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PresentationbySandeep Pattiwar,TANGENTTechnicalSolutions to PowerGridCorporationofIndiaLimited,Gurgaon Date:8th February2010

WellFoundationsinIndia Introduction
InlargepartsofIndia,wellfoundationsarecommonly adoptedforbridges Designandconstructionpracticeshavebeen progressivelystreamlinedtocaterforeverincreasing progressivelystreamlinedtocaterforever increasing loadsandfoundationdepths Withtheintroductionoflargespans,thewellsizealso Withtheintroductionoflargespans thewellsizealso increases.ForSecondHooghlyBridge,24mdia wells havebeenadopted.Thedeepestwellsofor havebeenadopted Thedeepestwellsofor constructedinIndiaisupto70mbelowWL

WellFoundationsinIndia
Introduction
Daringeffortsareonindifferentpartsoftheworldto buildbridgesonaverylargescale Evenbridgesbetweencontinentsareinprocess, America Asia,EuropeAfricaforexample America Asia Europe Africaforexample InIndiahundredsofthousandsofbridgeshavebeen constructedduringthetwentiethcentury Duringthefirstdecadeofthiscentury,about Rs.100,000cr areexpectedtobespentonBridges R t dt b t B id Foundationscost50%ormore

UseofWellFoundation Introduction
PastExperiencemakingitmorereliableand dependablebyvirtueofdefaultchoice Wellfoundationsaremoresuitablefordeepwater whereitisdifficulttocarryconstructionequipment likeRiver/CreekBridges IntakeStructures,offshoreaswellasriver IntakeStructures offshoreaswellasriver Deepfoundationandsuitableforalluvialsoilwhich mainlyconsistofSandy i l i t fS d Nospecialequipmentandheavymachineriesare required i d

UseofWellFoundation Introduction
UsedinIndiaandIndianSubcontinentonly WellFoundationispreferabletopilefoundationifit W llF d i i f bl il f d i ifi hastoresistlargehorizontalforces Wellfoundationismoresuitablefordeepwaterwhere W llf d i i i bl f d h itisdifficulttocarryconstructionequipment WellFoundationismeantfordeepfoundationwhere W llF d i i f d f d i h theriverbedgetsscouredandforcesneedtobe transferredtodeeperlevel. t f dt d l l

PileFoundationVsWellFoundation
Item VerticalCapacity LateralCapacity PileFoundation BySideFrictionaswellEnd Bearing WellFoundation OnlyEndBearing

NetbalanceofPassive ByFixityDepthinclayas wellSandySoil,alternatively ResistanceandActive SpringAnalogycanbeused PressurewithFOSof2 SlenderandFlexible Difficultunderdeepwater HeavyandCostlylikeRig p andplatform Faster Linerisrequireduptoscour e s equ ed up o scou level ShortandRigid Easycomparatively Crane andGrab Longer Ca sso s equ ed Caissonisrequired if necessaryforconstruction requirement

Structure Construction ConstructionEquipment Time o ec o Protection

DESIGNASPECTS

ShapesandSizes
Shapeisgovernedbytherequirementofstabilityduring constructionandleastresistanceduringservice: Needforeffectivestreamlineflow Circularisthemostcommonoptionavailable DShapewellforwiderandheavyfoundations Rectangularshapeisrareunlessrequiredforthe functionality Circulardiameterisupto 12mwithoutanydiaphragm elseeitherdiaphragmisprovidedorextensivestudyis undertakenforthesteiningstresses.

ShapesandSizes
Shapeisgovernedbytherequirementofstabilityduring constructionandleastresistanceduringservice: Dredgeholeforeasydredging>2 m DShapewellisnottohave aspectratio(length/breadth)2:1

WellFoundation
AWellfoundationconsistof followingcomponents:
CuttingEdge WellCurb W llC b BottomPlug Steining SandFilling TopPlug IntermediatePlug WellCap

InputData
Forcesabovewellfoundation HydraulicParameterslikescourdepth,current HydraulicParameterslikescourdepth current velocityandDischarge SeismicZoneandWindPressure BoreHoledetailsforassessingdepthofsoilandrock, ifany y GeotechnicalInvestigationsincludingstratification, y g density, andcandweightedmeandiameterofbed material BearingCapacity

SpecialRequirement
Variationofdepthofwateri.e.HFLandLWL BedLevelsandGroundLevels WorkingMonthsavailability FormationLevel Anyotherfeaturedependingonthelocationlikerock slope,typeofwaterandmoderate/severe slope typeofwaterandmoderate/severe environmentcondition PneumaticSinkingincaseofdeeperfoundinglevel withboulderstrata Floatingcaissonincaseofdeepstandingwater g p g

DepthofWellFoundationforSoil
Meanscourdepthiscalculatedasperbedmaterial
d sm D = 1.34 k sf
2 b

1/ 3

ThismeanscourdepthisusedtocalculateMaximum scourdepthtoaccountlocalscoureffect
ForPierfoundations:2xdsm fromHFL ForAbutmentfoundations:1.27xdsm fromHFL

GripLength:Theminimumdepthoffoundation belowscourlevelis1/3rdofMaximumScourDepth

DepthofWellFoundationforRock
Thewellfoundationshallbetakenuptosoundrock andrestevenlyalongtheperipherybyblastingor pneumaticsinking,ifrequired. Theshearkeyshouldbeprovidedinsidetherockfora depthof300mminhardrockand600mminsoft rock. rock Diameterofshearkeymustbeminimum1.5mor1.5m to2.0mlessthandredgehole. to2 0mlessthandredgehole 6dowelbarsof25mmdiameterwithanchored1.5m inrockandprojected1.5mabove. inrockandprojected1 5mabove

WellSteining
Thicknessofwellsteiningisgovernedbyfollowing factors: Naturalsinkingorsinkingwithoutexcessivekentledge Withoutgettingdamagedduringrectifyingexcessive tiltandshift Hoopcompressionforthedifferentialpressureduring p p p g constructionandservice Hooptensionarisingoutofdifferentialearthpressure g developedduringsandblow Structuraldesignatalllevelsduetoexternalforces

WellSteining
Thicknessofwellsteiningisgovernedbyfollowing factors: Theminimumthickness> 500mm Thethicknessarrivedforselfsinking,empirically:
h = kd l

Wherek isaconstantanddependsonthetypeofwell steining i i InCementConcrete 0.03


TwinDwells 0.039

d isdiameterofwellorsmallerdimensionsinDWell l isdepthofwellbelowtopofwellorLWL,whichever p p ishigher

WellSteining
Furthersteiningthicknessshallbeadjustedaspertype ofsoilstratum:

WellSteining
Steiningthicknesscan bereduced,ifthe bereduced ifthe heightofwellismore than30m.However, than30m However thereduceddiameter ofwellshouldbeable tosupportstructure abovewell foundation.

WellSteining StructuralDesign
PlainConcreteWells
VerticalReinforcement=0.12%ofGrossArea V ti lR i f t % fG A HorizontalHoopReinforcement=0.04%ofvolume

RCConcreteWells RCC W ll
VerticalReinforcement=0.2%ofGrossArea InnerFace,verticalreinforcement=0.06% TransverseReinforcementaspercolumndesignand shallnotbelessthan0.04%ofvolume h ll b l h % f l

WellSteining StructuralDesign
Checkingofsteiningstressesatallcriticalsectionsand normallytheseare:
Wellcapbottomlevel Atthelevelofchangeinsteiningthickness Atth l l f h i t i i thi k Belowscourlevelwhereresultantsheariszero

Wellsteiningalsoshallbecheckedforovalisation moments t

WellSteining Jackdownmethod Well Steining Jack down method

As per IRC782000 Clause708.2.3.5 l If Specialised methiods of sinking such as jackdown method are adopted then the steining thickness may be adjusted according to design and construction requirements. i t

Checkforcohesionlesssoil
IRC45recommendscheckingofwell

SideEarthResistance
ActiveandPassiveEarthPressureasperCoulomb Theory:

SideEarthResistance
Incaseofc soil,effectofcmaybeaddedasper proceduregivenbyBell:

Bell Correction

SideEarthResistance F.O.S.
TheSideearthresistanceforpierwellsisconsidered belowscourlevel Theresistancecalculatedisultimateandconverted intoallowableresistancebydividingF.O.S. intoallowableresistancebydividingF O S NetpressureofPassiveandActiveiscalculated
F.O.S.isconsidered2forloadcombinationwithout F O S i id d f l d bi i i h windorseismic F.O.S.isconsidered1.6forloadcombinationwithwind F O S isconsidered 6forloadcombination ith ind orseismic

SideEarthResistance
Forcohesionless soil,IRC45 maybeusedforpierwell foundations Sideearthresistancemaybeignoredincaseof foundationsrestingonrock However,sideresistanceofwellfoundationsrestingon rockbeconsideredifallowablebearingpressureisless than100t/m2

TiltandShift
InDesignofwell,tiltof1in80andshiftof150mmdue totranslationbothadditiveinadirectionwhichwill causemostsevereeffectsshallbeconsidered Iftheactualtiltandshiftexceedstheabovelimits, , remedialmeasureshavetoberesortedtobringthe wellwithinlimit. However,ifnotpossiblethenitseffectonbearing pressure,steiningstressesshallbeexaminedandif necessarycanbesinkfurtherdowntocontrolthebase pressure.

CuttingEdge
Topenetrateeasilythroughthedifferenttypeofstrata cuttingedgeisprovidedatthebaseofwell.Itis cuttingedgeisprovidedatthebaseofwell Itis designedtocaterresistancewhichencounteredduring sinking.Itshallbeanchoredproperlytowellcurb. sinking Itshallbeanchoredproperlytowellcurb GuidelinesofIRC78stipulatethatitsweightshould notbelessthan40kg/runningmeter. notbelessthan40kg/runningmeter Whentherearepartitions,theintermediatecutting edgehavebeenplaced300mmhigherthantheouter cuttingedgetopreventrocking.

CuttingEdge

CuttingEdge

CuttingEdge g g

CuttingEdge

Required40kg/meter

WellCurb
Minimumresistancewhilebeingsunk. Strongenoughtotransmitforcesfromsteiningtothe S h i f f i i h bottomplug Minimumreinforcement=72kg/m3 Internalangleofcurbshallbekeptinbetween30degreeto 37 g 37degree.

WellCurb

WellCurb

WellCurb

BottomPlug
Isprovidedtotransfertheloadfromsteiningto bottomplugandultimatelyfrombottomplugto underneathstrata. Asuitablesumpshallbemadebelowthelevelofthe cuttingedge. Beforeconcreting,itshallbeinsuredthatitsinside Beforeconcreting itshallbeinsuredthatitsinside faceshavebeenclearedthoroughly.

BottomPlug

SAND FILLING

BottomPlug

WellCap
Thebottomofwellcapshallbeaslowaspossible takingintoaccountofLWL. takingintoaccountofLWL Wellcapdesignisasperanyrationalmethod Normallydesigniscatertoconsiderpartialfixityatthe N ll d i i id i lfi i h junctiontotakecarelargefixitymoments.

Filling
Fillingifrequiredshallbesandorexcavatedmaterial freefromorganicmatter. freefromorganicmatter Incasefillingisnotdone,bottomplugshallbe checkedforupwardthrust. checkedforupwardthrust Normally,ifverticalpressureiswithinlimit,fillingis doneupto scourlevelatleast scourlevelatleast. Inahighseismicarea,fillingisavoidedabovescour level. l l

ConstructionofWellFoundations:
ConventionalConstructionon Land/SandIslands FloatingCaissons Jackdownmethod k d h d PneumaticSinking P ti Si ki

ConventionalConstructionon Land/SandIslandMethod

WellSinking SandIslandMethod

WellSinking SandIslandMethod

WellSinking SandIslandMethod

GANGABRIDGEATPATNA

FloatingCaissons Floating Caissons

FloatingCaisson g
Areaforfabricationofsteelcaissonwillbe madeneartheriverbankbyconstructing suitablecofferdam

Initial lif f I i i l lift of steel caisson will be fabricated on a l i ill b f b i d leveled ground in fabrication yard Grabbing f il f G bbi of soil from within and around the i hi d d h caisson will be carried out so as to allow the water to rush in and make the caisson to float. The float caisson will be held in position with proper guying arrangement

The caisson will be towed to the desired location and aligned properly Caisson will be held in position with tethering arrangement Concrete quantity as per design requirements will be poured evenly in the curb portion so that the caisson gets further immersed in the water i f h i di h Next lift of steel caisson will be built and concrete quantity of designed amount will be poured inside i fd i d ill b d i id the caisson

This procedure will continue till the cutting edge comes near th riverbed the i b d When the caisson is about to get grounded its alignment will be rechecked Water will be poured inside the caisson to ensure its grounding at exact location Wate ballast w Water ba ast will be replaced with concrete so that ep aced w t co c ete t at caisson gets grounded at its exact location Steining concreting will be continued further and the well will be taken to its founding level as per normal practice

Tetheringarrangement GeneralDetails

CaissonAlignedatlocation

Firstliftofconcretepoured

Shiftingof concreteover Barge g

Concreteplacing

BuildnextliftofCaisson Andplaceconcrete

Checkingofalignmentwithwaterballast

Muckremovalbygrabbing

Sinkinginprogress

SteiningConcreting&sinking

Sinkinginprogress

Finalstage Atfoundinglevel

WellCaissonLaunching

Caisson FabricationYard

Launchingof Caisson

WellCaissonLaunching

Caissonbeingtowed tolocation

Sinkingin progress

SECOND HOOGHLY BRIDGE Enabling works for caisson sinking

JOGIGOPHA BRIDGE
Slipway for Floating Caissons

Jogighopa Bridge
Slipway for Floating Caissons

Jogighopa Bridge
Floating Gantry for Handling Caissons

FloatingCaissonbeing g g TowedtoLocation

Colcrete arrangemen for foundation f f d ti

JackDownMethod Jack Down Method

WellSinkingByJackDownMethod

WellSinkingByJackDownMethod

WellSinkingByJackDownMethod

WellSinkingByJackDownMethod

PneumaticSinking Pneumatic Sinking

Pneumaticsinking Pneumatic sinking


Pneumatic sinking is resorted to when open sinking can not be continued in hard strata and excavation by open grabbing and chiseling is not possible. When pneumatic sinking is adopted, it is possible to p g p , p inspect the well from inside and take the decision based on the actual conditions.

PneumaticSinking

In this method airtight cover is fixed on dredge hole and compressed air is pumped in, so that water is pushed out of well up to cutting edge level. Men are sent inside to carryout manual excavation. Muck is removed through shaft without releasing pressure. ...Contd.

ArrangementforPneumaticSinking

KaliBridge PneumaticSinking

KaliBridge PneumaticSinking

Limitations
Pneumatic sinking is very costly and is resorted to

only when the well can not be founded safely with open sinking sinking.
Men have to work under compressed air pressure of air,

which depends upon the depth of cutting edge below the water level level.
Depth up to which pneumatic sinking can be done

without undue risk to human lives is restricted to about 30 m m. .contd

Limitations
Man feels increased pressure on ear drum when inside

the airlock If it is not balanced properly it may result airlock. in sever pain, bleeding and may cause damage to ear drum.
Dizziness, double vision, incoherence of speech are

quite common and some times man becomes unconscious after coming out of well.

. . . contd

Limitations
Due to the physiological effects on men working inside

an air lock effective working hours are generally lock, restricted to about two hours. This is followed by period of gradual decompression and a minimum rest period of 5 to 6 hours

CASESTUDY SecondHooghlyBridge

Second Hooghly Bridge

SecondHooghlyBridge

SecondHooghlyBridge g y g

SecondHooghlyBridge,Calcutta
TiltingSlipwayforFloatingCaisson Tilting Slipway for Floating Caisson

SecondHooghlyBridge,Calcutta

SECONDHOOGHLYBRIDGE

VidyasagarSetu,Culcutta(1992) Vidyasagar Setu Culcutta (1992)

Sinking a Pylon caisson


11

CASESTUDY Jogighopa Bridge

CASE STUDY Jogighopa Bridge gg p g

BrahmaputraBridge,Jogighopa,2.28km

Wells7and13tilted;morethanayeartocorrect Wells17&18onhardrockatsteepincline(1:1).12x W ll & 8 h d k i li ( ) 1500mmdia anchorpiles,providedthroughsteining, extendingto10mbelowcuttingedge Forwell17additional1500dia,8nos,externalpiles provided,integralwiththewellcap provided integralwiththewellcap Tworowsofjetgroutedpilesaroundperipheryofthe steiningascurtainwall t i i t i ll

Brahmaputra Bridge, Jogighopa


WELL CAP

1.5 m

3.5 35m 1.5 m

50 m 2.5 m
RC PLUG
DRILL PIPE WITH AIR CONTROL VALVES WORKING PLATFORM CASING DRILL PIPE STABILIZER + 35.00 m CAISSON STEINING AIR - LIFT DRILL PIPES HEAVY DUTY STIFF ASSEMBLY HEAVY DUTY STABILIZER

18 m PLAN

CC PLUG

3m
JET GROUT CURTAIN

STIFF SPACER PIPE NON ROTATING DRUM STABILIZER - 12.50 m

1.5 m PILE 10 m

FIG.
SECTION

JOGIGHOPA BR. FOUNDATIONS

DRILL BIT

WIRTH DRILLING RIG

Jogighopa Bridge CaissonFabrication

JOGIGOPHA BRIDGE
Slipway f Fl ti Caissons Sli for Floating C i

Jogighopa Bridge
Slipway for Floating Caissons

Jogighopa Bridge
FloatingGantryfor HandlingCaissons

Jogighopa Bridge
Floating Gantry for Handling Caissons

JetGrouting

Foundationschemeforwells17and18 Foundation scheme for wells 17 and 18


Design & construction of above b foundations, were f d i governed by following main factors: (i) Likely scour upto rock strata. (ii) Uniform support over steeply sloping strata (iii) Sinking under pneumatic condition was not feasible

Foundationschemeforwells17 In view of above, f ll i I i f b following and18 d 8


scheme was adopted :
(i) Sink well upto one metre

above top of rock strata. (ii) S bili Stabilise soil around well il d ll curb above rock strata by forming grout barrier barrier. (iii) Support steining by constructing six out of g twelve 1.5 m diameter RC piles through 1.65 m diameter holes kept in well steining, with 10 m anchor length in rock strata. g

Foundationschemeforwells17and1
(iv) Remove sand in dredgehole by b grabbing and airlifting to bb d lf clean entire area including that below well g curb. (v) Construct concrete bottom plug. plug (vi) Construct balance six piles to complete anchoring of the foundation foundation. (vii) Construct RC plug over the p g dry y bottom plug in condition after d d f dewatering the h well.

Jogighopa Bridge - Piling

PilingthroughtheWellFoundation

CASESTUDY NepalBridge

ArtesianConditions Shivganga bridge,Nepal,8spansx32m


Artesianheadencounteredat17mbelowGL Wellredesignedwithfoundationrestingonclayabove W ll d i d i hf d i i l b theartesianlayer.Plusbedprotection:
Upstream&downstreamaprons&Cutoffwalls, U &d &C ff ll Concretefloor

Artesian Conditions - Khara Bridge, Nepal

Well disappears during sinking


ArtesianBubbles

SAR 6 Y2k

CASESTUDY Passighat Bridge

Passighat Bridge,ArunachalPradesh WellFoundation


Nonavailabilityofformulaforscourdepthinbouldary strata;slowsinkinginsuchstrata Subsoilwithlargeboulders2to3mdia;rateofsinking 10to20mmperhourinitially p y Sinkingverydifficultduetolargesizeboulders; considerableslowdowninoverallprogress Difficultiesinfinallydecidingthefoundationlevel; decisionmakingbodyinconsiderabledilemma
RKDhiman IABSEcolloquium1999foundationsformajor bridges

Passighat Bridge,ArunachalPradesh WellFoundation


Designconsultantrecommended50mdeepwells Theboredataindicatedhardconglomerateright Th b d i di dh d l i h throughthedepthupto50mexcepttop10m Corerecoverywascloseto90% C l % Duringexecution,impossibletosinkthewellbeyond 10mwithconventionalmethod i h i l h d Pneumaticsinkingusedupto30m;beyondthatitis notpossiblephysiologicallytoworkundercompressed bl h l ll k d d air,itisnotpermittedaspercode

WellFoundationDelays
Passighat Bridge Arunachal Pradesh 703 m long Bridge,ArunachalPradesh,703mlong
Startedin1987andwell sinkingcontinues(2006) Designenvisaged,50m deepwells.Hard p conglomeratestratawith verylargebouldersdidnot permitsinking it i ki After15yearsofstruggle includingpneumatic sinking,thefoundinglevel wasraisedby22m. y

Boulder dredged during sinking i ki

Pasighat Bridge Unsuitable foundation design g


Boulder B ld dredged g during well sinking
SAR 6 Y2k

Fig: Fi 1 : PASSIGHAT BRIDGE


LEGEND

Constructability

Narmada bridge, Chandod Well cap 14 m below water

Bridge in Nepal

SAR 6 Y2k

ConstructionEquipments Construction Equipments

Batching Plant on Shore

4/2/2010

Floating Batching Plant

Concretecofferdambeingtowedtolocation

Cranes for Concreting and Dredging

4/2/2010

Floating arrangement for Batching Plant Concrete pump and placer boom

GANGA BRIDGE AT PATNA Floating crane for well sinking Fl i f ll i ki

Wellsinkingbycranesandgrabs

SECOND HOOGHLY BRIDGE Enabling works for caisson sinking

CorrectionofTiltandShift Correction of Tilt and Shift

Well sinking ;Tilt correction Concrete Kentledge blocks


Kentledge forWellSinking

Well i ki W ll sinking ;Tilt correction Tilt ti Platform for concrete kentledge

Tilt Rectification of Wells

Tilt Rectification of Wells TiltRectificationofWells Til R ifi i f W ll

TiltRectificationofWells

TiltRectificationPlatformforWellFoundation

TiltRectificationPlatformforWellFoundation

4/2/2010

Kandroor Bridge across Sutlej - Badly tilted tilt d well being corrected ll b i t d

SAR 6 Y2k

Kandroor Bridge

SAR 6 Y2k

SelectIRCPapersreportingWell Select IRC Papers reporting Well FoundationProblems


IRCPaper253 RupnarayanBridge,WestBengal 293 B BasseinCreekBridge,Mumabi i C kB id M bi
314 GodavariBridge,Maharashtra

328 Bh kl B id UP 8 BhaklaBridge,UP 359 HaldiBridge,WB 400 HasdeoBridge,Champa,MP 434 TapiBridge,Idgaon,Maharashtra 464 KalyaniBridge,WB IndianHighways,Dec1982, ArjunKholaBridge,Nepal

Conclusion
Theconstructionofwellshavenotalwaysbeen smooth,avarietyofproblemsduringconstructionhas th i t f bl d i t ti h resultedininordinatedelays,increasedcostof rectificationandevenabandonmentofwells tifi ti d b d t f ll Withadvancemethodsofgeotechnicalinvestigation, equipments,revisedcodal specificationsandsound engineeringpractices,weshouldabletodecidethe methodologyandfoundationtypeinadvance.

Comments,queries,suggestions q gg

welcome tangent_cons@rediffmail.com g @

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