Nutrition Through the Life Cycle

Exam I Study Guide Preconception and Pregnancy Terminology: 1. Ova 2. Oviducts 3. Menarche 4. Menses 5. Follicular phase 6. Luteal phase 7. FSH 8. LH 9. Progesterone 10. Estrogen 11. Amenorrhea 12. Fertility 13. Fertility rate 14. Infertility 15. Anovulatory cycle 16. Preconception care 17. PCOS 18. Androgens 19. PKU 20. Celiac disease 21. PMS 22. PMDD 45. Induced abortion 46. Spontaneous abortion 47. Fetal death (still birth) 48. Live birth 49. Blastogenesis 50. Hyperplasia 51. Hypertrophy 52. LBW 53. LGA 54. Macrosomic 55. SGA 56. dSGA 57. pSGA 58. Parity 59. Gravida 60. Para 61. Nulliparous 62. Multiparous 63. Primiparous 64. Primigravida 65. Multigravida 66. Conceptus 67. HCG

23. Teratogenic 24. Ovulation 25. Menopause 26. Natality 27. Mortality 28. Morbidity 29. Prenatal 30. Postnatal 31. Neonatal 32. Prenatal 33. Postneonatal 34. Infancy 35. Embryonic stage 36. Fetal stage 37. Conception 38. Periconceptional period 39. Preterm 40. Very preterm 41. Postterm 42. Term infant 43. Miscarriage 44. Abortion

68. When do a womans eggs develop? How many are actually released? When do they disintegrate?own fetal life, 450, menopause 69. What glands are involved in signaling the onset of puberty?hypothalamus 70. What effect does estrogen have on the bones? On body composition? To much to fat to little under weight 71. Describe the effects of chronic undernutrition on fertility in a population. Results is frail infants high risk of death in first year 72. Describe the effects of acute undernutrition on fertility in a population. Modifies hormal signals that regulate metrual cycle and impairs sperm maturation in males 73. How is female fertility affected by obesity? Amenorrhea anovulatory cycles short or absent luteal phases. Eating disorders? Amenorrhea irregualy cycle

anorexics. Exercise? Delay puberty 2-4 years, amenorrhea 4-% of female Olympians have abnormal cycle 74. How do the commonly used hormonal birth control methods affect weight and lipid profile in general? 75. What are the main objectives related to preconception care in Healthy People 2010? Healthy weight ,iron deficiency, neural tube defects. Preconception counseling 76. What are the possible consequences if a female diabetic does not have good glycemic control at the time of conception? birth defects abonormal pelcis cns, heart 77. Describe the woman with PCOS. What are her signs and symptoms? How is it treated? Absence of ovulation, obese lot central fat, excess bosy hair and acne, high triglyceridea, cholesterol low hdls, high androgens, weight loss and exercise increses insulin stimulate ovulation with drugs 78. Describe the consequences of a woman with PKU becoming pregnant while untreated. What type of intervention should be done with the PKU mom prior to conception? 92% chance of metal retard in newborn, 73% chance microcephaly, complicated diet 79. What happens to the mothers blood volume during pregnany? Increase 50% 80. What happens to her lab values for Hgb, Hct, Alb? Decrease due expanding blood volume 81. What happens to her lipid profile? Increase sue hormaonal changes 82. What happens to her heart, pulse rate,increases , blood pressure drops early rises 3rd trimester, blood clotting ability increases, oxygen requirements, respiratory tract? increases 83. Describe changes in the GI tract during pregnancy. Decresed ton and motility due progesterones effect on smooth muscle heartburn fullness vomiting constipatin hemorrhoids 84. List some of the effects of progesterone- relaxes smooth muscle of uterus for expansion relaxes all smooth muscle in body increase fat depositin and estrogen-promotes growth of uterus causes body tissue hold more water during pregnancy. 85. Why does the mother develop some degree of insulin resistance during the last trimester of pregnancy? What purpose does this serve? Mothers isulin less effective in getting glucose in her system to leave more for growing fetus 86. Is there a specific number of calories that a woman must eat during pregnancy to produce a healthy baby? Why or why not? No women in poor country have lees calorie intake then us but have great babys 87. During which trimester of pregnancy is the highest rate of weight gain and fat storage for the mother? 1st half Why does she break down her body fat toward the end of the pregnancy?for her energy to save glucose for fetus 88. Describe the placenta. What are the consequences of having a small placenta or a placenta with lots of infarcts? Decrease respiratory exchange 89. Explain the Fetal Origins Hypothesis of Chronic Disease. Risk of chronice disease can be establishe in utero infants low birth weight will be obese

90. What are the consequences when animals are deprived of calories and/or protein during pregnancy? Interfere with conception,cause death or reabsorption of fetus produce malformations retard growth 91. What can cause fetal malnutrition in utero in humans? Lanutrition of mom,transfer of nutrients through placenta 92. List the natural experiments that occurred during WWII and what we can learn from them. Women given first right to eat if prgnante 93. List and expound on the three main factors associated with infant birth weight.maternal height prepregnancy weight, gestational weight gain 94. Know weight gain recommendations for normal weight women 25-35. How do these recommendations compare to those for underweight 28-40, overweigh 15-25t, and obese women 11-20? 95. What is the pattern of weight gain as a normal pregnancy progesses?1st 2-4lbs 2nd 1 lb a week 3rd loss might loss some What are the components of the additional weight? 96. What are the consequences of inappropriate weight gain? 97. Does a pregnant women need to eat a lot more protein than usual? no 98. What is the recommendation regarding folate prior to and during pregnancy? Where can women get folate? supplements Can they get enough from a typical diet? no 99. Describe and list some NTDs. Spina bifida, anencephaly, encephlaocele 100. Which supplements have been used for controlling nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?b-6 101. Which vitamins can cause birth defects if taken in excess during pregnancy?A 102. Why do pregnant women need so much iron ?hgb synthesis for mother and infant Where can they get it? supplements Is diet enough? What happens if they dont get enough? Depleted mother Is supplementation justified?no 103. Why do pregnant women need so much calcium?for fetal skeleton and maternal reserves for lactation Where can they get it? Is diet enough? What happens if they dont get enough? Is supplementation justified? 104. What happens to the fetuses of iodine deficient women? Causes cretinism A problem in the US? no 105. Should pregnant women take fluoride so the babys teeth will be stronger? no 106. Should women take a prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement?yes 107. Define pica latin for magpiebird eats different food I human make u wanna eat non food items and identify the most common forms of pica pagophagia eating ice geophagia eating dirt or clay amylophagia eating starchcharcoal soot mothballs coffe grounds soap. 108. Discuss possible etiologies of pica. Many different cultures 109. Describe fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects anomalies of eyes nose heart groth reatardation small head mental retard higher prenatal mortality born hyperactive and irrtable. How much alcohol has been proven safe for fetal exposure? No safe limit 110. How much caffeine should we recommend for the pregnant woman? 4 cups day

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What should be our recommendatioms regarding artificial sweeteners? No evidence of harm Should women exercise during a normal pregnancy? They can What are the advantages? Smaller baby less fat What are precautionary recommendations? 3-5 time week 60-70 aerobic dont get to hot warm and cool down What causes nausea/vomiting during early pregnancy?hormonal How is it best managed? Small frequent meals take b12 take ginger What is hyperemesis gravidarum? Prolong persistent vomiting What is the recommended treatment for constipation during pregnancy? Fluids high fiber diet What are recommendations for management GERD (heartburn, reflux) during pregnancy?small meals slow eatung loose clothing elevate head of bed dont eat right before bed List and differentiate among the classes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Chronic- dignosed before or before 20weeks include htn does not resolve after birth, gestational diagnosed after 20 weeks no proteinurea returns normal after 12weeks post birth What are the nutrition recommendations for preeclampsia? 1000-2000 mg calium, multivitamin,5 or more colorful fruit veg.moderate excerise Describe characteristics, consequences, and treatment for gestational diabetes. What effect does nutrition have on the incidence of dizygotic twins?increase with food avaiblity Which type of twins has the highest risk for problems mono- or dizygotic? mono How do multiple births compare to single-fetus pregnancies with regard to LBW 21%, preterm delivery 14%, and neonatal death 13%? What are the risks to both mother preeclampsia, anemia, gestational diabetes placenta previa,kidne disease fetal los preter m delivery cesarean delivery and infant neonatal death congenital abnormalities respiratory distress cerebral palsy with a multifetal pregnancy? What are the goals for birth weight and gestation period for twin pregnancies? 6.7-7.8 lbs 37-39 weeks gestation What are the goals for birth weight and gestation period for triplets? Less 4.5 lbs 34-35 gestation At what point in gestation do multiple fetal growth rates start to lag behind single fetus growth rates?28 What is the weight gain recommendation for twin pregnancies35-45 .5 week 1st 1.5 week 2nd and 3rd? Triplets?50 1.5 a week What is the main way to determine if a woman with a multifetal pregnancy is getting the right number of calories? Amount consistent with targeted weight gain progress How can a mother transmit HIV to her baby?during pregnancy and childbirth and breastfeeding How can transmission of HIV from mother and child be prevented? By getting tested and knowing antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy labor and delivery

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What is the "opt-out" approach to HIV screening? Get testes un prenatal test Why are eating disorders relatively rare during pregnancy?women with eating disorders are often infertile What are the general risks associated with eating disorders in pregnancy? Spontaneous abortions, hypertension, difficult deliveries.

The test will also cover assignments such as case studies and research articles, as well as intern presentations. The test will be entirely multiple choice. Bring an 882 Scantron form.