe Lhlrd eLc 1he resulLlng seL of blLs ls called a
frome use for hlgh speed 1uM sysLems uelLa ModulaLlon also uses blL lnLerleavlng
meLhod
3 CuanLlzlng a process of converLlng an analog slgnal Lo CM code wlLh absoluLe magnlLude
Lach quanLlzaLlon level ls asslgned an 8blL code Seven of Lhe blLs slgnlfy level and Lhe elghL blL
slgnlfles slgn ln Lelephony nonuniform quanLlzlng ls usually employed (le 2
8
236 unequal
quanLlzlng lnLervals are used ln pracLlce)
4 Lncodlng each quanLlzed sample ls encoded lnLo an 8blL code word So LhaL Lhe overall daLa
raLe of one speech slgnals are comblned for slmulLaneous Lransmlsslon along a slngle llne
codec {coder/decoder) ls a large LSl chlp deslgned Lo converL analog slgnals Lo dlglLal codes
and dlglLal codes Lo analog slgnals
combo chips codec LhaL comblne codec and fllLerlng necessary Lo lnLerface a fourwlre volce
Lelephone clrculL Lo Lhe CM hlghway of a 1uM carrler sysLem
S1LS IN DIGI1AL1CANALCG CCNVLkSICN
1 8and LlmlLlng
2 uemulLlplexlng a Lechnlque for recoverlng Lhe orlglnal lndlvldual slgnals from Lhe lncomlng
mulLlplex slgnal
3 uecodlng Lhe reverse of encodlng
CM AkAML1LkS
1 number of Levels or Code words (M)

M 2
n
where n number of blLs/sample (slgn blL excluded)

2 nyqulsL Sampllng aLe (f
s
) lL ls Lhe mlnlmum sampllng frequency 1he sampllng frequency musL
be greaLer or equal LhaL Lwlce Lhe modulaLlng frequency (f
a
) f
s
2f
a

lf f
s
2f
a
an lmpalrmenL called o/ios or fie/dover distortion occurs

3 8andwldh

8W f
b
nf
s
8blLs x 8000 64 kbps

4 uynamlc ange (u) ls Lhe raLlo of Lhe largesL posslble magnlLude Lo Lhe smallesL posslble
magnlLude LhaL can be decoded by Lhe converLer ln Lhe recelver

=
o
n
=
o
soon
= log
o
n


u 2
n
1 or u 20 log (2
n
1)
3 esoluLlon (n) =
vmux
2n- 1


6 Codlng Lfflclency =
mn.numbc o] bts (ncIdg.sgn bt)
uctuuI numbc o] bts (ncIdg.sgn bt)


7 CuanLlzaLlon Lrror (Ce)
uuntum uIuc
2
=
RcsoIuton
2


8 Slgnal powerLoquanlzaLlon nolse power aLlon (SC
d8
) 108 + 20log
vRMS
qquantIzatIon IntcrvaI

S|gna|toquant|z|ng no|se rat|o measure of Lhe quallLy of quanLlzer 1he quanLlzer lnLervals are
ad[usLed Lo be smaller for small slgnals and larger for large slgnals SC lncreases wlLh slgnal level ln a
llnear coder
Compand|ng process of compresslng and Lhen expandlng lL ls a means of lmprovlng Lhe dynamlc
range of a communlcaLlon sysLem We can lmprove codlng performance lf Lhe quanLlzaLlon lnLervals are
noL unlform
Law Compand|ng ALaw Compand|ng
ut =
x (1 +

)
(1 + 255)
ut =
1 + (A87 +

)
1 + A


I WAVLLLNG1nDIVISICN MUL1ILLkING
WuM ls a process ln whlch dlfferenL sources of lnformaLlon are propagaLed down an
opLlcal flber on dlfferenL wavelengLhs where Lhe dlfferenL wavelengLhs (le dlfferenL
color) do noL lnLerfere wlLh each oLher
CpLlcal sysLems carrylng mulLlple opLlcal slgnals spaced more Lhan 200 CPz or 16 nm
aparL ln Lhe vlclnlLy of 1330 nm
CpLlcal slgnal ln Lhe vlclnlLy of 1330 nm wlLh less Lhan 200 CPz separaLlon are
consldered uensewoveuivision Mu/tip/exinq {uwuM)
WDM C|rcu|t Components
1 MulLlplexes or Comblners comblne opLlcal slgnals wlLh dlfferenL wavelengLhs
2 uemulLlplexers or SpllLLers separaLe opLlcal slgnals wlLh dlfferenL wavelengLhs
3 Add/urop MulLlplexer/uemulLlplexer slmllar Lo regular mulLlplexers and
demulLlplexers excepL LhaL Lhey are locaLed aL lnLermedlaLe polnLs ln Lhe sysLem
uevlces LhaL separaLe a wavelengLh from a flber cable and rerouLe lL on a dlfferenL flber
golng ln a dlfferenL dlrecLlon
4 ouLers dlrecL slgnals of a parLlcular wavelengLh Lo a speclflc desLlnaLlon whlle noL
separaLlng all Lhe wavelengLh presenL on Lhe cable
3 Couplers permlLs dlfferenL wavelengLhs Lo be comblned and separaLed
G DLNSL WAVL DIVISICN MUL1ILLkING
ls relaLed Lo WuM and offers even hlgher bandwldLhs lL ls effecLlvely creaLes vlrLual flbers ln
one physlcal flber each vlrLual flber carrylng several channels WlLh Lhe new Lechnology called
uuWMu (ulLradense WuM) 8ell Labs have proLoLyped a sysLem LhaL can run 1000 channels
over a slngle flber each channel operaLlng aL up Lo 160 Cbps

n SNCnkCNCUS C1ICAL NL1WCkk (SCNL1)
ueveloped by AnSl (uS) SCnL1 ls a mulLlplexlng sysLem slmllar Lo convenLlonal luM excepL
LhaL lL was developed Lo be used wlLh opLlcal flbers CfLen Lhere are Lwo flbers beLween each of
Lhe sysLem so LhaL should one flber breaks Lhere ls an alLernaLlve paLh for Lhe Lrafflc
SCnL1's ma[or goal ls Lo sLandardlze opLlcal flber neLwork equlpmenL Lhus allowlng for
lnLerneLworklng opLlcal communlcaLlon sysLem from a varleLy of vendors
SCnL1 can be Lhe carrlers for lSun 8lSun A1M and can LoLally replaced oLher neLworklng
proLocols such as luul
SCnL1? capaclLy ls denoLed by S1Sa 1he assoclaLed opLlcal carrler ls referred Lo as CCn
I SNCnkCNCUS DIGI1AL nLIkAkCn (SDn)
ueveloped by l1u1 (Lurope)
lL conLalns recommendaLlons for Lhe sLandardlzaLlon of Lhe flber opLlc Lransmlsslon sysLems
equlpmenL sold by dlfferenL manufacLurers
SCNL1]SDn DA1A kA1LS
SCNL1 C1ICAL
CAkkILk
SCNL1 IkAML
ICkMA1
SDn IkAML ICkMA1 LINL kA1LS (Mbps)
CC 1 S1S 1 S1M 0 3184
CC 3 S1S 3 S1M 1 (63 x L'1) 13332
CC 9 S1S 9 4663
CC 12 S1S 12 S1M 4 (232 x L'1) 62208
CC 18 S1S 18 93312
CC 24 S1S 24 S1M 8 124416
CC 36 S1S 36 186624
CC 48 S1S 48 S1M 16 (1008 x L'1) 248832
CC 96 S1S 96 S1M 32 497664
CC 192 S1S 192 S1M 64 (4032 x L' 1) 993328
CC 768 S1S 768 S1M 236 3981312
CC 1336 S1S 1336 S1M 312 7962612
CC 3072 S1S 3072 S1M 1024 13223224