Depository Receipts : Depository Receipts are a type of negotiable (transferable) financial security, representing a security, usually in the form

of equity, issued by a foreign publicly-listed company. However, DRs are traded on a local stock exchange though the foreign public listed company is not traded on the local exchange. Thus, the DRs are physical certificates, which allow investors to hold shares in equity of other countries. . This type of instruments first started in USA in late 1920s and is commonly known as American depository receipt (ADR). Later on these have become popular in other parts of the world also in the form of Global Depository Receipts (GDRs). Some other common type of DRs are European DRs and International DRs. In nut shell we can say ADRs are typically traded on a US national stock exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the American Stock Exchange, while GDRs are commonly listed on European stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange. Both ADRs and GDRs are usually denominated in US dollars, but these can also be denominated in Euros. How do Depository Receipts Created? When a foreign company wants to list its securities on another countrys stock exchange, it can do so through Depository Receipts (DR) mode. . To allow creation of DRs, the shares of the foreign company, which the DRs represent, are first of all delivered and deposited with the custodian bank of the depository through which they intend to create the DR. On receipt of the delivery of shares, the custodial bank creates DRs and issues the same to investors in the country where the DRs are intended to be listed. These DRs are then listed and traded in the local stock exchanges of that country. What are ADRs : American Depository Receipts popularly known as ADRs were introduced in the American market in 1927. ADR is a security issued by a company outside the U.S. which physically remains in the country of issue, usually in the custody of a bank, but is traded on U.S. stock exchanges. In other words, ADR is a stock that trades in the United States but represents a specified number of shares in a foreign corporation. Thus, we can say ADRs are one or more units of a foreign security traded in American market. They are traded just like regular stocks of other corporate but are issued / sponsored in the U.S. by a bank or brokerage. ADRs were introduced with a view to simplify the physical handling and legal technicalities governing foreign securities as a result of the complexities involved in buying shares in foreign countries. Trading in foreign securities is prone to number of difficulties like different prices and in different currency values, which keep in changing almost on daily basis. In view of such problems, U.S. banks found a simple methodology wherein they purchase a bulk lot of shares from foreign company and then bundle these shares into groups, and reissue them and get these

quoted on American stock markets. For the American public ADRs simplify investing. So when Americans purchase Infy (the Infosys Technologies ADR) stocks listed on Nasdaq, they do so directly in dollars, without converting them from rupees. Such companies are required to declqare financial results according to a standard accounting principle, thus, making their earnings more transparent. An American investor holding an ADR does not have voting rights in the company. The above indicates that ADRs are issued to offer investment routes that avoid the expensive and cumbersome laws that apply sometimes to non-citizens buying shares on local exchanges. ADRs are listed on the NYSE, AMEX, or NASDAQ. Global Depository Receipt (GDR): These are similar to the ADR but are usually listed on exchanges outside the U.S., such as Luxembourg or London. Dividends are usually paid in U.S. dollars. The first GDR was issued in 1990. ADVANTAGES OF ADRs: There are many advantages of ADRs. For individuals, 1.ADRs are an easy and cost effective way to buy shares of a foreign company. 2. The individuals are able to save considerable money and energy by trading in ADRs, as it reduces administrative costs and avoids foreign taxes on each transaction. 3.Foreign entities prefer ADRs, because they get more U.S. exposure and it allows them to tap the American equity markets. . The shares represented by ADRs are without voting rights. However, any foreigner can purchase these securities whereas shares in India can be purchased on Indian Stock Exchanges only by NRIs or PIOs or FIIs. The purchaser has a theoretical right to exchange the receipt without voting rights for the shares with voting rights (RBI permission required) but in practice, no one appears to be interested in exercising this right. Some Major ADRs issued by Indian Companies : Among the Indian ADRs listed on the US markets, are Infy (the Infosys Technologies ADR), WIT (the Wipro ADR), Rdy(the Dr Reddys Lab ADR), and Say (the Satyam Computer ADS)