A PAPER PRESENTATION ON.

PRESENTED BY. MISS. PRIYANKA R. PATIL. (patilpr.wce@gmail.com,9766703221) MISS. APURVA S. BHIDE. (apurvasbhide@gmail.com,9970292087)

WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,SANGLI

ABSTRACT

The subject power quality engineering truly encompasses most areas of electrical engineering from generation to utilization. Power quality problems due to mainly two reasons. One is the characteristic of the power supply voltage and the electrical system that effect the performance of the load and the other is the characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads. The presentation starts with the necessity of quality in electrical power by pointing the causes and consequences that isolates the electrical power from its quality on demand like VOLTAGE SAGS and SWELLS, HARMONICS.Various solutions from the innovative technology those packs the power with its at most quality are presented. ACTIVE FILTER has therefore emerged as the new generation solution for mitigating harmonic problems in low voltage networks. Given the modular design, elimination of network analysis, ease of adapting to changing network conditions, and couple with the fact that they are environmentally friendly precuts.

INTRODUCTION
In a modern power system, increasing of loads and nonlinear equipment's have been demanding the compensation of the disturbances caused for them. These nonlinear loads may cause poor power factor and high degree of harmonics. The simplest method of eliminating line current harmonics and improving the system power factor is to use passive LC filters. However, bulk passive components, series and parallel resonance and a fixed compensation characteristic are the main drawbacks of passive LC filters. Active power filters are an up-to-date solution to power quality problems . They can be divided in two classes: series and parallel (shunt) active filters. Shunt active power filters (Fig. 1) allow the compensation of current harmonics and unbalance, together with power factor correction, and can be a much better solution than conventional approach (capacitors and passive filters). An active power filter can solve problems of harmonic and reactive power simultaneously. Active power filters consisting of voltage-source inverters and a DC capacitor have been researched and developed for improving the power factor and stability of distribution systems. Active power filters have the ability to adjust the amplitude of the synthesized ac voltage of the inverters by means of pulse width modulation or by control of the dc-link voltage, thus drawing either leading or lagging reactive power from the supply.

Need of Power quality Improvement

The economic necessity for businesses to increase their competitiveness. The widespread use of equipment which is sensitive to voltage disturbances and/or generates disturbances itself. The deregulation of the electricity market. In this context, it is essential for the utility and the customers to prevent and detect power quality problems and to have solutions available to fix them. The power quality correction and harmonic filtering system give solution to solve the problems of harmonic disturbances and voltage fluctuations.

The good quality of power can be specified as:

The supply voltage should be with in guaranteed tolerance of declared value.in India the specifications related to power quality are _+10% variation in voltage and _+2%of frequency The wave should be a pure sine wave within allowable limits for distortion. Voltage should be balanced in all 3 phases. Supply should be reliable The earthing system should serve its purpose properly

Main power quality disturbances:

Power quality usually involves characterising low frequency conducted electromagnetic disturbances which can be ranked in different categories. VOLTAGE SAG:-

Voltage sag is a sudden reduction (between 10% and 90%) of the voltage magnitude at a point in the electric system and lasting from 0.5 cycles to few seconds. Either switching operations or any type of faults as well as fault clearing process can cause a voltage dip. Switching like those associated with a temporary disconnection of the supply or flow of heavy currents associated with

the starting of large motor loads is the most common. These events maybe originated at the utility side or at the customer site.

VOLTAGE VARITIONS AND FLUCTUATIUONS:-

Voltage variations are variations in the rms value or the peak value with amplitude of less than 10% of the nominal voltage. Voltage variations are a series of voltage changes which are characterised by the frequency of variation and the magnitude. Voltage variations are caused by a slow variation of loads

Transients Transients, commonly called "surges," are sub-cycle disturbances of very short duration that vary greatly in magnitude.

When transient occur, thousands of voltage can be generated into the electrical system, causing problems for equipment down the line.

Causes: Lighting; normal operation of utility equipment; equipment start-up and shutdown; welding equipment. Vulnerable equipment: Phone systems; computers; fax machines; digital scales; gas pump controls; fire/security systems; variable frequency drives; CNC machines; PLCs. Effects: Processing errors; computer lock-up; burned circuit boards; degradation of electrical insulation; equipment damage. Solutions: Transient voltage surge suppression; uninterruptible power supply; isolation transformer; proper grounding

Electrical noise Electrical noise is high-frequency interference caused by a number of factors, including arc welding or the operation of some electric motors.

Causes: Lighting; normal operation of utility equipment; equipment start-up and shutdown; welding equipment. Vulnerable equipment: Phone systems; computers; fax machines; digital scales; gas pump controls; fire/security systems; variable frequency drives; CNC machines; PLCs. Effects: Processing errors; computer lock-up; burned circuit boards; degradation of electrical insulation; equipment damage. Solutions: Transient voltage surge suppression; uninterruptible power supply; isolation transformer; proper grounding

Power outages Power outages are total interruptions of electrical supply. Utilities have installed protection equipment that briefly interrupts power to allow time for a disturbance to dissipate. For example, if lightning strikes a power line, a large voltage is instantly induced into the lines. The protection equipment momentarily interrupts power, allowing time for the surge to dissipate.

Causes: Ice storms; lightning; wind; utility equipment failure. Vulnerable equipment: All electrical equipment. Effects: Complete disruption of operation. Solutions: Transient voltage surge suppression; uninterruptible power supply.

HARMONICS:Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency. The fundamental frequency itself is called as the first Harmonic. The second Harmonic as frequency twice that of the fundamental, the third Harmonic has frequency thrice that of the fundamental and so on. For example if the fundamental frequency is 50Hz then the second Harmonic is 100 Hz, the third Harmonic is 150Hz etc. Generation of Harmonics:Harmonics are created by non-linear loads that draw currents abrupt pulses rather than in a smooth sinusoidal manner. These pulses cause distorted Benefits of harmonic filtering : Increase in current

Inc capacity / higher Reduced currents - sizing, capacity - released & deferred Lower losses in lines & equipment (Copper, core & stray) Reduced demand Elimination of failure & mal function Compliance to standards Better quality production Higher operational efficiencyrrents - sizing, capacity Resonance!?

HARMONICS ELIMINATION METHODS

Some of the viable methods used to eliminate harmonics are: i) ii) iii) Use of passive filters Use of active filters Use of hybrid filters

I. Use of Passive Filters :

A passive filter is a simple resonant L-C circuit, usually connected in shunt across the harmonic generating load. These devices are most frequently installed in systems to reduce harmonic distortion caused by harmonic generating loads. A figure shown below depicts two L-C branches connected in parallel to the harmonic generating load. Each branch is tuned to a certain harmonic frequency, hence it is a notch filter and provides a low impedance path for load generated current harmonics for which it is tuned. At the same time, the filter provides reactive power needed to compensate the reactive power of the load. In recent years, their effectiveness has declined due to an increase in distribution system harmonics and amplification of harmonics by filter resonance with the distribution system reactance. Also, the load current may have a dense harmonic spectrum. That means, harmonics other than those to which the filter is tuned may exist in the load current and may assume a substantial value, therefore, passive filters are less effective in reducing supply current distortion. These problems may even lead to the destruction of the filter itself.

In the figure above, an added line reactor is shown. The shunt capacitor provides load reactive power compensation as well as low impedance path for load generated current harmonics. The line inductor increases the impedance to load generated current harmonics. This is a low pass filter and it is most effective for higher order harmonics. This can be effectively applied where there are no characteristic harmonics below the 11th order.

In the figure above is shown a harmonic blocking compensator. They are comprised of series tuned filter to the fundamental frequency and a shunt capacitor. The series tuned branch consisting of Lf, Cf1 acts as low impedance path at fundamental frequency for the load current. At harmonic frequencies, the series path has high impedance and acts as barrier to harmonics. Load generated current harmonics are forced to flow through the shunt capacitor Cf2 since it has very low impedance compared to the series branch. The shunt capacitor Cf2 also compensates for reactive power of the load and its value and rating are determined by that.

II. Use of Active Filters : The figure shown below depicts the use of an active filter for harmonic elimination. They are used to compensate reactive current at fundamental frequency and suppress harmonics by injecting current that is equal to the reactive and harmonic current components, but opposite in phase. Therefore the unwanted current components are cancelled. Active filters are

comprised of a current source or voltage source PWM inverter along with a signal processing control block with its associated transducers. Although they are very effective devices, they possess a major drawback of power ratings. Their power rating can be decided by the power handling capacity of switching devices currently available. The cost of installing this type of assembly as well as maintaining it is more as compared to other methods due to complexity. Also, the high switching frequency of the filter devices may become a source for electromagnetic interference. Unfortunately, with the increase in the rating of the filter, the high frequency noise will also increase.

III. Use of Hybrid Filters : In order to overcome the power limitations of active filters, hybrid filters consisting of active filter and passive filter have been developed.

The purpose of connecting the active and the passive filters together is to reduce the capacity of the active filter for compensating load reactive current and some of the larger characteristic harmonic currents generated by load. In other words, the active filter will be used for harmonic elimination and a passive filter can be used for load reactive current compensation. This reduces the initial cost and improves the efficiency of the compensator. The schematic of a hybrid filter is shown in the figure below. As we have seen before, the active power filters can totally eliminate all sorts of harmonics as well as compensate for reactive power up to a certain power rating and the rating can be increased by inserting a passive filter along with the active filter. The passive filter will compensate for load reactive power while the harmonic elimination will be taken care of by the active filter. We will now discuss two recent advances in active filtering. These two applications can be used to compensate for load reactive power and for harmonic elimination, for light loads.

ACTIVE POWER FILTER

An active filter is used to eliminate current harmonics produced at a consumers site. These papers evaluate five different methods of determining the compensating current for an active filter that compensates unbalanced threephase loads. The methods compared are notch filtering, Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory, Synchronous Reference Frame, sinusoidal subtraction and the Fast Fourier Transform. Active filter represents an additional electronic semiconductor converter connected to a non-linear load. The input current of the converter (APF) is controlled to produce the same levels of harmonic as well as non-linear load, although in an opposite phase. Basic principle of operation of an APF is to inject a suitable non-sinusoidal current voltage or current at the point of filtering in to the power system in order to achieve a clean voltage & current at the point of filtering. Active filters have the advantage of being able to compensate for harmonics without fundamental frequency reactive power concerns. This means that the rating of the active power can be less than a comparable passive filter for the same non-linear load and the active filter will not introduce system resonances that can move a harmonic problem from one frequency to another.

Comparison between APFs & Tuned Passive Filters

ZERO-SEQUENCE HARMONIC FILTERS As an alternative to the severe de-rating of conventional distribution transformers, the installation of K-Rated transformers and doubling the neutral conductor, the strategic application of a Zero-Sequence Harmonic Filter (I0 Filter), as shown in Figure

PROTECTION OF DEVICES FROM HARMONICS : Surge suppressors These are small plug-in devices designed to protect equipment from moderate surges and spikes. Surge suppressors should be considered the minimum level of

protection from internal and external transients on electrical, telephone and data lines. Installing surge suppression at the main service panel and following through to each electronic device is strongly recommended Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) This is one of the most common types of protective equipment. It is placed between the electrical outlet and the equipment you wish to protect. A UPS is designed to improve the quality of the power supplied to critical loads and to generate the required voltage and current when power interruptions, voltage fluctuations or frequency variations occur. Even if the utility power is interrupted, your equipment is protected from an outage. A UPS has batteries to provide alternating current power to selected equipment. When it senses a power outage or change in voltage, the UPS device switches over to the battery backup. The batteries give you operating time to shut down your equipment in a safe manner. A UPS can protect against power interruptions, under voltage, over voltage, voltage sags and voltage swells. Some of the equipment that should be protected with a UPS includes personal computers, workstations, fileservers, telephone systems, computer centers and cash registers. It is very important to know the cause of the problem before deciding if a UPS is required and choosing a UPS that will provide the necessary protection Noise filters A noise filter eliminates interference that may interrupt the proper operation of electrical or electronic equipment. This is known as electromagnetic interference [EMI]. Electronic devices can be a source of this interference. Isolation transformers These devices electrically separate the electronic equipment from the incoming power system, reducing unwanted electrical noise. Harmonic filters A harmonic filter limits the periodic or continuous distortions of the normal voltage wave pattern [sine wave] caused by non-linear loads. Non-linear loads, including computers and electronic lighting ballasts, draw electric current differently than linear loads and distort the normal voltage pattern. An example of a linear load would be an incandescent light bulb. Dynamic voltage restorer

A Dynamic voltage restorer is a power electronic controller that can protect sensitive loads from disturbances in the power supply. It is a power electronic converter based Device that has been design to protect critical loads from all supply side disturbances other than outages .it is connected in series with a distribution feeder and is capable of generating or absorbing real and reactive power at its ac terminals The basic principle is by inserting a voltage of required magnitude and frequency the DVR can restore the load side voltage to desired amplitude and frequency. Even when the source voltage is unbalanced and distorted usually a DVR is connected to protect sensitive loads during faults in the power supply system. DVR that can regulate voltage at the load terminals against any variation in the supply side voltage while consuming no real power

CONCLUSION
The harmonic spectra resulting in low voltage installations have become more complex due to wide variety of power electronic loads. The amplitude of various harmonics present has also become a dynamic variable due to increasing time varying characteristics of modern power electronic loads. While PASSIVE FILTERS have been used effectively in the past, and will continue to be used in very specific applications, their limitations in the context of low voltage applications have now become an important issue. ACTIVE FILTER has therefore emerged as the new generation solution for mitigating harmonic problems in low voltage networks. Given the modular design, elimination of network analysis, ease of adapting to changing network conditions, and couple with the fact that they are environmentally friendly precuts. ACTIVE FILTERS represent a reliable, user-friendly Plug and Play solution for solving harmonic problem

REFERRENCES
A seminar on Common Cure for Harmonics By Brian Butler Territory Manager on 17/10/2006 http://downloads.eatoncanada.ca/downloads/Power%20Distribution %20System%20Design/Power%20Distribution%20System %20Design.pdf Electrical Power Systems Quality by Roger C. Dugan. Publisher McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-018031-8. Understanding Power System Harmonics, Prof. Mack Grady