A Technical Report on

Internal Combustion Engine

Group Members Rohit Chaudhary Nohid Chougle Amit Chougule Sarth Jauhari Dipankar Maurya 11A30011 11A30012 11A30013 11A30024 11A30035

Class : Second Year Automobile Branch : Automobile Department : Humanities Project : Proff. Drashana

Year : 2011-2012 PIITE

Certificate
This is to certify that the given task of writing a technical report and its presentation has been successfully completed by the students of S.E. Automobile.

Under the guidance of Proff. Darshana in the year 2011-2012.

Dr. Moorthy (Principal)

Proff. Darshana (Department Of Humanities)

Letter Of Transmittal

November 14th, 2011.

To The Professor, Humanities Department, PIITE Panvel.

Dear Madam, We are pleased to present our final report Internal Combustion on the past, the present and the future aspects and scopes of the same in the field of automobiles. The report sketches the details of the theoretical concepts, applications and advantages over other prevailing techniques in this field. We hope that our project will be helpful for understanding internal combustion engines more deeply. We are looking forward to present this report to you and the professors of our college.

Sincerely, S.E. (Auto).

Contents
Introduction Classification History Ignition Parts Nomenclature Working Classification Application Conclusion Reference 1 2 3 4 9 12 13 18 21 22 23

. An Introduction To Types Of Engines

HEAT ENGINE:
A device which derives heat energy from combustion of fuel or any other source and converts it into mechanical work is termed as Heat Engine 1.External combustion engine (E.C Engine): In this engine the combustion of fuel take place outside the cylinder as in case of steam engine 2.Internal combustion Engines (I.C Engine): In this engine, combustion of fuel within the cylinder of the engine . Here combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs in a combustion chamber. Advantages of I C. Engines 1).Overall efficiency is high. 2).Greater mechanical simplicity . 3).Weight to power ratio is generally low. 4).Generally lower initial cost. 5).Easy starting in cold condition 6).Compactness.

IC ENGINE

OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE

WANKEL ENGINE

GASOLINE ENGINE

DIESEL ENGINE

The rotary engine was an early type of internal-combustion engine, usually designed with an odd number of cylinders per row in a radial configuration, in which the crankshaft remained stationary and the entire cylinder block rotated around it. Its main application was in aviation, although it also saw use in a few early motorcycles and cars.

A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the niche application Stirling engine.

3. Origin And Development

The principle of the operating cycle of the very first I C engine was laid down by French engineer Bea de Rochas in 1861. One of the most important landmarks in engine design came from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine. Otto built the first practical four-stroke I.C. engine and late he built it into a motorcycle. In 1879, Karl Benz , working independently was granted a patent for his two-stroke gas engine. The development of the well-known diesel engine began around same time about 1883 by Rudolf Diesel . The engine got patented in 1893 and is widely used in heavy vehicles and machinery till date.

4. Types Of Ignitions
There Are Two Types of Ignitions:
A. Spark Ignition: The term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines, usually petrol engines, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from a spark plug. B. Combustion Ignition: is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber

5. Parts Of An I.C. Engine

Parts: Cylinder Block Cylinder Piston Piston Rings Combustion Chamber Inlet & Exhaust Valve Connecting Rod Crank Shaft Crank Case Camshaft Cams

Governor

A vital component of all diesel engines is a mechanical or electronic Governor which regulates the idling speed and maximum speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery A diesel engine without a governor cannot have a stable idling speed and can easily over speed, resulting in its destruction. Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinder is a key to minimizing emissions, and maximizing fuel economy (efficiency), of the engine.

Spark Plug

It is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines, and ignites compressed fuels such as aerosol, gasoline, ethanol, and liquefied petroleum gas by means of an electric spark. Spark plugs have an insulated central electrode which is connected by a heavily insulated wire to an ignition coil or magneto circuit on the outside, forming, with a grounded terminal on the base of the plug, a spark gap inside the cylinder.

6. Nomenclature

Index
S - Stroke

s- Distance between crank and wrist pin axes

- Crank angle

B Bore
r Connecting rod

a Crankshaft offset
Vc Clearance volume

Vd Displacement volume
TDC Top dead center

BDC Bottom dead center

7. Working Cycle
Based on Beau de Rocha's principles, there are three main working cycles of an IC engine: a)The Otto Cycle for SI engine b)The Diesel Cycle for CI engine c) The Semi Diesel Cycle or Dual Cycle

The Four-Stroke Ideal Otto Cycle for I.C. engine

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the functioning of a typical reciprocating piston engine, the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.

Stroke 1-2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center. (Compression)

Stroke 4-1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume process in which heat is rejected from the air while the piston is a bottom dead center.

Stroke 2-3 is a constant-volume heat transfer to the air from an external source while the piston is at top dead center. This process is intended to represent the ignition of the fuel-air mixture and the subsequent rapid burning. (Combustion)

Stroke 3-4 is an isentropic expansion (Power stroke).

The Four-Stroke Diesel Cycle for I.C engine

TWO STROKE CYCLE

Cycle is completed in one revolution of the crankshaft. Only two strokes are required-Compression stroke and Power(Expansion) stroke.

7. Classification Of I.C. Engine

According to cycle of operation: 1. Two stroke cycle IC Engine 2. Four stroke cycle IC Engine. According to cycle of Combustion: 1. Otto cycle engine 2. Diesel cycle engine 3. Dual combustion or Semi-combustion engine. According to arrangement of Engine: 1. Horizontal engine 2. Vertical engine 3. V-type engine 4. Radial engine. According to method of cooling: 1. Air Cooled Engine 2. Water Cooled Engine

 According to type of ignition: 1. Spark Ignition engine 2. Compression Ignition engine. According to number of cylinders 1. Single cylinder engine 2. Multi-cylinder engine According to Valve arrangement: 1. Overhead Vale engine 2. L-head type engine 3. I-head type engine 4. F-head type engine. According to type of Governing: 1. Hit and miss governed engine 2. Quality governed engine 3. Quantity governed engine.

9. Applications

PETROL ENGINE Four Stroke engine 1. In Automobiles, buses and trucks 2. Passenger Airplanes and Fighter Planes. Two Stroke engine 1. In small scooters and Mopeds 2. Lawnmowers and pumping motors 3. Motor boats. DIESEL ENGINE Four stroke engine: 1. Construction machinery 2. Tractor and Drillers 3. Heavy Vehicles (buses and trucks). Two stroke engine: 1. Ship propulsion.

10. CONCLUSION

From the whole discussion in IC Engine system it can be concluded that IC Engine system is like a Heart. As life of a person depends on the working of heart ,similarly working and the life of an automobile solely depends on the proper working of I.C Engine. So, if IC Engine system is removed from an automobile then you will have to go back in the times of bullock cart & horse rides .So, the scope of IC Engine is very bright.

11. References

"Physics In an Automotive Engine". Mbsoft.com. Takashi Suzuki, Ph.D.,"The Romance of Engines http://www.autoeducation.com http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htm http://www.beamthescience.com

Acknowledgement
The most pleasant part of the project is to express our gratitude, bestow honor towards all those who directly and directly contributed to the smooth flow of the project work. This has been a great opportunity.

Firstly, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Proff. Darshana for her help, guidance, support and encouragement throughout the project. This project helped us to know about I.C. Engines and its uses.

Executive Summary

Glossary
A
Aviation: the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-thanair aircraft.

C
Centrifugal: moving or directed outward from the center Clearance: the distance between two objects; an amount of clear space Compact: joined or packed together; closely and firmly united; dense; solid: compact soil. Combustion: the act or process of burning. Configuration: the relative disposition or arrangement of the parts or elements of a thing. Crankshaft: a shaft having one or more cranks, usually formed as integral parts

I
Idling: to operate at a low speed, disengaged from the load.

E
Ethanol: ethyl alcohol Efficiency: accomplishment of or ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time and effort

L
Lawnmowers: a hand-operated or motor-driven machine for cutting the grass of a lawn. Liquefied: melt, fuse, dissolve, thaw; condense.

N
Niche: pertaining to or intended for a market niche; having specific appeal:

P
Patent: The exclusive rights granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years. Piston: a disk or cylindrical part tightly fitting and moving within a cylinder, either to compress or move a fluid collected in the cylinder, as air or water, or to transform energy imparted by a fluid entering or expanding inside the cylinder, as compressed air, explosive gases, or steam, into a rectilinear motion usually transformed into rotary motion by means of a connecting rod

R
Reciprocating: to move alternately backward and forward. Radial: arranged like radii or rays.

T
Thermodynamics: the science concerned with the relations between heat and mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one into the other: modern thermodynamics deals with the properties of systems for the description of which temperature is a necessary coordinate.