Ee-315 Electric Filter - 2011

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK
For Academic Session 2011

ELECTRIC FILTERS (EE-315)
For
T.E (EE) & T.E (TC)
Name:
Roll Number:
Class:
Batch: Semester/Term:
Department :
Department of Electrical Engineering
NED University of Engineering & Technolo gy
Electric Filters Contents
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Revised 2011MMAB
CONTENTS
Lab.
No.
Da te d
List of Experiments
Pa ge
No .
Re ma rk s
1
Introduction to filters
1
2
To investigate inverting and non-
inverting configurations of OP-AMP
7
3
To investigate the Frequency response of
741 OP-AMP in close-loop
11
4
To implement First order low pass active
filter
17
5
To implement First order High pass
active filter
23
6 To implement higher order filters using
cascade connection.
29
7 To obtain low pass response using
Biquad circuit
35
8
To obtain band pass response using
Biquad circuit
41
9
To obtain high pass response using
Biquad circuit
47
10
To obtain band stop response using
Biquad circuit
53
11
To implement Generalized impedance
converter circuit.
59
12
Demonstration of a voice processing
MATLAB based program.
65
13
LAB PROJECT(a)
To design and implement BASS control
circuit.
67
14
LAB PROJECT(b)
To design and implement MID control
circuit.
70
15
LAB PROJECT(c)
To design and implement TREBLE
control circuit.
73
Electric Filters Introduction to Filters
1
LAB SESSION 01
Introduction to Filters
(Design Terminologies)
OBJECT
To familiarize with the basic filter terminologies and understand the behavior of basic
filters circuits.
APPARATUS
Bread-board, 1K resistor, 0.1F capacitor, Oscilloscope and a function generator.
THEORY
Electric filters as the name implies are circuits capable to allow or reject signals. The
decision of accepting or rejecting a signal is based on its frequency. The basic idea
behind filter theory is that in time domain a single non-sinusoidal periodic signal is
composed of an infinite number of sinusoids and using filter circuits we may select a
desired frequency signal. The idea is illustrated below
Consider a signal shown in figure (1).
The signal is composed of three
different frequencies each of different
magnitude. The component signals are
shown subsequently in figure (2).
Normally the signal we encounter is in
time domain, which is the sum of
other signals of different frequencies.
The component signals cant be
extracted directly, since they all add
up at a single instant of time. Whereas
in frequency domain these signals are treated as separate signals, so we design
circuits that could handle frequency based characteristi c of the signals. Processing the
resultant signal can lead us to any of the desired component.
Fig 1
Fig 2
2
Si gnal Source
R
L
Filter design Philosophy
As mentioned above we design our system based on the information of signal
frequencies. Design approach is simple; we have certain known ranges of input signals
that contain the required signal. In short, we know system input and output. Based on
the frequency information we select our system components. Its obvious to expect that
our circuit have frequency dependent elements.
Note: we dont cut other signals from the input signal in filters. We just suppress them
and amplify the desired frequency.
Based on this information lets discuss frequency response of a simple RL circuit.
Consider that we have a signal source that contains number of frequency components.
As mentioned previously, every frequency is treated separately in frequency domain. If
we take the output across the inductor, inductor will behave short circuited for the low
frequency signals, hence lower frequency will be by passed by the inductor. Whereas
inductor wont bypass high frequency signals (open circuited for high frequencies) and
their magnitude wont decrease at the output terminal. Since the circuit wont let low
frequencies to propagate at the output and allows only high frequencies, it is a HIGH
PASS filter circuit. The output signal will be a processed high frequency signal with
little low frequency components.
The frequency response of the typical HIGH PASS circuit is shown below. The
magnitude of low frequency signal is smaller than the high frequency signal.
Lets define certain terminologies to describe frequency response of the system.
3
Design Terminologies
Pass Band:
The range of frequencies at which the output is little attenuated is called as pass band.
We shall treat these signals as the accepted signals.
Stop Band:
The range of frequencies at which the output is significantly attenuated is called as stop
band. We shall treat these signals as rejected signals or unwanted signals.
Cutoff Frequency:
The frequency associated with the boundary between stop band and an adjacent pass
band is called as the cutoff frequency. It is the frequency at which the output is 0.707
times the maximum value in the pass band.
Lets review the plot in terms of these definitions
Besides HIGH PASS filters, we have LOW PASS, BAND PASS and BAND STOP
filters. We shall study each response in detail. Right now lets consider another filter
circuit based on RC circuit . You are required to plot the frequency response for the
circuit, and determine the cutoff frequency of your circuit.
Stop
Band
PASS BAND
Cutoff
frequency
4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
Set the function generator to sinusoidal function with peak value of 1 volt
Connect the circuit elements as shown in the above diagram
Vary the frequency of the function generator from 100Hz to 2000Hz and
measure the peak values of the output signal form oscilloscope.
OBSERVATIONS
Based on the observations, plot the magnitude of output signal against their
corresponding frequencies. Also predict the cutoff frequency of the response. Can you
name this filter?
S. No Frequency(Hz) Output Voltage(Peak)
01 100
02 200
03 400
04 600
05 800
06 1000
07 1200
08 1400
09 1500
10 1600
11 1800
12 2000
XFG1
C1
0.1uF
R1
1k
2
XSC1
A B
Ext Trig
+
+
_
_
+
_
1
0
0
5
Plot
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Gain
Frequency in Hz
6
CONCLUSION:
The above characteristics shows that the circuit is a , with a
cutoff frequency of Hz.
Electric Filters Operational Amplifiers
7
LAB SESSION 02
Operational Amplifiers
OBJECT
To investigate the inverting and non-inverting mode of Op-amp(741-IC)
APPARATUS
Bread-board, 10 K resistors, Dual Power supply, multi-meter and a 714 Op-amp IC.
THEORY
Operational amplifiers are voltage controlled voltage sources. They differ from ordinary
amplifiers by having two inputs. The operation is such that the output voltage is the
difference of the two input voltages multiplied by an overall gain factor. A typical circuit
diagram of an ideal Op-amp is shown below
) (
+
= v v A v
o
v
-
v
+
A
8
The 741 Operational amplifier exhibits ideal behavior for D.C signals, the behavior
deviates as the frequency of the signal exceeds audio range. The specifications along
with the pin diagram of a typical 741 are shown below
SYMBOL VARIABLE VALUE UNIT
A Open loop gain 210
05
R
i
Input Resistance 210
06
R
o
Output Resistance 75
V
os
Input offset voltage 0.001 V
I
bs
Input bias current 810
-08
A
SR Slew Rate 510
05
V/s
C
c
Compensation Capacitance 310
-11
F
PIN CONFIGURATION OF 741-IC
Pin number 2 and 3 are the two input terminals, where as pin number 6 is the output pin.
We connect positive and negative supply voltages to pin number 7 and 4 respectively.
9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Inverting Mode:
In inverting mode input is connected to the inverting terminal of op-amp, as shown in
the circuit diagram. The gain for the inverting mode is
i
f
R
R
Gain =
OBSERVATIONS
R
f
R
i
V
in
V
o
(expected) V
o
(measured) Error
20K 10K 2V
U1
741
3
2
4
7
6
5 1
PositiveSupply
10V
NegativeSupply
-10V
V1
2 V
Ri
10kOhm
Rf
20kOhm
XMM1
10
Non-inverting Mode:
In non-inverting mode input is connected to the non-inverting terminal of op-amp, as
shown in the circuit diagram. The gain for the non-inverting mode is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
i
f
R
R
Gain 1
This shows that the gain of the non-inverting configuration can never be less than 1.
OBSERVATIONS
R
f
R
i
V
in
V
o
(expected) V
o
(measured) Error
20K 10K 2V
CONCLUSION:
U1
741
3
2
4
7
6
5 1
V1
2 V
Ri
10kOhm
PositiveSupply
10V
NegativeSupply
-10V
U2
20kOhm
XMM1
Electric Filters Frequency Response of Op-amp
11
LAB SESSION 03
Frequency Response of 741 Op-amp
OBJECT
To investigate the Frequency response of 741 OP-AMP in close-loop
APPARATUS
Bread-board, 10K resistor, 100K resistor, dual power supply, multi-meter and a 714
Op-amp IC.
THEORY
Most of the times, for the sake of simplicity we design filter circuits using ideal model of
Op-amp. The ideal model suggests that Op-amp has an infinite open loop gain for all
frequencies i.e. op-amp gain is independent of frequency. In the real devices such as 741
we have a small integrated capacitor, for the reason of stability, which introduces a low
frequency dominant pole in the open loop transfer function. A typical expression for the
open loop gain is shown below. The expression and the plot show that the gain is
frequency dependent. As we increase the frequency of the signal the gain of op-amp
reduces.
) 10 28 . 17 )( 4 . 31 (
10 28 . 17
) (
6
12
+ +

=
s s
s A
12
Using op-amp in closed loop, we may reduce the gain of the amplifier and can achieve
more bandwidth over which the gain remains constant. Its a kind of trade off between
gain and bandwidth since the product of gain bandwidth for any device remains
constant. For lower values of gain i.e. from 1 to 10 741 IC can be used for audio range
signals. If you want more gain, you have to cascade lower gain stages.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Low Gain, Higher Bandwidth(a)
741IC
Ri
10kOh m
Rf
10kOhm
XFG1
XSC1
A B
G
T
High Gain, Lower Bandwidth(b)
741IC
Ri
10kOh m
Rf
10kOhm
XFG1
XSC1
A B
G
T
100
13
OBSERVATIONS
For circuit (a)
For circuit (b)
S. No Frequency Hz Gain = V
out
/ V
in
01 200
02 1000
03 2000
04 4000
05 6000
06 8000
07 10,000
08 12,000
09 14,000
10 16,000
11 18,000
12 20,000
13 24,000
14 30,000
15 50,000
16 100,000
out
/ V
in
200
1000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
24,000
30,000
50,000
100,000
14
Plot (a)
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
15
Plot (b)
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
16
CONCLUSION:
ectric Filters First order low pass
17
LAB SESSION 04
First order Low pass Filter
OBJECT
To design and investigate the response of 1
st
order low pass filter (active)
APPARATUS
Bread-board, pair of resistances and a pair of capacitances, Oscilloscope, function
generator, dual power supply and 741 op-amp IC
THEORY
A typical bilinear transfer function contains single pole and zero.
) (
) (
) (
p s
z s K
s T
+
+
=
Where K is the over-all gain of the system and z and p represents pole and zero. In order
to achieve a low pass response
z > p
A typical response of the system can be shown as
18
Design Activity
With the help of admittance or impedance model of inverting configuration of op-amp
we can achieve the above form of transfer function
The circuit is shown below
The transfer function obtained through this circuit is given as
) (
) (
) (
2 2
1 1
2
1
G sC
G sC
Y
Y
s T
+
+
= =
Show all the design steps on the next page, for the following design parameters and
implement the circuit.
K =
z =
p =
19
Calculations:
Based on the design parameters the elements values obtained are
C
1
=
C
2
=
R
1
=
R
2
=
20
OBSERVATIONS
Now based on your circuit design, select suitable range of frequencies for the input
signal and obtain the gain for every frequency. Also plot the gain against frequency.
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
21
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
22
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters First order High pass
23
LAB SESSION 05
First order High pass Filter
OBJECT
To design and investigate the response of 1
st
order High pass filter (active)
APPARATUS
Bread-board, pair of resistances and a pair of capacitances, Oscilloscope, function
generator, dual power supply and 741 op-amp IC
THEORY
A typical bilinear transfer function contains single pole and zero.
) (
) (
) (
p s
z s K
s T
+
+
=
Where K is the over-all gain of the system and z and p represents pole and zero. In order
to achieve a High pass response
p > z
A typical response of the system can be shown as
24
Design Activity
With the help of admittance or impedance model of inverting configuration of op-amp
we can achieve the above form of transfer function
The circuit is shown below
The transfer function obtained through this circuit is given as
) (
) (
) (
2 2
1 1
2
1
G sC
G sC
Y
Y
s T
+
+
= =
Show all the design steps on the next page, for the following design parameters and
implement the circuit.
K =
z =
p =
25
CALCULATIONS:
Element values obtained
C
1
=
C
2
=
R
1
=
R
2
=
26
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
27
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
28
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters Cascade design
29
LAB SESSION 06
Cascade Design
OBJECT
To implement higher order filters using cascade connection.
APPARATUS
Bread-board, pair of resistances and a pair of capacitances, Oscilloscope, function-
generator, dual power supply and two 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
Higher order filter circuits can be implemented using 1
st
order circuits connected in a
chain, so called cascade connection. A cascaded system is a system that consists of
small subsystems such that the output of one subsystem is the input of the other. A
simple cascade connection block diagram is shown below
Where T(s) is the system overall transfer function
Using cascade connection, we can achieve band pass and band stop response since they
cant be implemented form a 1
st
order system. Cascading a low pass and a high pass
can provide these responses. However there are some conditions which we have to
satisfy before obtaining the over-all response i.e. no subsystem in the cascade
connection is going to load other subsystem. We shall implement a band pass response
with the help of 1
st
order filter circuits.
T
2
T
1
T
3
T(s) = (T
1
)(T
2
)(T
3
)
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The circuit diagram shown above consists of two cascaded bilinear systems with the
overall system function of
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
G sC
G sC
G sC
G sC
s T
+
+
+
+
=
Now select the element values to achieve the following system function
) 2 2000 (
) 2 8000 (
) 2 500 (
) (
t
t
t +
+
+
=
s
s
s
s
s T
31
CALCULATIONS:
C
1
= C
3
=
C
2
= C
4
=
R
1
= R
3
=
R
2
= R
4
=
32
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
33
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
34
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters Biquad Circuit(L.P)
35
LAB SESSION 07
Biquad Circuit (Low pass response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate low pass response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
Bread-board, resistors, capacitors, Oscilloscope, function-generator, dual power supply
and three 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
Biquad circuit is also known as Universal filter. We can implement low pass, band
pass, high pass and band stop, 2
nd
order filters using biquad circuit. Dealing with the
second order circuits we normally express system response in terms of gain (H),
quality factor (Q) and resonance frequency (
o
).
While designing low pass filter we keep the quality of the system less than 1, so that
the response curve wont be peaky. This ensures that the system treat all the pass band
signals equally.
Following are some example response for Q = 7 (Fig 1) and Q = 0.8 (Fig 2).
Fig 1 Fig 2
36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Since the output at the last stage is the product of the transfer functions of the sub-
stages, the output equation can be given as
5
6
2 4 1 1
2
1 1
3
) ( ) ( R
R
C R
s
G sC
G V
G sC
G V
V
o in
o
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified Low pass function
and compare it to the standard form i.e.
2
2
2
) / (
) (
o o
o
s Q s
H
s T
e e
e
+ +

=
Also determine the element values for the following given system parameters
Given data
o
=
H =
Q =
37
CALCULATIONS:
C
1
= R
3
=
C
2
= R
4
=
R
1
= R
5
=
R
2
= R
6
=
38
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
39
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
40
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters Biquad Circuit(B.P)
41
LAB SESSION 08
Biquad Circuit (Band pass response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate band pass response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
and three 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
We shall now implement band pass response using biquad circuit. Unlike low pass
response, here, we shall keep the quality factor high. Increasing the quality factor for
band pass response will increase the selectivity of a particular frequency.
Fig 1 Fig 2
42
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For band pass response we shall take the output after the summer stage, the output
equation becomes
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
) ( ) (
1 1
2 .
1 1
3
G sC
G V
G sC
G V
V
P L in
o
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified Band pass
function and compare it to the standard form i.e.
2
2
) / (
) / (
) (
o o
o
s Q s
s Q H
s T
e e
e
+ +
=
Given data
o
=
H =
Q =
43
CALCULATIONS:
C
1
= R
3
=
C
2
= R
4
=
R
1
= R
5
=
R
2
= R
6
=
44
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
45
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
46
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters Biquad Circuit(B.S)
47
LAB SESSION 09
Biquad Circuit (Band Stop response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate Band stop response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
and four 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
We shall now implement band stop response using biquad circuit. Unlike low pass
response, here, we shall keep the quality factor high. Increasing the quality factor for
band stop response will increase the selectivity of a particular frequency.
Fig 1 Fig 2
48
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For band stop response we have added another op-amp to the previous circuit which is
adding the input and the band pass response and equated the two resistances i.e. R
1
=R
3
) (
.P B in o
V V V + =
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified Band stop function
and compare it to the standard form of the band stop response i.e.
2
2
2
2
) / (
) (
o o
o
s Q s
s
s T
e e
=
+ +
+
=
Given data
o
=
H = 1/Q
Q =
49
CALCULATIONS:
C
1
= R
4
=
C
2
= R
5
=
R
1
= R
6
=
R
2
=R
3
= R
7
=R
8
= R
9
=
50
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
51
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
52
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters Biquad Circuit(H.P)
53
LAB SESSION 10
Biquad Circuit (High Pass response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate High pass response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
and four 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
We shall now implement High pass response using biquad circuit. In designing High
pass filter we keep the quality of the system less than 1, so that the response curve
wont be peaky. This ensures that the system treat all the pass band signals equally.
Fig 1 Fig 2
54
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For High pass response we have added another op-amp to the three op-amp biquad
circuit which is adding the input, the band pass response and the low pass response. We
have also equated the three resistances i.e. R
3
=R
1
=R
2
) (
. . P L P B in o
V V V V + + =
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified High pass function
and compare it to the standard form of the High pass response i.e.
2
2
2
) / (
) (
o o
s Q s
s
s T
e e + +
=
Given data
o
=
Q =
55
CALCULATIONS:
C
1
= R
4
=
C
2
= R
5
=
R
1
= R
2
=R
3
= R
6
=
R
7
=R
8
= R
9
=R
10
=
56
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
57
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
58
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters GIC circuit
59
LAB SESSION 11
Generalized Impedance Converter
OBJECT
To simulate inductance using a generalized impedance converter circuit
APPARATUS
and a pair of 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
The elements we discussed so far for the implementat ion of active filters were
capacitors, resistors and op-amps. We havent discussed any approach which includes
inductor in active circuit. The reason of not using inductors is that they require more
space, since the dimension of an inductor is proportional to its inductance and for lower
frequencies we need higher inductance values to achieve considerable impedance. The
other reason is that due to flux linkages, they could induce voltages to the adjacent
elements.
We can simulate inductance through alternate method, since the design approach for
the passive network is simpler than the active approach.
Consider a passive circuit, shown below. The response across the resistor will be a
band pass. To simulate inductance we shall use a GIC circuit, which will convert a
resistance into an inductance
Si gnal Source
R
L
C
60
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF GIC
The relationship between Z
in
and Z can be given as
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
in
4 2
3 1
=
With the help of GIC circuit, implement a series RLC circuit with the following values
and obtain response curve across the resistor.
Z1 Z3 Z2 Z4
Z
Zin
Element values of the passive circuit
C = 1F
R = 10K
L = 1mH
61
CALCULATIONS:
Z =
Z
1
=
Z
2
=
Z
3
=
Z
4 =
62
OBSERVATIONS
out
/ V
in
db Gain
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
63
Plot
Frequency in Hz
G
a
i
n
64
CONCLUSION:
Electric Filters Voice Processing Using Matlab
65
LAB SESSION 12
Voice Processing Using Matlab
OBJECT
To implement a transfer function over voice signal and observe its output generated by
MATLAB.
APPARATUS
MATLAB software
OVERVIEW OF MATLAB AND RELATED TOOL BOXES
It will be covered by the instructor during the Lab session.
MAIN PROGRAM
Our main simulation can be divided into three main blocks
- Input/output block
- Transfer function
- DAC/ADC
BASS CONTROL MODULE
Speaker
Output
Input
10
Gai n1
From Mi c
In1 Out1
DAC
300*2*pi
s+300*2*pi
BASS
In1 Out1
ADC
Electric Filters Voice Processing Using Matlab
66
The input/output blocks are MIC and speaker taken from Signal Processing Block Set.
These modules allow us to obtain voice signals directly from the MIC and to reproduce it
through speakers after processing the signal. Our processing will be a real-time
processing. These modules work for digital signals only. The output of MIC and the
input of speaker are in digital form, where as s-domain transfer function requires
continuous-time signal. In order to achieve compatibility among the blocks we have
added DAC (digital to analog) and ADC (analog to digital) converters. You may create
any transfer function for your voice signal of range (20 to 5000 Hz). You need a faster
processor for the signal beyond this range.
In our case, a low pass filter is implemented. When you simulate the program you can
feel the difference in the input and output voice. The low pass will reduce the sharp
contents of voice. Mean while the scopes connected to the input and output sides also
provides you an opportunity to view the modification that took place during the
processing in the voice signal. High frequency components will be reduced and the
output wave form will be a smoother one. A sample input and its output is shown below
Electric Filters Design of BASS control
67
LAB SESSION 13
Design Bass Control Circuit
OBJECT
Design and implement bass control circuit
EXPLANATION
BASS CONTROL provides boost to low frequency notes of audio signal such as beat. It
is a low pass filter and process audio signals of range 20 to 300 Hz (approx). Most of the
low frequency sound lies in this region. Low frequency notes are power hunger and need
more power than other range of audio signals. At the output stage of BASS circuit an
especially designed transducer Woofer is connected.
You need an audio input that must contain sound of lower notes to process this signal.
The Bass control circuit wont allow or significantly suppress signals ranging form 301
to 20KHz.
Based on the necessary design procedures, select your circuit elements and mention all
the calculations and assumptions below.
CALCUALTIONS
BODE PLOT
68
69
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Electric Filters Design of MID control
70
LAB SESSION 14
Design MID Control Circuit
OBJECT
Design and implement Mid control circuit
EXPLANATION
MID CONTROL provides boost to voice frequency notes of audio signal. It is a Band
pass filter and process audio signals of range 300 to 4000 Hz (approx).
You need an audio input that must contain voice of human to process. The Mid control
circuit wont allow or significantly suppress signals ranging form 20 to 300 Hz and from
4001 to 20KHz.
CALCUALTIONS
BODE PLOT
71
72
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Electric Filters Design of TREBLE control
73
LAB SESSION 15
Design Treble Control Circuit
OBJECT
Design and implement Treble control circuit
EXPLANATION
TREBLE CONTROL provides boost to high frequency notes of audio signal. It is a high
pass filter and process audio signals of range 4001 to 20000 Hz (approx).
You need an audio input that must contain sharp sounds. The Mid control circuit wont
allow or significantly suppress signals ranging form 20 to 4000 Hz. The output is
connected to an especially designed transducer named as TWEETER
CALCUALTIONS
BODE PLOT
74
75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Ee-315 Electric Filter - 2011

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