GARCIA, Claribelle C. BSECE/Year II/EC22FB1 3:00-4:30/TTh/HIST223 I.

Research #1 November 10,2011

History of the rediscovery of the Philippines Philippine history, many argue did not begin with the coming of the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1531 began in the 13th centruy, when 10 datus from Borneo, each with a hundred kinsmen landed in the what is now known as, Panay Islands in the Visayas. Yet it was Magellan, and the succeeding expeditions from Spain who put the Philippine archipelago on the map of the world. The Philippines was a prize catch for Spain, which at that time, was locked in a fierce struggle for world colonization with Portugal. The archipelago, named Felipinas for Spain's Philip II, was composed of 1,107 islands and islets spanning 1854 kilometers from north to south. The Philippines, stretched from China to the north and Indonesian archipelago in the south. The northern most tip of the country, Y'ami of the Batanes Island group is 241 kilometers south of Taiwan while the southernmost tip, Sibutu of the Tawi-Tawi islands, is just 14.4 kilometers north of Borneo. The Philippines is at most strategic location, making it a natural hub for commerce. Manila and Cebu are premiere centers of trade in the region. To the east, the vast Pacific Ocean. To the west are kingdoms of Indochina. It has three major geographical groups in the country, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Luzon being the highest. The Visayan region is made up of about 6,000 islalnds including Panay, Leyte, Samar, Cebu and Bohol and Mindanao is the second largest island and encompasses 400 small islands.

II.)A. The Pre-Spanish Colonization It is believed that the first inhabitants of the Philippines arrived over 300,000 years ago The Filipinos before the arrival of the Spaniards were basically hunters, fishers, and cultivators. These tribes were groups of highlanders who barely had access of seawater. And because of the presence of rice terraces, only the central mountains of Luzon had well structured livelihood that resulted to a more fixed territory lowlanders lived in a kinship headed by a Datu or a chief within a community called Barangay the most stable economic and political unit of no more than a few hundred individuals. they were driven back by several waves of immigrants from Indonesia, only to be followed by the maritime peoples of the Malayan islands

Within that unit, there were three broad classes- the datu and his family and the nobles, the freeholders and the dependents. Under dependents, there were sharecroppers, debt peons and war captives- which the last two levels were considered slaves by the Spanish. There were no consistent religious heirarchy that time, however animism constituted beliefs and ritual practices The arrival of Islam in Mindanao infuenced the lowlanders and thus changed this pattern. It even reached the far north Datu of Manila. If, however, Spanish arrived strictly for commercial reasons and had stepped in a century later, chances of Islamism would had covered the entire country until today. One group, known as the Igorots, build stone walls, dams, and canals that still mystify engineers

B.The Spanish Colonization March 17, 1521. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator accidentally landed in the island of Samar. March 31, 1521. The first Catholic mass was held in Limasawa, an island in the south of Leyte. April 27, 1521. Magellan died in the hands of a chieftain, Lapu-lapu, from his strong will to invade the island of Mactan. February 13 1565. Another group of explorers headed by General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, arrived in Cebu and insisted their claim for the island. June 3, 1571. After defeating Raja Sulayman in a battle in Bangkusay, Martin de Goiti claimed autonomy of Manila. June 24, 1571. Legazpi established Manila as the capital city with himself as GovernorGeneral. April 14, 1617. The Spanish fleet headed by Juan Ronquillo prevented the British attempt to invade Manila in the battle of Playa-Homda. October 3, 1646. For the second time, the Spanish fleet defeated the British warship in Manila Bay. This event is commemorated in a yearly feast called " La Naval de Manila". October 5, 1762. The British fleet defeated the Spanish warship allowing the British rule the country for two years. March 17, 1764. The British surrendered the country to Spain after losing a battle during the seven-year war between them. October 31, 1829. Francisco Dagohoy, a cabeza de barangay of Bohol and the leader of the longest uprising (8 years), surrendered to the Spaniards. September 6, 1834. Manila was opened to international trade leading to a remarkable transformation of its economy. February 15, 1889. The establishment of La Solidaridad, the newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena to voice out the Filipinos cry for reforms.

September 18, 1891. Jose Rizal finished his novel El Filibusterismo following the first, Noli Me Tangere. Both portrayed the struggling life of the Filipinos under the Spanish rule. July 3, 1892. Jose Rizal established La Liga Filipina, a civic movement aimed at reuniting Filipinos to act together for reforms and autonomy from the unjust administration of the Spaniards. July 7, 1892. Jose Rizal was captured and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao. There he served as a doctor, a scientist and a teacher to the locals. July 7, 1892. At the same day of Rizals capture, Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and Valentin Diaz established the "Katipunan", a revolutionary movement aimed to fight for freedom against Spain. August 19, 1896. The Spaniards learned the Katipunan movement that resulted to a massive capture of many Filipinos. August 23, 1896. Bonifacio and his fellow Katipuneros tore their cedulas or residence certificates while shouting "Long live the Philippines", during their preparation for battle. This was marked as the historic Cry of Balintawak. August 25, 1896. The Katipuneros headed by Bonifacio had their first encounter with the Spanish civil guards and infantrymen. Due to strong forces and large presence of the Filipino troops, both camps of the Spaniards retreated. But in the end, Filipinos lost the battle when the latter came back with large number of fighters and stronger ammunition. Setember 12, 1896. A group of revolutionaries from Cavite were executed. They are now known as teh "Trece Martires de Cavite" or the thirteen martyrs of Cavite. December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan (now called Rizal Park) after being held captive at fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. March 22, 1897. The Katipuneros elected a new set of officers to replace the Katipunan. This was held in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon and was called the Tejeros Convention. March 22, 1897. Bonifacio diisolved the convention after Daniel Tirona, an associate of Emilio Aguinaldo, questioned his professional credibility as the director of the interior without a Lawyers diploma. Aguinaldos group won and considered Bonifacio and his men enemies of the revolution. May 10, 1897. Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were excuted in Mt. Tala, Cavite after an unjust trial headed by General. Mariano Noriel, an associate of Emilio Aguinaldo. April 23, 1897. A new Spanish Governor named Fernando Primo de Rivera arrived in Manila for the purpose of minimizing the thriving rebellion of the Filipinos. He issued a decree to grant pardon to those who would surrender to the Spanish government. December 15, 1897. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno signed the Truce of Biak-naBato allowing a temporary ceasefire between the Spanish and the Filipinos.

December 27, 1897. Aguinaldo and his associates voluntarily moved to Hongkong for the amount of P800,000. January 20, 1898. Periodic battles between the Filipinos and the Spaniards erupted due to mutual suspicion. General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac established a provisional goverment. January 20, 1898. The arrest and imprisonment of suspected rebels continued and despite the Truce, the revolution persisted. III.) The 15 Philippine Presidents(Biography) 1. General Emilio Aguinaldo born on March 23,1869 at Cavite, Luzon died on Feb. 6, 1964 Born of Chinese and Tagalog parentage completed his education at the University of Santo Toms, Manila In August 1896 he was mayor of Cavite Viejo and was the local leader of the Katipunan 2. Manuel L. Quezon born on Aug. 19, 1878 at Baler, Tayabas died on Aug. 1, 1944 at Saranac Lake, N.Y., U.S. governor of Tayabas province before being elected a representative in 1907 considered by most Filipinos to have been the second president of the Philippines (18971901) he received most of his primary education from the public school established by the Spanish government in his village boarded at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he completed secondary school. In 1899 Quezon cut short his law studies at the Un iversity of Santo Tomas in Manila, to participate in the struggle for independence against the United States, led by Emilio Aguinaldo Vice-president: Sergio Osmena married to his first cousin, Aurora Aragon Quezon, and had four children namely Mara Aurora "Baby" Quezn (19191949), Mara Zeneida "Nini" QueznAvancena (born 1921), Luisa Corazn Paz "Nenita" Quezn (19231923) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezn, Jr. (19261998) 3. Sergio Osmena born in Cebu on the island of Cebu on Sept. 9, 1878 entered the San Carlos Seminary in Cebu in 1889 and then earned his bachelor's degree from San Juan de Letran College His schooling was interrupted by the 1896 revolutionand the Filipino-American War. After the revolutionary struggles hecontinued his studies until he passed the barexamination on Feb. 20, 1903.

 Elected as provincial governor of Cebu on March 5, 1906 4. Jose P. Laurel The 3rd president (1943 - (1945) of the Philippines Born on march 9, 1891 in Tanauan, Batangas His father served under Pres. Aguinaldo and signatory to the Malolos Constitution he was charged but acquitted for murder of his rival suitor Married to Prudencia Hidalgo in 1911 Took up law at UP, Master of Laws at UST, Doctor of Laws at Yale Law School Became Secretary of Interior in 1922 Elected Senator in 1925 and served as such until 1931 Elected as delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention Appointed as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1936 Appointed President by the Japanese Occupational Forces in 1943 Evacuated to Japan in 1945 when the Philippines Fell to the returning American Forces On August 17, 1945, from his refuge in Japan, issued an Executive Proclamation dissolving of the 2nd Republic Charged for treason in 1946 but was granted amnesty by President Roxas in 1948 Elected to the Senate in 1951 under the Nacionalista Party Negotiated trade with US officials resulting to the Laurel-Langley Agreement. Founded Lyceum of the Philippines in 1952 Died of heart attack on November 6, 1959 in Manila 5. Manuel Roxas born in Capiz, Capiz Province, on Jan. 1, 1892 In 1914 he graduated from the College of Law of the University of thePhilippines he suffered a heart attack on April 14, 1948. Loyal to the United States to the last, he died on April 15, 1948, Clark Field, Pampanga won in the election of Presidency on April 23,1946 First president of the Third Republic

6. Elpidio Quirino The 6th president (1948 - 1953) of the Philippines Born on November 16, 1890 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur Son of Don Mariano Quirino of Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and Doa Gregoria Mendoza Rivera of Agoo, La Union Elpidio Quirino studied at Vigan High School Married to Alicia Syquia with 5 children Obtained law degree from UP in 1915 1919 to 1925 - Member of the Philippine House of Representatives 1925 to 1931 - Member of the Philippine Senate

 1931 - Secretary of Finance and then Secretary of Interior 1934 - Member of teh Philippine Independence Mission to Washington, D.C. 1943 - his wife and 3 of his children were killed during the Battle of Manila 1946 - Elected Vice-President and appointed Foreign Affairs Secretary 1949 - Elected as President of the 3rd Republic of the Philippines Died of heart attack on February 29, 1956 7. Ramon Magsaysay born on the 31st of August of year 1907 in Iba, Zambales enrolled at the University of thePhilippines took up a pre-law course and later shifted to engineering studied commerce at Jose Rizal College, graduating in 1931 started to work as chief mechanic for the Try Tran Bus Company in Manila just to support his studies first met his future wife, Luz Banzon, at the office of Try Tran in the Election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president Quirinos Secretary of National Defense Caused the surrender of Luis Taruc Died in Cebu in an airplane accident on March 17,1957 8. Carlos P. Garcia born in Talibon on November 4th 1896 graduated from Silliman University married to Leonila Garcia worked as a politician died in Tagbilaran in June 1971 aged 74 years and 7 months old vice president of Ramon Magsaysay Elected as President on November, 1957 9. Diosdado Macapagal born on Wednesday, September 28, 1910 in Lubao son of Romana Pangan and Urbano Macapagal dated Evangelina Macaraeg (wife) became vice president under President Carlos Garcia of the Nacionalista Party. elected President of the Philippines in 1961 by a coalition of liberals and progressives In 1965, he was defeated in the presidential election by Ferdinand Marcos. died on Monday, April 21, 1997, in Makati Medical Center because of heart failure 10. Ferdinand Edralin marcos Born on September 11, 1917 in the village of Sarrat Son of Josefa Edralin and Mariano Marcos excelled at school, and took an eager interest in martial skills such as boxing and shooting.

During the 1930s, the young man studied law at the University of the Philippines, outside of Manila he continued his studies while in prison, and even passed the bar exam with flying colors from his cell was the first president to be reelected to a second term in the Philippines married the former beauty queen Imelda Romualdez in 1954 died of multiple organ failure in Honolulu on September 28, 1989 He left behind a reputation as one of the most corrupt and ruthless leaders in modern Asia. 11. Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino Born on January 25,1933 at Tarlac province Graduated from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in the Bronx, New York City, New York, USA with a bachelor's degree in French Married to Benigno Aquino and had 5 children- Senator Benigo S. Aquino, Maria Elena Aquino-Crus, Aurora Corazon Aquino-Abellada, Victoria Elisa AquinoDee, and Kristina Bernadette Aquino-Yap. Died on Ausust 1,2009 12. Fidel Valdez Ramos The 12th President of the Philippines (1992 - 1998) Born on March 18, 1928 in Lingayen, Pangasinan Son of Narciso Ramos who was a lawyer, Congressman, and Foreign Affairs Secretary and Angela Valdez from the Valdez Clan of Ilocos Norte Graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1950 Fought in the Korean War and a non-combatant engineer in the Vietnam War Served in the AFP from 1951 to 1988 for 37 years Headed the Philippine Constabulary and Integrated National Police Shifted Support from Pres. Marcos in 1986 to Corazon Aquino Appointed Chief of Staff of the AFP in 1986 by Pres. Aquino Appointed Secretary of National Defense in 1988 Elected President in 1992 with the narrowest margin in Philippine History Made 'Philippines 2000' as the centerpiece program of his administration which aim to fastract the country's development 13. Joseph Ejercito Estrada born on April 19, 1937, in Tondo, Manila son of Engr. Emilio Ejercito and Maria Marcelo His primary education was obtained at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Manila University later took up an Engineering course at the Mapua Institute of Technology He entered politics in 1968 In 1969 he was elected to the Senate 13th president of the republic from June 30, 1998 to January 20, 2001 On Jan. 20, 2001, Estrada was ousted amid mass protests, and his vice president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, ascended to the presidency Married to Dr. Luisa Pimentel Ejercito(1959 - present) and Laarni Enriquez having 2 children

Estrada was arrested and imprisoned along with his eldest son and then-San Juan Mayor Jinggoy for several counts of perjury and plunder known for his deliberate bad English, and a book entitled "ERAPtion" emphasizing that was published played the lead role in more than 100 movies, and was producer of over 70 films. On September 2000,after a trial that lasted six years, Estrada was convicted of taking bribes and kickbacks while he was president of the Philippines. He was sentenced to life in prison, and ordered to forfeit a mansion and more than 15 million dollars.

14. Gloria macapagal-Arroyo Born on April 5, 1947 Daughter of the late President Diosdado Macapagal took a degree in commerce at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where the future US president Bill Clinton was one of her classmates Married to Jose Miguel Tuason Arroyo having 2 children Predecessor of Joseph Ejercito Estrada 15. Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino (born February 8, 1960) only son of former President Corazon Aquino and former Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr studied in Ateneo de Manila University for his elementary, high school, and college education, graduating in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics In 1989, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Representative of the 2nd district of Tarlac province in the 11th Congress of the Philippines In 2007, he was elected to the Senate of the 14th Congress of the Philippines After college, he joined his family in Boston in exile Aquino is a shooting and billiards enthusiast[14] He is also an audiophile, and enjoys listening to jazz, bossa nova, and OPM (Original Pilipino Music)

References: www.camperspoint.com www.thepresidents.com The philippine: a Unique nation by Dr. Sonia M. Zaide Philippine History by Teodoro Agoncillo and Fe B. Mangahas