2009-8-4

Security Level: Internal

LTE Link Budget introduction

www.huawei.com

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LTE Link budget process

Start Input Data Assume an uplink/downlink load

Calculate uplink Cell radius

Calculate downlink Cell radius

No Min (uplink, downlink) Yes Effective cell radius

Adjust Cell uplink/downlink load

Area =

9 3R 2 8 3 3R 2 2

Calculate site number

R
End

Area =

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Downlink: Radio Link Budget

DOWNLINK BUDGET
eNodeB Transmit Power (e.g. 46dBm) Other Gain Slow fading margin Antenna Gain Other Gain NodeB Antenna Gain Cable Loss Interference margin Margin Loss

AntennaGain
Path Loss

Pa th

Lo ss

Penetration Loss

UE reception sensitivity (e.g. -109dBm)

CableLoss NodeB Sensitivity

Body Loss UE Antenna Gain

Penetration Loss

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Uplink: Radio Link Budget

UPLINK BUDGET
Other Gain Slow fading margin Antenna Gain UE Antenna Gain Other Gain Interference margin Margin UE Transmit Power (e.g. 23dBm) Body Loss Loss

AntennaGain

Penetration Loss

Pa th

Lo

ss

Path Loss

CableLoss NodeB Sensitivity

Node B Antenna Gain

Cable Loss

Penetration Loss

eNodeB reception sensitivity (e.g. -119dBm)

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Cable Loss in Link Budget

Cable Loss in Link Budget includes:
--- Cables loss between NodeB and antenna --- Jumper Loss between NodeB and antenna --- Connectors loss between NodeB and antenna
800MHz 6.456 10.431 3.325 3.676 2.465 2.193 2100MHz 10.961 18.137 5.678 6.246 4.342 3.798 2500MHz 12.09 20.11 6.27 6.89 4.828 4.208

LDF4 FSJ4 AVA5 Andrew AL5 LDP6 AL7

1/2" 1/2" 7/8" 7/8" 5/4" 13/8"

Cable loss = cable length(m)/100 * cable loss per100m(dB) + Jumper loss + connector loss
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Cable Loss

Manufacturer

Type

Size

Insertion loss/100m

Path loss & Propagation Model

Available Propagation Model
Stanford A/B/C Model Cost231Hata Model Cost231-WI Model Okumura-Hata Model SPM Model Band:2.5/3.5/5.8GHz, Antenna height 10~80m Cell radius <10km, suburban scenario Band: 1500~2000MHz , antenna height 30~200m Cell radius 1~20km Band: 800~2000MHz , Antenna height 4~50m Cell radius 0.02~0.5km Band: 150~1000MHz , Antenna height 30~200m Cell radius 1~20km All band after calibration

Typical penetration loss Body Loss

Data service 0dB Voice service 3dB
Morphology Dense Urban Urban Sub Urban Rural Area
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Penetration Loss (dB) 2600M 20 17 13 8

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2100M 19 16 12 8

900M 18 16 12 8

Path Loss and Fading Margin

Path Loss fading due to propagation distance
Long term (slow) fading caused by shadowing Short term (fast) fading slight (ignored in LTE)

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Slow Fading Margin

Slow Fading --- Signal levels obey Log-Normal distribution Slow Fading Margin depends on:
--- Area Coverage Probability --- The higher coverage probability is, the more SFM required --- Standard Deviation --- The higher standard deviation is, the more SFM required
Probability Density

SFM required

Coverage Probability: Coverage Probability: P COVERAGE (x) = P [ [F(x) > Fthreshold ] ] P (x) = P F(x) > F
COVERAGE threshold

Fthreshold
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Fmedian (x)

Received Signal Level [dBm]

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Service Rate (Down Link)

- traffic bear (e.g. Bit Rate 64kbps)
Relationship between service rate and MCS & RB

BitRate_DL (Kbps) = (1-BLER)*(168-36-12)*(code bits)*(code rate)*Nrb*C C=2, if 2T2R-MCW (MIMO option, detail in page16) C=1, if others.

12 (sub-carriers) * 7 RE * 2 (Slot) =168 RE Control Signal = 36 RE Reference Signal = 12 RE

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Service Rate (Up link)

- traffic bear (e.g. Bit Rate 64kbps)
Relationship between service rate and MCS & RB

BitRate_UL(kbps) = (1-BLER)*(168-24-0) *(code bits)*(code rate)*Nrb Nrb: Number of RB (Resource Block),

12

1RB=84RE, 1 Sub frame contains 168 RE 12 (sub-carriers) * 7 RE * 2 (Slot) =168 RE Control Signal = 24 RE

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Es/No (1/2)
-SINR Required
Es/No Definition
It is the Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-Ratio as experienced by the detector.

Impact factors 1.Radio Environment (e.g. ETU3) 2.Frequency Band (e.g. 2600MHz) 3.MCS 4.RB(Resource Block) number 5.BLER(e.g. 10%)
Es/No is the most important parameter in link budget, primarily determined by MCS & RB
Multi-Path Channel Model ETU3 ETU30 ETU60 EVA30 RA3 RA120 HT250 Urban 3km/h Urban 30km/h Urban 60km/h Vehicle 30km/h Rural 3km/h Rural 120km/h Hill 250km/h

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Es/No (2/2)
-MCS & RB
MCS= Code bits * Code rate
Modulation QPSK 1/3 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 16QAM 1/2 16QAM 3/4 64QAM 1/2 64QAM 2/3 64QAM 3/4 64QAM 5/6 Code bits 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 code rate 1/3 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6

Total available RB
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Total Number of RB(Nrb) 6 15 25 50 75 100

Es/No is primarily determined by MCS & RB (simulation result from RTT department)
Es/No =

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Other Gain
Multi-element Transmitter Multi-element Receiver

Other Factors
N M

HARQ Gain (dB) VoIP Bundling Gain (dB) IRC Gain (dB)

1.5 4.5(Uplink only) 0.8(QPSK only)

MS

MIMOMultiple Input Multiple Output

MIMO gain is reflected by different Es/No (SINR)
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NodeB

Other Gain- MIMO

MIMOMultiple Input Multiple Output
SFBC: Space Frequency Block Code

Down Link
1T1R
MCW: Multiple Code Word

Up Link
1T1R 1T2R 1T2R 1T1R 2T2R-MCW 2T2R-MCW

2T2R-SFBC 2T2R-MCW 1T2R

DL option -> UL option

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Reception Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity Per Sub-carrier
= Thermal noise (dBm/Hz)+ 10*lg(sub-carrier band)+ NF + Es/No

Thermal noise : NF ( Noise Figure of eNodeB ): NF ( Noise Figure of UE ):

-174dBm/Hz 2.1dB for 2.6G 1.6dB for others 7dB

Rx Sensitivity Composite (Final Result)

= Rx Sensitivity Per Sub-carrier +10lg(Sub carrier Number)

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Interference Margin
M ore Load Larger N oise R ise M ore Interference M argin

Typical Interference Margin

Up Link Load Low(~30%) High(~100%) Interference Margin (dB) ~3 ~6

Down Link Load level depends on the Noise Rise

NoiseRise = I Total PNo

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Differences between LTE and WCDMA

LTE
Hard handover No fast fading margin Composite Rx sensitivity Small cell radius for voice (For the same frequency)

WCDMA
Soft handover Fast fading margin Single service Rx sensitivity Large cell radius for voice (For the same frequency)

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