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WellFoundationsinIndia Introduction
InlargepartsofIndia,wellfoundationsarecommonly adoptedforbridges Designandconstructionpracticeshavebeen progressivelystreamlinedtocaterforeverincreasing progressivelystreamlinedtocaterforever increasing loadsandfoundationdepths Withtheintroductionoflargespans,thewellsizealso Withtheintroductionoflargespans thewellsizealso increases.ForSecondHooghlyBridge,24mdia wells havebeenadopted.Thedeepestwellsofor havebeenadopted Thedeepestwellsofor constructedinIndiaisupto70mbelowWL
WellFoundationsinIndia
Introduction
Daringeffortsareonindifferentpartsoftheworldto buildbridgesonaverylargescale Evenbridgesbetweencontinentsareinprocess, America Asia,EuropeAfricaforexample America Asia Europe Africaforexample InIndiahundredsofthousandsofbridgeshavebeen constructedduringthetwentiethcentury Duringthefirstdecadeofthiscentury,about Rs.100,000cr areexpectedtobespentonBridges R t dt b t B id Foundationscost50%ormore
UseofWellFoundation Introduction
PastExperiencemakingitmorereliableand dependablebyvirtueofdefaultchoice Wellfoundationsaremoresuitablefordeepwater whereitisdifficulttocarryconstructionequipment likeRiver/CreekBridges IntakeStructures,offshoreaswellasriver IntakeStructures offshoreaswellasriver Deepfoundationandsuitableforalluvialsoilwhich mainlyconsistofSandy i l i t fS d Nospecialequipmentandheavymachineriesare required i d
UseofWellFoundation Introduction
UsedinIndiaandIndianSubcontinentonly WellFoundationispreferabletopilefoundationifit W llF d i i f bl il f d i ifi hastoresistlargehorizontalforces Wellfoundationismoresuitablefordeepwaterwhere W llf d i i i bl f d h itisdifficulttocarryconstructionequipment WellFoundationismeantfordeepfoundationwhere W llF d i i f d f d i h theriverbedgetsscouredandforcesneedtobe transferredtodeeperlevel. t f dt d l l
PileFoundationVsWellFoundation
Item VerticalCapacity LateralCapacity PileFoundation BySideFrictionaswellEnd Bearing WellFoundation OnlyEndBearing
NetbalanceofPassive ByFixityDepthinclayas wellSandySoil,alternatively ResistanceandActive SpringAnalogycanbeused PressurewithFOSof2 SlenderandFlexible Difficultunderdeepwater HeavyandCostlylikeRig p andplatform Faster Linerisrequireduptoscour e s equ ed up o scou level ShortandRigid Easycomparatively Crane andGrab Longer Ca sso s equ ed Caissonisrequired if necessaryforconstruction requirement
DESIGNASPECTS
ShapesandSizes
Shapeisgovernedbytherequirementofstabilityduring constructionandleastresistanceduringservice: Needforeffectivestreamlineflow Circularisthemostcommonoptionavailable DShapewellforwiderandheavyfoundations Rectangularshapeisrareunlessrequiredforthe functionality Circulardiameterisupto 12mwithoutanydiaphragm elseeitherdiaphragmisprovidedorextensivestudyis undertakenforthesteiningstresses.
ShapesandSizes
Shapeisgovernedbytherequirementofstabilityduring constructionandleastresistanceduringservice: Dredgeholeforeasydredging>2 m DShapewellisnottohave aspectratio(length/breadth)2:1
WellFoundation
AWellfoundationconsistof followingcomponents:
CuttingEdge WellCurb W llC b BottomPlug Steining SandFilling TopPlug IntermediatePlug WellCap
InputData
Forcesabovewellfoundation HydraulicParameterslikescourdepth,current HydraulicParameterslikescourdepth current velocityandDischarge SeismicZoneandWindPressure BoreHoledetailsforassessingdepthofsoilandrock, ifany y GeotechnicalInvestigationsincludingstratification, y g density, andcandweightedmeandiameterofbed material BearingCapacity
SpecialRequirement
Variationofdepthofwateri.e.HFLandLWL BedLevelsandGroundLevels WorkingMonthsavailability FormationLevel Anyotherfeaturedependingonthelocationlikerock slope,typeofwaterandmoderate/severe slope typeofwaterandmoderate/severe environmentcondition PneumaticSinkingincaseofdeeperfoundinglevel withboulderstrata Floatingcaissonincaseofdeepstandingwater g p g
DepthofWellFoundationforSoil
Meanscourdepthiscalculatedasperbedmaterial
d sm D = 1.34 k sf
2 b
1/ 3
ThismeanscourdepthisusedtocalculateMaximum scourdepthtoaccountlocalscoureffect
ForPierfoundations:2xdsm fromHFL ForAbutmentfoundations:1.27xdsm fromHFL
GripLength:Theminimumdepthoffoundation belowscourlevelis1/3rdofMaximumScourDepth
DepthofWellFoundationforRock
Thewellfoundationshallbetakenuptosoundrock andrestevenlyalongtheperipherybyblastingor pneumaticsinking,ifrequired. Theshearkeyshouldbeprovidedinsidetherockfora depthof300mminhardrockand600mminsoft rock. rock Diameterofshearkeymustbeminimum1.5mor1.5m to2.0mlessthandredgehole. to2 0mlessthandredgehole 6dowelbarsof25mmdiameterwithanchored1.5m inrockandprojected1.5mabove. inrockandprojected1 5mabove
WellSteining
Thicknessofwellsteiningisgovernedbyfollowing factors: Naturalsinkingorsinkingwithoutexcessivekentledge Withoutgettingdamagedduringrectifyingexcessive tiltandshift Hoopcompressionforthedifferentialpressureduring p p p g constructionandservice Hooptensionarisingoutofdifferentialearthpressure g developedduringsandblow Structuraldesignatalllevelsduetoexternalforces
WellSteining
Thicknessofwellsteiningisgovernedbyfollowing factors: Theminimumthickness> 500mm Thethicknessarrivedforselfsinking,empirically:
h = kd l
WellSteining
Furthersteiningthicknessshallbeadjustedaspertype ofsoilstratum:
WellSteining
Steiningthicknesscan bereduced,ifthe bereduced ifthe heightofwellismore than30m.However, than30m However thereduceddiameter ofwellshouldbeable tosupportstructure abovewell foundation.
WellSteining StructuralDesign
PlainConcreteWells
VerticalReinforcement=0.12%ofGrossArea V ti lR i f t % fG A HorizontalHoopReinforcement=0.04%ofvolume
RCConcreteWells RCC W ll
VerticalReinforcement=0.2%ofGrossArea InnerFace,verticalreinforcement=0.06% TransverseReinforcementaspercolumndesignand shallnotbelessthan0.04%ofvolume h ll b l h % f l
WellSteining StructuralDesign
Checkingofsteiningstressesatallcriticalsectionsand normallytheseare:
Wellcapbottomlevel Atthelevelofchangeinsteiningthickness Atth l l f h i t i i thi k Belowscourlevelwhereresultantsheariszero
Wellsteiningalsoshallbecheckedforovalisation moments t
As per IRC782000 Clause708.2.3.5 l If Specialised methiods of sinking such as jackdown method are adopted then the steining thickness may be adjusted according to design and construction requirements. i t
Checkforcohesionlesssoil
IRC45recommendscheckingofwell
SideEarthResistance
ActiveandPassiveEarthPressureasperCoulomb Theory:
SideEarthResistance
Incaseofc soil,effectofcmaybeaddedasper proceduregivenbyBell:
Bell Correction
SideEarthResistance F.O.S.
TheSideearthresistanceforpierwellsisconsidered belowscourlevel Theresistancecalculatedisultimateandconverted intoallowableresistancebydividingF.O.S. intoallowableresistancebydividingF O S NetpressureofPassiveandActiveiscalculated
F.O.S.isconsidered2forloadcombinationwithout F O S i id d f l d bi i i h windorseismic F.O.S.isconsidered1.6forloadcombinationwithwind F O S isconsidered 6forloadcombination ith ind orseismic
SideEarthResistance
Forcohesionless soil,IRC45 maybeusedforpierwell foundations Sideearthresistancemaybeignoredincaseof foundationsrestingonrock However,sideresistanceofwellfoundationsrestingon rockbeconsideredifallowablebearingpressureisless than100t/m2
TiltandShift
InDesignofwell,tiltof1in80andshiftof150mmdue totranslationbothadditiveinadirectionwhichwill causemostsevereeffectsshallbeconsidered Iftheactualtiltandshiftexceedstheabovelimits, , remedialmeasureshavetoberesortedtobringthe wellwithinlimit. However,ifnotpossiblethenitseffectonbearing pressure,steiningstressesshallbeexaminedandif necessarycanbesinkfurtherdowntocontrolthebase pressure.
CuttingEdge
Topenetrateeasilythroughthedifferenttypeofstrata cuttingedgeisprovidedatthebaseofwell.Itis cuttingedgeisprovidedatthebaseofwell Itis designedtocaterresistancewhichencounteredduring sinking.Itshallbeanchoredproperlytowellcurb. sinking Itshallbeanchoredproperlytowellcurb GuidelinesofIRC78stipulatethatitsweightshould notbelessthan40kg/runningmeter. notbelessthan40kg/runningmeter Whentherearepartitions,theintermediatecutting edgehavebeenplaced300mmhigherthantheouter cuttingedgetopreventrocking.
CuttingEdge
CuttingEdge
CuttingEdge g g
CuttingEdge
Required40kg/meter
WellCurb
Minimumresistancewhilebeingsunk. Strongenoughtotransmitforcesfromsteiningtothe S h i f f i i h bottomplug Minimumreinforcement=72kg/m3 Internalangleofcurbshallbekeptinbetween30degreeto 37 g 37degree.
WellCurb
WellCurb
WellCurb
BottomPlug
Isprovidedtotransfertheloadfromsteiningto bottomplugandultimatelyfrombottomplugto underneathstrata. Asuitablesumpshallbemadebelowthelevelofthe cuttingedge. Beforeconcreting,itshallbeinsuredthatitsinside Beforeconcreting itshallbeinsuredthatitsinside faceshavebeenclearedthoroughly.
BottomPlug
SAND FILLING
BottomPlug
WellCap
Thebottomofwellcapshallbeaslowaspossible takingintoaccountofLWL. takingintoaccountofLWL Wellcapdesignisasperanyrationalmethod Normallydesigniscatertoconsiderpartialfixityatthe N ll d i i id i lfi i h junctiontotakecarelargefixitymoments.
Filling
Fillingifrequiredshallbesandorexcavatedmaterial freefromorganicmatter. freefromorganicmatter Incasefillingisnotdone,bottomplugshallbe checkedforupwardthrust. checkedforupwardthrust Normally,ifverticalpressureiswithinlimit,fillingis doneupto scourlevelatleast scourlevelatleast. Inahighseismicarea,fillingisavoidedabovescour level. l l
ConstructionofWellFoundations:
ConventionalConstructionon Land/SandIslands FloatingCaissons Jackdownmethod k d h d PneumaticSinking P ti Si ki
ConventionalConstructionon Land/SandIslandMethod
WellSinking SandIslandMethod
WellSinking SandIslandMethod
WellSinking SandIslandMethod
GANGABRIDGEATPATNA
FloatingCaisson g
Areaforfabricationofsteelcaissonwillbe madeneartheriverbankbyconstructing suitablecofferdam
Initial lif f I i i l lift of steel caisson will be fabricated on a l i ill b f b i d leveled ground in fabrication yard Grabbing f il f G bbi of soil from within and around the i hi d d h caisson will be carried out so as to allow the water to rush in and make the caisson to float. The float caisson will be held in position with proper guying arrangement
The caisson will be towed to the desired location and aligned properly Caisson will be held in position with tethering arrangement Concrete quantity as per design requirements will be poured evenly in the curb portion so that the caisson gets further immersed in the water i f h i di h Next lift of steel caisson will be built and concrete quantity of designed amount will be poured inside i fd i d ill b d i id the caisson
This procedure will continue till the cutting edge comes near th riverbed the i b d When the caisson is about to get grounded its alignment will be rechecked Water will be poured inside the caisson to ensure its grounding at exact location Wate ballast w Water ba ast will be replaced with concrete so that ep aced w t co c ete t at caisson gets grounded at its exact location Steining concreting will be continued further and the well will be taken to its founding level as per normal practice
Tetheringarrangement GeneralDetails
CaissonAlignedatlocation
Firstliftofconcretepoured
Concreteplacing
BuildnextliftofCaisson Andplaceconcrete
Checkingofalignmentwithwaterballast
Muckremovalbygrabbing
Sinkinginprogress
SteiningConcreting&sinking
Sinkinginprogress
Finalstage Atfoundinglevel
WellCaissonLaunching
Caisson FabricationYard
Launchingof Caisson
WellCaissonLaunching
Caissonbeingtowed tolocation
Sinkingin progress
JOGIGOPHA BRIDGE
Slipway for Floating Caissons
Jogighopa Bridge
Slipway for Floating Caissons
Jogighopa Bridge
Floating Gantry for Handling Caissons
FloatingCaissonbeing g g TowedtoLocation
WellSinkingByJackDownMethod
WellSinkingByJackDownMethod
WellSinkingByJackDownMethod
WellSinkingByJackDownMethod
PneumaticSinking
In this method airtight cover is fixed on dredge hole and compressed air is pumped in, so that water is pushed out of well up to cutting edge level. Men are sent inside to carryout manual excavation. Muck is removed through shaft without releasing pressure. ...Contd.
ArrangementforPneumaticSinking
KaliBridge PneumaticSinking
KaliBridge PneumaticSinking
Limitations
Pneumatic sinking is very costly and is resorted to
only when the well can not be founded safely with open sinking sinking.
Men have to work under compressed air pressure of air,
which depends upon the depth of cutting edge below the water level level.
Depth up to which pneumatic sinking can be done
Limitations
Man feels increased pressure on ear drum when inside
the airlock If it is not balanced properly it may result airlock. in sever pain, bleeding and may cause damage to ear drum.
Dizziness, double vision, incoherence of speech are
quite common and some times man becomes unconscious after coming out of well.
. . . contd
Limitations
Due to the physiological effects on men working inside
an air lock effective working hours are generally lock, restricted to about two hours. This is followed by period of gradual decompression and a minimum rest period of 5 to 6 hours
CASESTUDY SecondHooghlyBridge
SecondHooghlyBridge
SecondHooghlyBridge g y g
SecondHooghlyBridge,Calcutta
TiltingSlipwayforFloatingCaisson Tilting Slipway for Floating Caisson
SecondHooghlyBridge,Calcutta
SECONDHOOGHLYBRIDGE
BrahmaputraBridge,Jogighopa,2.28km
Wells7and13tilted;morethanayeartocorrect Wells17&18onhardrockatsteepincline(1:1).12x W ll & 8 h d k i li ( ) 1500mmdia anchorpiles,providedthroughsteining, extendingto10mbelowcuttingedge Forwell17additional1500dia,8nos,externalpiles provided,integralwiththewellcap provided integralwiththewellcap Tworowsofjetgroutedpilesaroundperipheryofthe steiningascurtainwall t i i t i ll
1.5 m
50 m 2.5 m
RC PLUG
DRILL PIPE WITH AIR CONTROL VALVES WORKING PLATFORM CASING DRILL PIPE STABILIZER + 35.00 m CAISSON STEINING AIR - LIFT DRILL PIPES HEAVY DUTY STIFF ASSEMBLY HEAVY DUTY STABILIZER
18 m PLAN
CC PLUG
3m
JET GROUT CURTAIN
1.5 m PILE 10 m
FIG.
SECTION
DRILL BIT
JOGIGOPHA BRIDGE
Slipway f Fl ti Caissons Sli for Floating C i
Jogighopa Bridge
Slipway for Floating Caissons
Jogighopa Bridge
FloatingGantryfor HandlingCaissons
Jogighopa Bridge
Floating Gantry for Handling Caissons
JetGrouting
above top of rock strata. (ii) S bili Stabilise soil around well il d ll curb above rock strata by forming grout barrier barrier. (iii) Support steining by constructing six out of g twelve 1.5 m diameter RC piles through 1.65 m diameter holes kept in well steining, with 10 m anchor length in rock strata. g
Foundationschemeforwells17and1
(iv) Remove sand in dredgehole by b grabbing and airlifting to bb d lf clean entire area including that below well g curb. (v) Construct concrete bottom plug. plug (vi) Construct balance six piles to complete anchoring of the foundation foundation. (vii) Construct RC plug over the p g dry y bottom plug in condition after d d f dewatering the h well.
PilingthroughtheWellFoundation
CASESTUDY NepalBridge
SAR 6 Y2k
WellFoundationDelays
Passighat Bridge Arunachal Pradesh 703 m long Bridge,ArunachalPradesh,703mlong
Startedin1987andwell sinkingcontinues(2006) Designenvisaged,50m deepwells.Hard p conglomeratestratawith verylargebouldersdidnot permitsinking it i ki After15yearsofstruggle includingpneumatic sinking,thefoundinglevel wasraisedby22m. y
Constructability
Bridge in Nepal
SAR 6 Y2k
4/2/2010
Concretecofferdambeingtowedtolocation
4/2/2010
Floating arrangement for Batching Plant Concrete pump and placer boom
Wellsinkingbycranesandgrabs
TiltRectificationofWells
TiltRectificationPlatformforWellFoundation
TiltRectificationPlatformforWellFoundation
4/2/2010
Kandroor Bridge across Sutlej - Badly tilted tilt d well being corrected ll b i t d
SAR 6 Y2k
Kandroor Bridge
SAR 6 Y2k
328 Bh kl B id UP 8 BhaklaBridge,UP 359 HaldiBridge,WB 400 HasdeoBridge,Champa,MP 434 TapiBridge,Idgaon,Maharashtra 464 KalyaniBridge,WB IndianHighways,Dec1982, ArjunKholaBridge,Nepal
Conclusion
Theconstructionofwellshavenotalwaysbeen smooth,avarietyofproblemsduringconstructionhas th i t f bl d i t ti h resultedininordinatedelays,increasedcostof rectificationandevenabandonmentofwells tifi ti d b d t f ll Withadvancemethodsofgeotechnicalinvestigation, equipments,revisedcodal specificationsandsound engineeringpractices,weshouldabletodecidethe methodologyandfoundationtypeinadvance.
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