Database Interfaces

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 Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

the following:
• Use SQL*Plus and iSQL*Plus to access the Oracle
Database 10g
• Describe the logical structure of tables
• Use SQL to query, manipulate, and define data
• Identify common database interfaces

Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

 What Is SQL?

SQL provides statements for a variety of tasks,

including:
• Querying data
• Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
• Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
• Controlling access to the database and its objects
SQL unifies all of the preceding tasks in one
consistent language.

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 Using SQL

There are several tools for interfacing with the

database using SQL:
• Oracle SQL*Plus and iSQL*Plus
• Oracle Forms, Reports, and Discoverer
• Oracle Enterprise Manager
• Third-party tools

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Enterprise Manager: Seeing the SQL

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 What Is SQL*Plus?

• Command-line tool
• Used interactively or in batch mode
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 10.1.0.2.0 - Production on Tue Feb
17 06:17:14 2004
Copyright (c) 1982, 2004, Oracle. All rights
reserved.
SQL> connect ric
Enter password:
Connected.
SQL> SELECT * FROM dual;

D
-
X
SQL>

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What Is iSQL*Plus?

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 Using iSQL*Plus

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 Describing Data

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 Querying Data
The SELECT has three basic parts:
• The SELECT List
• The FROM clause
• The WHERE condition (optional)

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 Sorting the Data

SQL> SELECT last_name, department_id, phone_number

2 FROM employees
3 ORDER BY last_name;

LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID PHONE_NUMBER

--------------- ------------- --------------------
Abel 80 011.44.1644.429267
Ande 80 011.44.1346.629268
Atkinson 50 650.124.6234
Austin 60 590.423.4569
Baer 70 515.123.8888
Baida 30 515.127.4563
Banda 80 011.44.1346.729268

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 Joining Tables

Getting data from more than one table

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 Manipulating Data

SQL> INSERT INTO employees

2 (EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,EMAIL,PHONE_NUMBER,
3 HIRE_DATE,JOB_ID,SALARY,COMMISSION_PCT,
4 MANAGER_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID)
5 VALUES
6 (9999,'Bob','Builder','bob@abc.com',NULL,sysdate,
7 'IT_PROG’,NULL,NULL,100,90);

1 row created.

SQL> UPDATE employees SET SALARY=6000

2 WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = 9999;

1 row updated.

SQL> DELETE from employees

2 WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = 9999;

1 row deleted.

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 Defining Data

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 Overview of Transactions

Transaction 1 COMMIT; Transaction 2

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 Transaction Control Statements

SQL> SELECT * FROM local_temp;

no rows selected

SQL> INSERT INTO local_temp VALUES

2 (SYSDATE, 76, 58);
1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * from local_temp;

TEMP_DATE HI_TEMP LO_TEMP
--------- ---------- ----------
27-OCT-03 76 58

SQL> ROLLBACK;
Rollback complete.

SQL> SELECT * FROM local_temp;

no rows selected

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 Locking Data

Oracle Database 10g automatically locks data so that

only one user can make changes at a time.

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 Other Statement Categories

• Session control statements: Manage the

properties of a user session
• System control statement: Manages the properties
of an Oracle instance
• Embedded SQL statements: SQL statements
within a procedural language program

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 What Is PL/SQL?

PL/SQL is a block-structured language, which extends

SQL with:
• Declarations:
– Variables
– Constants
– Cursors
• Control structures:
– Conditional control
– Iterative control
– Sequential control
• Error handling

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 Example PL/SQL Block

DECLARE
qty_on_hand NUMBER(5);
BEGIN
SELECT quantity INTO qty_on_hand FROM
inventory
WHERE product = 'TENNIS RACKET'
FOR UPDATE OF quantity;
IF qty_on_hand > 0 THEN -- check quantity
UPDATE inventory SET quantity = quantity - 1
WHERE product = 'TENNIS RACKET';
INSERT INTO purchase_record
VALUES ('Tennis racket purchased', SYSDATE);
ELSE
INSERT INTO purchase_record
VALUES ('Out of tennis rackets', SYSDATE);
END IF;
COMMIT;
END;

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 Uses of PL/SQL

Blocks of PL/SQL are used in:

• Anonymous blocks
• Functions
• Procedures
• Packages
• Triggers
• Object types

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 What Is Java?

Java is an industry-standard, object-oriented

programming language. It includes the following
concepts:
• A Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which provides
platform independence
• Automated storage management techniques
• Language syntax that borrows from C and
enforces strong typing

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 Oracle and Java
A PL/SQL function:
FUNCTION balance (acct_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
acct_bal NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT bal INTO acct_bal FROM accts
WHERE acct_no = acct_id;
RETURN acct_bal;
END;

Calling the function with Java:

CallableStatement
cstmt = conn.prepareCall("{? = CALL balance(?)}");
cstmt.registerOutParameter(1, Types.FLOAT);
cstmt.setInt(2, acctNo);
cstmt.executeUpdate();
float acctBal = cstmt.getFloat(1);

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 What Is OCI?

OCI provides for:

• The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) is how all database
features are made accessible to application
developers.
• OCI makes scalable and high-performance
applications possible.
• Higher-level APIs and tools use OCI indirectly for
database access.

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 Other APIs

• Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

• Pro*C/C++
• Pro*COBOL
• Oracle C++ Interface (OCCI)
• Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
• Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET)
• Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

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 Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Use SQL*Plus and iSQL*Plus to access Oracle
Database 10g
• Describe the logical structure of tables
• Use SQL to query, manipulate, and define data
• Identify common database interfaces

Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

 Practice 4: Using SQL

This practice covers using iSQL*Plus to:

• Describe tables
• Select from tables
• Update a table
• Delete from a table
• Undo changes

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