Journals of Human Capital and Labor Productivity

1. Human Capital and Labor Productivity in East African Manufacturing Firms. Author(s): Niringiye Aggrey, Luvanda Eliab dan Shitundu Joseph. Journal: Current Research Journal of Economic Theory (2010), 2(2): 4854. The study uses firm level panel data to investigate relevant importance of human capital variables in explaining labor productivity in East African manufacturing firms. The study used generalized least squares to estimate the human capital model. Results indicate that proportion of skilled workers and average education in Uganda, training, proportion of skilled workers and education of the manager in Tanzania and average education and training in Kenya were positively associated with labour productivity. These results have important policy implications for the targeting policy prescriptions to increase manufacturing competitiveness. Human Capital and Labor Productivity in Food Industries of Iran. Author(s): Ahmad Afrooz, Khalid B Abdul Rahim, Zaleha Bt Mohd Noor dan Lee Chin. Journal: International Journal of Economics and Finance (2010) Vol.2(4): 4751. Published by: Canadian Center of Science and Education. One of the most important factors that affect labour productivity is human capital. Due to the importance of Food Industries of Iran, this paper examines the role of human capital on labour productivity in food industries of Iran over the 1995-2006 period. The study used the ratio of educated workers to total workers and the ratio of skilled workers to total workers as a proxy for human capital and applied the CobbDouglas production function of industry. The results showed that educated workers and skilled workers have a significant effect on labour productivity. The measurements of these effects were 0.14 and 0.42 for educated and skilled workers respectively. It can be concluded that education, skills and capital per worker (k=K/L) have a positive and significant effect on labour productivity in food industries of Iran. The Impact of Human Capital on Labour Productivity in Manufacturing Sectors of the European Union. Author(s): Frank Corvers. Journal: Applied Economics (1997) , 29: 975987. Published by: Taylor and Francis Journals. Source: http://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/applec/v29y1997i8p975-87.html The effects of human capital on both the level and growth of labour productivity in manufacturing sectors in seven members states of the European Union are analyses, distinguishing between four effects of human capital worker, allocative, diffusion and research. Human capital is represented by the shares of intermediate and highly-skilled workers in the workforce of a sector. It is shown that the manufacturing sectors can be divided into three classes of sectors with different intensities of highly-skilled workers low, medium and highskilled sectors. The estimation results show that both intermediate and highly skilled labor have a positive effects on the labour productivity of a sector, although the effect is only significant for highly skilled labour. Moreover, there are indications of underinvestment of human capital in some manufacturing sectors. These sectors could improve their competitive position by raising the employment shares of intermediate and highlyskilled labour. Finally, intermediate-skilled labour has significantly positive effect on the growth in sectoral labour productivity. Human Capital and Labour Productivity, Integration of Institutions and Endogenous Growth. Author(s): Lei Delsen and Mark Schonewille. Source: http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:wpa:wuwphe:9908001 This paper is part of a project that attempts to reveal the way labour market institutions, human capital and labour productivity are interconnected. First we discuss two approaches in the human capital theory, stressing some difficulties that could be solved if the approaches are combined. It is argued that the Nelson-Phelps approach could be improved by adding elements from the Lucas model. We think that the production factor of human capital needs a more detailed description than usual in empirical research, e.g. further schooling and training, experience and external effects. Empirical tests show that the frequently obtained conclusion that investments in higher education are too low are doubtful. The tests also show the importance of further education and training, especially on-the-job training.

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What Drives Productivity in Tanzanian Manufacturing Firms: Technology or Institutions? Author(s): Micheline Goedhuys, Norbert Janz, dan Pierre Mohnen. Using the rich micro data set of the World Bank Investment Climate Survey, this paper examines the determinants of productivity among manufacturing firms in the context of a least developed country, Tanzania. In particular it seeks to evaluate the importance of technological variables - such as R&D, education and training, innovation, foreign ownership, licensing and ISO certification - and institutional variables such as access to credit, health of the workforce, regulation and business support services. Among the technological variables, R&D, and innovations in the form of new products or processes fail to produce any significant impact, and only foreign ownership, ISO certification and high education of the management appear to affect productivity. Some of the institutional variables on the contrary are highly significant and robust to different specifications of the model. As such, formal credit constraints, administrative burdens related to regulations and a lack of business support services seem to depress productivity, while membership of a business association produces the opposite effect. The results of a quantile regression further indicate that the educational level of the managers and access to formal credit are significant for the less productive firms only, whereas for the more productive firms it is having an ISO certification or being a member of a business association that are the significant determinants. Human Capital and Regional Growth in Switzerland. Author: Wolfgang Polasek, Wolfgang Schwarzbauer dan Richard Sellner. Journal: Review of Economic Analysis (2011), 3: 4658. Source: http://rofea.org This paper develops a regional production function model for Swiss cantons that incorporates human capital together with spatial effects. Within a spatial panel framework we find that controlling for time effects the spatial spillover effect becomes insignificant. Our results are sensitive with respect to the human capital proxy. We find that the share of academics in the workforce is the main component of human capital driving productivity growth in Swiss cantons. This is in line with findings of previous studies suggesting that mostly highly skilled workers matter for productivity growth in technologically advanced economies. The Impact of Human Capital on Regional Labor Productivity in Europe. Author(s): Manfred M. Fischer, Monika Bartkowska, Aleksandra Riedl, Sascha Sardadvar dan Andrean Kunnert. Journal: Social Science Research Network (2008). Source: http://ssrn.com/paper=1304654 This paper employs a spatial Durbin model for analyzing the impact of human capital on regional productivity using for 198 NUTS-2 European regions for the sample period from 1995 to 2004. The study provides evidence for the existence of spatial externalities and interactions of the sort as emphasized by new growth theory. To interpret results meaningfully, we calculate summary measures that account for the simultaneous feedback nature of the underlying model. By sampling from the parameter distribution we present measures of dispersion, revealing that it is relative regional advantages in human capital that matter most for productivity growth. Human Capital, Productivity, and Labor Allocation in Rural Pakistan. Author(s): Marcel Fafchamps dan Agnes R. Quisumbing. Journal: The Journal of Human Resources (1999), 34(2): 369406. Published by: University of Wisconsin Press. Source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146350 This paper investigates whether human capital affects the productivity and labor allocation of rural households in four districts of Pakistan. We find that households with better educated males earn higher off-farm income and divert labor resources away from farm activities toward nonfarm work. Education has no significant effect on productivity in crop and livestock production. The effect of human capital on household incomes is partly realized through the reallocation of labor from low productivity activities to nonfarm work. Female education and nutrition do not affect productivity and labor allocation in any systematic fashion, consistent with the marginal role women play in market oriented activities in Pakistan. As a by-product, our estimation approach also tests the existence of perfect labor and factor markets; this hypothesis is strongly rejected. Human Capital Investment: The Returns fromEducations and Training to the Individual, the Firm and the Economy. Author(s): Richard Blundell, Lorraine Dearden, Costas Meghir dan Barbara Sianesi. Journal: Fiscals Studies (1999), 20(1): 123. This paper provides a non-technical review of the evidence on the returns to education and training for the individual, the firm and the economy at large. It begins by reviewing the empirical work that has attempted to estimate the true causal effect of education and training on individual earnings, focusing on the recent literature that has attempted to control for potential biases in the estimated returns to education and training.
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It then moves on to review the literature that has looked at the returns from human capital investments to employers. Lack of suitable data and methodological difficulties have resulted in a paucity of studies that have carried out sound empirical work on this issue. In the final part of the review, we look at the work that has tried to assess the contribution of human capital to national economic growth at the macroeconomic level. This work has generally involved using either a growth accounting theoretical framework or new growth theories. Although the empirical macroeconomic evidence that accompanies this work does not generally allow one to distinguish between the two approaches, there is a substantial body of evidence on the contribution of education to economic growth. 10. Human Capital Investment and Economic Growth: Exploring The Cross-country Evidence. Author(s): Edward N. Wolff. Journal: Structural Change and Economics Dynamics (2000), 11(4): 433472. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954349X00000308 The paper investigates three models on the role of education in economic growth: human capital theory, a threshold effect, and interaction effects between education and technological activity. Data for 24 OECD countries on GDP, employment, and investment from the Penn World Tables over the period 1950 to 1990 was used. Five sources are used for educational data. The descriptive statistics suggest that the convergence in labor productivity levels among these nations appears to correspond to their convergence in schooling levels. However, econometric results showing a positive and significant effect of formal education on productivity growth among OECD countries are spotty at best. With only one or two exceptions, educational levels, the growth in educational attainment, and interaction effects between schooling and R&D were not found to be significant determinants of country labor productivity growth. Information and Communication Technologies, Human Capital, Workplace Organization and Labour Productivity: A Comparative Study Based On Firm-level Data for Greece and Switzerland. Author(s): Spyros Arvanitis dan Euripidis N. Loukis. Journal: Information Economics and Policy (2009), 21: 4361. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762450800053X This paper describes a comparative empirical study of the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) capital, human capital and new organizational practices on labour productivity in Greek and Swiss firms. We use firm-level data collected in 2005 through a common questionnaire administered to samples of similar composition (e.g. similar firm sizes, similar sectors), from which we construct econometric models with similar specifications for Greece and Switzerland. The analytical framework is based on a firmlevel production function. We find statistically significant positive effects for physical capital, ICT capital, human capital and employee voice-oriented organizational practices for both samples. We also identify considerable differences: Swiss firms are more mature and more efficient than Greek firms at creating, using and combining these new production factors. Total Factor Productivity Measurement and Human Capital in OECD Countries. Author(s): Joaquin Maudos, Jose Manuel Pastor dan Lorenzo Serano. Journal: economic Letters (1999), 63(1): 3944. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176598002523 This paper analyses the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) evolution in OECD countries by breaking down productivity gains into technical change and efficiency change. To avoid biases, Malmquist indices of productivity, including human capital, are estimated. The results indicate that, in fact, the inclusion of human capital has a significant effect on the accurate measurement of TFP. Firms Human Capital, R&D and Performance: A Study on French and swedish Firms. Author(s): Gerard Ballot, Fathi Fakhfakh dan Erol Taymaz. Journal: Labour Economics (2001), 8: 443462. Published by: Elsevier. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537101000380 This paper studies the effects of human and technological capital on productivity in a sample of large French and Swedish firms. While the role of technological capital as measured by R&D has been intensively investigated, almost no work has been done on the role of human capital as measured by firm-sponsored training and even less its interaction with technological capital. The level of intangible capital may also have a lasting effect on productivity growth, as emphasised by some endogenous growth models in a macroeconomic setting. The study uses data from two panels of large French and Swedish firms for the same period 1987
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1993.. It constructs measures of a firms human capital stock, based on their past and present training expenditures. The results confirm that firm-sponsored training and R&D are significant inputs in the two countries, although to a different extent, and have high returns. However, except for managers and engineers in France, we do not find evidence of positive interactions between these two types of capital. Finally, growth effects at the firm level do not appear. 14. New Evidence on International R&D Spillovers, Human Capital and Productivity in the OECD. Author(s): Tomas del Bario-Castro, Enrique Lopez-Baso, Guadalupe Serrano-Domingo. Journal: Economics Letters (2002), 77: 4145. In this article we show how the use of more reliable data on average years of schooling can change the conclusions about the magnitude of international R&D spillovers based on previous evidence, while pointing to a superior role of human capital. Capital Accumulation and TFP Growth in The EU: A Production Frontier Approach. Author(s): Mar Salinas-Jimenez, Inmaculada Alvarez-Ayuso, Jesus Delgado-Rodriquez. Journal: Journal of Policy Modelling (2006), 28: 195205. The aim of this article is to analyse labour productivity growth and convergence in the EU between 1980 and 1997. By adopting a roduction frontier approach, labour productivity growth is broken down into components attributable to efficiency change, technological progress and capital accumulation. Our results point to physical and human capital accumulation as the main factors driving the processes of labour productivity growth and convergence among the European economies, supporting the European cohesion and development policies carried out in these years. On the other hand, we observe that some problems appear in the EU in terms of total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Therefore, policies aimed at promoting TFP growth should also be strongly supported. Determinants of Human Capital Formation and Economic Growth of African Countries. Author: Moses. O. Oketch. Journal: Economics of Education Review (2006), 25(5): 554564. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775705000956 Rapid economic growth and improving living standards have benefited almost all regions of the world since the industrial revolution. Africa stands out as one regional exception. While several factors such as civil wars and rampant corruption have been associated with poor economic performance of the African region in the international community, the main focus of this research is to explore the role that human capital should play in improving the regions economic productivity. The study identifies the two-way links between human resource development produced by formal schooling and economic growth, measured in per capita terms, and between investment in physical capital and growth. It then estimates this three-equation structural system by two stage least squares (2SLS). The study concludes that the sources of labor productivity growth in the medium term in African nations are high investment in physical capital and in human capital. This is consistent with the hypothesis that both human and physical capital investments are necessary if Africa is to attain industrial development. The hypothesis that per capita growth is a determinant in turn of investment in education is consistent with the ordinary least squares and 2SLS estimates, implying a two-way causal flow. Also confirmed is the hypothesis that human resource development is a determinant of investment in physical capital, which contributes significantly to per capita growth in the next round. Firm-Specific Determinants of Productivity Gaps between East and West German Industrial Branches. Author(s): Johannes Stephan dan Karin Szalai. 2003. Industrial productivity levels of formerly socialist economies in Central East Europe (including East Germany) are considerably lower than in the more mature Western economies. This research aims at assessing the reasons for lower productivities at the firm level: what are the firm-specific determinants of productivity gaps. To assess this, we have conducted an extensive field study and focussed on a selection of two important manufacturing industries, namely machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers, and on the construction industry. Using the data generated in field work, we test a set of determinant-candidates which were derived from theory and prior research in that topic. Our analysis uses the simplest version of the
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matched-pair approach, in which first hypothesis about relevant productivity level-determinants are tested. In a second step, positively tested hypothesis are further assessed in terms of whether they also constitute firmspecific determinants of the apparent gaps between the firms in our Eastern and such in our Western panels. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in all three industrial branches assessed. Amongst manufacturing firms, networking activities and the use of modern technologies for communication are important reasons for the lower levels of labour productivity in the East. The intensity of long-term strategic planning on behalf of the management turned out to be relevant only for machinery manufacturers. Product and process innovations unexpectedly exhibit an ambiguous picture, as did the extent of specialisation on a small number of products in the firms portfolio and the intensity of competition. 18. Human Capital and Economic Growth in Spain, 18502000. Author(s): Leandro Prados de la Escosura dan Joan R. Roses. Journal: Explorations in Economic History (2010), 47(4): 520532. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001449831000032X We investigate human capital accumulation in Spain using income- and education-based alternative approaches. We, then, assess human capital impact on labor productivity growth and discuss the implications of its alternative measures for TFP growth. Trends in human capital are similar with either measure but the skill-premium approach fits better Spanish historical experience. As education is a high income elastic good, human capital growth computed with the education-based approach seems upward biased for the recent past. Human capital provided a positive albeit small contribution to labor productivity growth facilitating technological innovation. Human Capital, R&D, Trade, and Long-Run Productivity. Testing The Technological Absorption Hypothesis for the Portuguese Economy 19602001. Author(s): Aurora A.C. Teixeira dan Natercia Fortuna. Journal: Research Policy (2010), 39(3): 335350. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733310000235 An important characteristic of the role of foreign trade in the technological catch-up of countries is the complementary nature with technological change, human capital development and local R&D efforts. Using cointegration techniques, evidence based on Portuguese long-run growth suggests that by investing in certain capacity-building activities, namely human capital and local R&D efforts, countries can improve their ability to identify, value, assimilate, and apply (or exploit) knowledge that is developed in other (more developed) countries. Although human capital has a stronger direct impact on total factor productivity than internal R&D efforts, the latter's indirect impact, by means of machinery and equipment imports, is tremendous. Trade also emerges as a powerful direct contributor to long-term total factor productivity, especially in its embodied form, through the acquisition of advanced machinery and equipment from more developed countries. The (smaller) productivity enhancing effect of licenses and FDI seems to be strongly dependent on institutional circumstances, namely those related to human capital investments and incentives. Human Capital and Productivity for Koreas Sustained Economic Growth. Author: Jong Hwa Lee. Journal: Journal of Asian Economics (2005), 16(4): 663687. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049007805001016 This paper assesses Korea's growth experience and its prospects based on methods of level accounting and growth accounting. The level accounting method shows that the gap of output per worker between Korea and the US has rapidly decreased over the past three decades. However, this swift catch-up process is attributed to physical and human capital accumulation for the most part, rather than to the total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Growth accounting shows that the productivity growth of the Korean economy, particularly the manufacturing industry, has accelerated in recent years. But, poor productivity performance in the service industries, including finance, insurance, and real estate, construction, and wholesale and retail trade sectors, hampers overall productivity growth. For sustained productivity growth, Korea needs to stimulate technological investment, and upgrade the quality of human capital. The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Agregate Cross-Country Data. Author(s): Jess Benhabib dan Mark M. Spiegel. Journal: Journal of Monetary Economics (1994), 34(2): 143173. Published by: Elsevier. Source: http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/moneco/v34y1994i2p143-173.html Using cross-country estimates of physical and human capital stocks, we run the growth accounting regressions implied by a CobbPDouglas aggregate production function. Our results indicate that human capital enters insignificantly in explaining per capita growth rates. We next specify an alternative model in which the growth rate of total factor productivity depends on a nations human capital stock level. Tests of this specification do
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indicate a positive role for human capital. 22. The Productivity and Human Capital in the Japanese Software Industry: The View of Service Innovation. Author(s): Kazunori Minetaki dan Toshihiko Takemura. Journal: American Journal of Economics and Business Administration (2010), 2(1):7377. Problem statement: It has been pointed out the weak competitiveness of Japanese software industry. The industrial characteristic of the software industry in Japan is the subcontract system. There are numerous pieces of anecdotal evidence suggesting that the Japanese software industry suffers from low productivity growth on a par with that of other non-manufacturers particularly those in the services sector. In addition, there are not enough empirical studies of the productivity in the Japanese software industry. Approach: We analyze the productivity of the Japanese software industry in the view of the hierarchy structure and we investigate the effect to adopt the Information Technology Engineers Examination for the acquirement of knowledge of software development by using Cobb-Douglas Production Function. Results: Our main result is that the human capital measured by the Information Technology Engineers Examination for the acquirement of knowledge of software development, has the positive correlation with the productivity in the subcontractor companies, but not in the contractor companies. Conclusion/Recommendations: Our estimation result implies that the accumulation of the human capital is helpful to raise the productivity in subcontractor and it will bring the higher productivity in the software industry as the whole in Japan. An Empirical Analysis of Australian Labour Productivity. Author(s): Abbas Valadkhani. Journal: Research Online (2003). Source: http://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/391 This study presents a model capturing sources of Australian aggregate labour productivity using annual time series data from 1970 to 2001. Labour productivity, or real output per hour worked, in this model is determined by real net capital stock in information technology and telecommunications (ITT), real net capital stock in the non-ITT sector, trade openness, human capital, the wage rate, international competitiveness, and the union membership rate. Given the lack of long and consistent time series data, multivariate cointegration techniques are inappropriate as the cointegration results will be sensitive to the lag length, the inclusion or exclusion of the intercept term or a trend in the cointegration equation and/or the vector autoregression (VAR) specification. Therefore, the Engle-Granger representation theorem and the Hausman weak exogeneity test have been employed to determine the short and long-term drivers of Australian productivity. Empirical estimates indicate that, in the long-term, policies aimed at promoting various types of investment, trade openness, international competitiveness, and the use of wage as an stimulant in a decentralised wage negotiation system, will improve labour productivity. In the short term, all the above variables except for human capital and labour reforms, which both need more time to evolve, determine productivity performance. Uncovering Industry Drivers of New Zealands Labor Productivity Growth. Author(s): Nicholas Warmke, Adam Tipper, Lizatte van Heerden, Toby Hunter. Statistics New Zealand. This paper highlights the industry level drivers of aggregate labour productivity growth in New Zealand. We show how the various trends in labour productivity growth have been influenced by capital deepening and multifactor productivity across industries, and how each industry has contributed to the measured sectors labour productivity growth. The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Labour Productivity in the Chinese Electonics Industry. Author(s): Xiaming Liu, David Parker, Kirit Vaidya dan Yingqi Wei. Journal: International Business Review (2001), 10(4): 421439. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969593101000245 Foreign direct investment (FDI) may have a positive impact on labour productivity in recipient industries through direct introduction of capital, technology and management skills and indirectly through spillover effects on domestic firms. This study uses a model intended to examine the overall effects of inward FDI in the Chinese electronics industry. Official data are used for 41 sub-sectors of the industry in 1996 and 1997 having differing levels of FDI. Labour productivity is modelled as dependent on the degree of foreign presence in the industry and other variables, namely capital intensity, human capital and firm size for scale factors. The econometric results suggest that foreign presence in the industry is associated with higher labour productivity. Labor Unions and Productivity: An Empirical Analysis Using Japanese Firm-level Data. Author(s): Masayuki Morikawa. Journal: Labour Economics (2010), 17(6): 10301037. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092753711000031X This paper empirically analyzes the relationship between labor union and firm performance in areas such as
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productivity and profitability by using data on more than 4000 Japanese firms, ranging from listed large firms to unlisted SMEs, in both the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sector. The presence of labor unions has statistically and economically significant positive effects on firm productivity. Unions' effects on wages are also positive, their magnitude being slightly larger than those on productivity. The decrease in the number of employees is greater at unionized firms than at non-unionized firms. The difference in employment growth is mainly attributable to the change in the number of part-time workers. In order to enhance productivity, close cooperation between management and unions is essential. 27. Are Educated Workers really More Productive? Author: Patricia Jones. Journal: Journal of Development Economics (2001), 64(1): 5779. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387800001243 This paper presents a new method for examining the productive nature of education. It outlines an econometric model which simultaneously estimates an earnings function and a production function for workers and the firms where they are employed. This approach permits a direct comparison to be made between the relative wage and relative productivity of workers with different levels of education. Using a unique data set from Ghana, two primary questions are addressed: (1) Are educated workers more productive than workers with no formal education? and (2) Do earnings differentials between workers with different levels of education reflect genuine productivity differentials? The results suggest that education is positively correlated with productivity in Ghanaian manufacturing, and that firms pay workers according to their productivity. Demand, Employment and Labour Productivity in The European Economics. Author(s): Enrique Palazuelos dan Rafael Fernandez. Journal: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics (2009), 20(1): 1 15. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954349X0800043X This paper presents an explanation of the causes of the slowdown in growth in labour productivity in European economies in recent decades. In first instance, the weakness of domestic demand is what determines this slowdown in productivity. However, differences with the (mediocre) rates of growth of productivity between European countries are also related to the specific features of their respective labour markets because, in a context of weak domestic demand, there is a trade-off between employment and productivity. Foreign Capital, Human Capital and Efficiency: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis for Developing Countries. Author(s): Camilla Mastromarco dan Sucharita Ghosh. Journal: World Development (2009), 37(2): 489 502. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X08001952 We use stochastic Frontier analysis to study which of the three channels of technology diffusion, foreign direct investment (FDI), imports of machinery and equipment, or imports of research and development (R&D) expenditures, affect the total factor productivity of developing countries. We also analyze whether a developing country's openness to technology diffusion is affected by their existing levels of human capital. We find that FDI, imported capital goods, and imported R&D are all important channels for improving efficiency, as is human capital accumulation. However, the positive effect of FDI, imported capital goods, and imported R&D depends crucially on the level of accumulated human capital. In addition, we find that in the process of technology diffusion, the impact of formal education is more important for imported R&D than it is for imported capital and FDI, whereas the opposite is true for learning by doing, which is found to be more important for knowledge diffusion through FDI and imported capital. The Effects of Openness, Trade Orientation and Human Capital on Total Factor Productivity. Author(s): Stephen M. Miller dan Mukti P. Upadhyay. Journal: Journal of Development Economics (2000), 63(2): 399423. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387800001127 We study the effects of openness, trade orientation, and human capital on total factor productivity for a pooled sample of developed and developing countries. Total factor productivity emerges from a parsimonious specification of the aggregate production function. Potential determinants of total factor productivity include measures of openness, trade orientation, and human capital. Higher openness benefits total factor productivity. Outward-oriented countries experience higher total factor productivity, over and above the positive effect of openness. Human capital generally contributes positively to total factor productivity. In poor countries, however, human capital interacts with openness to achieve a positive effect.

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Human Capital and Economic Growth in Morocco. Author: Younes Zouhar. This paper analyses the role of the human capital in the economic growth of Morocco. With this regard, a human capital indicator has been evaluated for the period 19842003. I found that the contribution of the human capital to the growth has declined during the last decade. I also found that Morocco is still endowed with low human capital, whoch ould explain the difficulties for the Moroccan economy to achiece high and sustained growth rates. I then conduct an assessment of the impact at mid-term of the reform of education launched in 2000. This reform should allow, if fully implemented, an improvement of the quality of the labor force at the mid-term. Accordingly, the potential growth is expected to rise 4,6%.

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Determinant of Long-run Regional Productivity with Geographical Spillovers: The Role of R&D, Human Capital and Public Infrastructure. Author(s): Raffaello Bronzini dan Paolo Piselli. Journal: Regional Science and Urban Economics (2009), 39(2):187199. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016604620800104X In this paper we estimate the long-run relationship between total factor productivity, R&D, human capital and public infrastructure between 1980 and 2001 across Italian regions. We take advantage of recent developments of panel cointegration techniques that control for endogeneity of regressors to estimate cointegration vectors. Empirical evidence shows that there exists a long-run equilibrium between productivity level and the three kinds of capital; among them, human capital turns out to have the strongest impact on productivity. Regional productivity is found also to be positively affected by R&D activity and public infrastructure of neighboring regions. Finally, results of the Granger-causality tests support the hypothesis that human capital and infrastructure Granger-cause productivity in the long-run while the opposite is not true; only for R&D stock is the bi-directional causality found. The Impact of Training on Productivity and Wages: Evidence from British Panel Data. Author(s): Lorraine Dearden, Howard Reed dan John Van Reenen. Journal: CEP Disscussion Papers. Published by: Centre for Economic Performance. Source: http://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0674.html It is standard in the literature on training to use wages as a sufficient statistic for productivity. This paper examines the effects of work-related training on direct measures of productivity. Using a new panel of British industries 1983-1996 and a variety of estimation techniques we find that work-related training is associated with significantly higher productivity. A one percentage point increase in training is associated with an increase in value added per hour of about 0.6% and an increase in hourly wages of about 0.3%. We also show evidence using individual level datasets that is suggestive of training externalities. International R&D Spillovers, Human Capital and Productivity in OECD Economics: An Empirical Investigation. Author: Hans-Jurgen Engelbrecht. Journal: European Economic Review (1997), 41(8): 14791488. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292196000463 This paper extends Coe and Helpman's (International R&D spillovers, European Economic Review, 39, 859887, 1995) study of international R&D spillovers amongst OECD countries by including a general human capital variable which accounts for innovation outside the R&D sector and other aspects of human capital not captured by formal R&D. This results in somewhat smaller coefficient estimates for domestic R&D capital and international R&D spillovers, but they remain highly statistically significant. General human capital is found to affect TFP directly as a factor of production, and as a vehicle for international knowledge transfer associated with productivity catch-up amongst OECD countries. It seems to play a distinct role from R&D in the economic growth processes of these economies. ICT and Human Capital Intesities Effects on Malaysian Productivity Growth. Author: Elsadig Musa Ahmed. Journal: International Research Journal of Finance and Economics (2008), 13: 152161. Published by: EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. Source: http://eurojournals.com/finance.htm This study investigates the role of information and communication technology (ICT) and human capital intensities through decomposition of labour productivity growth into contributions of capital deepening, increased usage of ICT and human capital intesities, and the simultaneous contribution of the quality of these factors. This has expressed as the total factor productivity (TFP) per unit of labour growth in achieving productivity-driven growth in Malaysian economy. The result of this study show that the productivity growth of Malaysias economy is input-driven but rather, productivity growth-driven when the result of TFP per unit of labour have been compared. The study also finds that there is a significantly low contribution of the TFP per unit of labour growth during the entire period and all the sub-periods of the study.

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Size and Efficiency in African Manufacturing Firms: Evidence from Firm-Level Panel Data. Author(s): Mans Soderbom dan Francis Teal. Jounal: African Economic. Source: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpdc/0409010.html Three dimensions of the performance of firms in Ghanas manufacturing sector are investigated in this paper: their technology and the importance of technical and allocative efficiency. We show that the diversity of factor choices in not due to a non-homothetic technology. Observable skills are not quantitatively important as determinants of productivity. Technical inefficiency is not lower in firms with foreign ownership or older firms and its dispersion across firms is similar to that found in other economies. Large firms face far higher relative labour costs than small firms. If these factor price differentials could be levelled out, substantial gains thorough improvements in allocative efficiency would be possible. The Comparative Advantage of Educated Workers in Implementing New Technology. Author(s): Ann P. Bartel dan Frank R. Lichtenberg. Journal: The Review of Economics and Statistics (1987), 69(1). Published by: The MIT Press. Source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1937894 We estimate labor demand equations derived from a (restricted variable) cost function in which experience" on a technology (proxied by the mean age of the capital stock) enters "non-neutrally." Our specification of the underlying cost function is based on the hypothesis that highly educated workers have a comparative advantage with respect to the adjustment to and implementation of new technologies. Our empirical results are consistent with the implication of this hypothesis, that the relative demand for educated workers declines as the ages of plant and (particularly) of equipment increase, especially in R & D-intensive industries. Labor Productivity Growth in Greek Manufacturing Firms. Author(s): Theodore Papadogonas dan Fotini Voulgaris. Journal: Operational Research (2005), 5(3): 459472. Published by: Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02941131 This paper investigates the determinants of labor productivity growth at the firm level in the Greek manufacturing sector. The analysis is based on descriptive statistics and regression models on a longitudinal sample of 3035 firms. The results show that labor productivity growth is positively related to growth of net fixed assets per employee, export orientation and R&D activity. Firm size, employment growth and industry age affect negatively labor productivity growth.

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